1
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Lu G, Tang R, Nie J, Zhu X. Photocuring 3D Printing of Hydrogels: Techniques, Materials, and Applications in Tissue Engineering and Flexible Devices. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300661. [PMID: 38271638 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Photocuring 3D printing of hydrogels, with sophisticated, delicate structures and biocompatibility, attracts significant attention by researchers and possesses promising application in the fields of tissue engineering and flexible devices. After years of development, photocuring 3D printing technologies and hydrogel inks make great progress. Herein, the techniques of photocuring 3D printing of hydrogels, including direct ink writing (DIW), stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), continuous liquid interface production (CLIP), volumetric additive manufacturing (VAM), and two photon polymerization (TPP) are reviewed. Further, the raw materials for hydrogel inks (photocurable polymers, monomers, photoinitiators, and additives) and applications in tissue engineering and flexible devices are also reviewed. At last, the current challenges and future perspectives of photocuring 3D printing of hydrogels are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Ruifen Tang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jun Nie
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaoqun Zhu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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2
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Gehre C, Qiu W, Klaus Jäger P, Wang X, Marques FC, Nelson BJ, Müller R, Qin XH. Guiding bone cell network formation in 3D via photosensitized two-photon ablation. Acta Biomater 2024; 174:141-152. [PMID: 38061678 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing challenge in skeletal tissue engineering is to reconstruct a three-dimensionally (3D) interconnected bone cell network in vitro that mimics the native bone microarchitecture. While conventional hydrogels are extensively used in studying bone cell behavior in vitro, current techniques lack the precision to manipulate the complex pericellular environment found in bone. The goal of this study is to guide single bone cells to form a 3D network in vitro via photosensitized two-photon ablation of microchannels in gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels. A water-soluble two-photon photosensitizer (P2CK) was added to soft GelMA hydrogels to enhance the ablation efficiency. Remarkably, adding 0.5 mM P2CK reduced the energy dosage threshold five-fold compared to untreated controls, enabling more cell-compatible ablation. By employing low-energy ablation (100 J/cm2) with a grid pattern of 1 µm wide and 30 µm deep microchannels, we induced dendritic outgrowth in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC). After 7 days, the cells successfully utilized the microchannels and formed a 3D network. Our findings reveal that cellular viability after low-energy ablation was comparable to unablated controls, whereas high-energy ablation (500 J/cm2) resulted in 42 % cell death. Low-energy grid ablation significantly promoted network formation and >40 µm long protrusion outgrowth. While the broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (GM6001) reduced cell spreading by inhibiting matrix degradation, cells invaded the microchannel grid with long protrusions. Collectively, these results emphasize the potential of photosensitized two-photon hydrogel ablation as a high-precision tool for laser-guided biofabrication of 3D cellular networks in vitro. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The inaccessible nature of osteocyte networks in bones renders fundamental research on skeletal biology a major challenge. This limit is partly due to the lack of high-resolution tools that can manipulate the pericellular environment in 3D cultures in vitro. To create bone-like cellular networks, we employ a two-photon laser in combination with a two-photon sensitizer to erode microchannels with low laser dosages into GelMA hydrogels. By providing a grid of microchannels, the cells self-organized into a 3D interconnected network within days. Laser-guided formation of 3D networks from single cells at micron-scale resolution is demonstrated for the first time. In future, we envisage in vitro generation of bone cell networks with user-dictated morphologies for both fundamental and translational bone research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wanwan Qiu
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Xiaopu Wang
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Bradley J Nelson
- Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ralph Müller
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Hua Qin
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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3
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Kumar R, Dzikonski D, Bekker E, Vornhusen R, Vitali V, Imbrock J, Denz C. Fabrication and mechanical characterization of hydrogel-based 3D cell-like structures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:29174-29186. [PMID: 37710723 DOI: 10.1364/oe.496888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we demonstrate the fabrication of 3D cell-like structures using a femtosecond laser-based two-photon polymerization technique. By employing poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate monomers as a precursor solution, we fabricate 3D hemispheres that resemble morphological and biomechanical characteristics of natural cells. We employ an optical tweezers-based microrheology technique to measure the viscoelastic properties of the precursor solutions inside and outside the structures. In addition, we demonstrate the interchangeability of the precursor solution within fabricated structures without impairing the microstructures. The combination of two-photon polymerization and microrheological measurements by optical tweezers demonstrated here represents a powerful toolbox for future investigations into cell mimic and artificial cell studies.
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4
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Gugulothu S, Asthana S, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Chatterjee K. Trends in Photopolymerizable Bioinks for 3D Bioprinting of Tumor Models. JACS AU 2023; 3:2086-2106. [PMID: 37654587 PMCID: PMC10466332 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technologies involving photopolymerizable bioinks (PBs) have attracted enormous attention in recent times owing to their ability to recreate complex structures with high resolution, mechanical stability, and favorable printing conditions that are suited for encapsulating cells. 3D bioprinted tissue constructs involving PBs can offer better insights into the tumor microenvironment and offer platforms for drug screening to advance cancer research. These bioinks enable the incorporation of physiologically relevant cell densities, tissue-mimetic stiffness, and vascularized channels and biochemical gradients in the 3D tumor models, unlike conventional two-dimensional (2D) cultures or other 3D scaffold fabrication technologies. In this perspective, we present the emerging techniques of 3D bioprinting using PBs in the context of cancer research, with a specific focus on the efforts to recapitulate the complexity of the tumor microenvironment. We describe printing approaches and various PB formulations compatible with these techniques along with recent attempts to bioprint 3D tumor models for studying migration and metastasis, cell-cell interactions, cell-extracellular matrix interactions, and drug screening relevant to cancer. We discuss the limitations and identify unexplored opportunities in this field for clinical and commercial translation of these emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram
Bharath Gugulothu
- Department
of Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Sonal Asthana
- Department
of Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
- Department
of Hepatobiliary and Multi-Organ Transplantation Surgery, Aster CMI Hospital, Bangalore 560024, India
| | - Shervanthi Homer-Vanniasinkam
- Department
of Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering and Division of Surgery, University College, London WC1E 7JE, U.K.
| | - Kaushik Chatterjee
- Department
of Materials Engineering Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
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5
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Castillo Ransanz L, Van Altena PFJ, Heine VM, Accardo A. Engineered cell culture microenvironments for mechanobiology studies of brain neural cells. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1096054. [PMID: 36588937 PMCID: PMC9794772 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1096054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomechanical properties of the brain microenvironment, which is composed of different neural cell types, the extracellular matrix, and blood vessels, are critical for normal brain development and neural functioning. Stiffness, viscoelasticity and spatial organization of brain tissue modulate proliferation, migration, differentiation, and cell function. However, the mechanical aspects of the neural microenvironment are largely ignored in current cell culture systems. Considering the high promises of human induced pluripotent stem cell- (iPSC-) based models for disease modelling and new treatment development, and in light of the physiological relevance of neuromechanobiological features, applications of in vitro engineered neuronal microenvironments should be explored thoroughly to develop more representative in vitro brain models. In this context, recently developed biomaterials in combination with micro- and nanofabrication techniques 1) allow investigating how mechanical properties affect neural cell development and functioning; 2) enable optimal cell microenvironment engineering strategies to advance neural cell models; and 3) provide a quantitative tool to assess changes in the neuromechanobiological properties of the brain microenvironment induced by pathology. In this review, we discuss the biological and engineering aspects involved in studying neuromechanobiology within scaffold-free and scaffold-based 2D and 3D iPSC-based brain models and approaches employing primary lineages (neural/glial), cell lines and other stem cells. Finally, we discuss future experimental directions of engineered microenvironments in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Castillo Ransanz
- Department of Child and Adolescence Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pieter F. J. Van Altena
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Vivi M. Heine
- Department of Child and Adolescence Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands,Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Vivi M. Heine, ; Angelo Accardo,
| | - Angelo Accardo
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Vivi M. Heine, ; Angelo Accardo,
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6
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Marini M, Zeynali A, Collini M, Bouzin M, Sironi L, D'Alfonso L, Mantegazza F, Cassina V, Chirico G. Proteinaceous microstructure in a capillary: a study of non-linear bending dynamics. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4917-4932. [PMID: 36382419 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00697a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The flap of bendable structures under continuous flow impacts a variety of fields, ranging from energy harvesting to active mixing in microfluidic devices. Similar physical principles determine the flapping dynamics in a variety of systems with different sizes, but a thorough investigation of the bending dynamics at the microscale is still lacking. We employ here two-photon laser polymerization to fabricate elongated proteinaceous flexible microstructures directly within a micro-capillary and we characterize their bending dynamics. The elastic properties of the microstructures with different (circular and square) cross-sections are tested by Atomic Force Microscopy and by studying the deflection-flow dependence in microfluidic experiments at intermediate Reynolds numbers (Rey ≲ 150). The retrieved Young's modulus of the fabricated matrix (100 kPa ≤ E ≤ 4 MPa) falls in the range of most typical biological tissues and solely depends on the laser fabrication intensity. The elastic constant of the microstructures falls in the range of 0.8 nN μm-1 ≤ k ≤ 50 nN μm-1, and fully agrees with the macroscopic Euler Bernoulli theory. For soft microstructures (0.8 nN μm-1 ≤ k ≤ 8 nN μm-1) we reveal undamped bending oscillations under continuous microfluidic flow, corresponding to ∼10% of the total structure deflection. This behavior is ascribed to the coupling of the viscoelasticity and non-linear elasticity of the polymer matrix with non-linear dynamics arising from the time-dependent friction coefficient of the bendable microstructures. We envision that similar instabilities may lead to the development of promising energy conversion nanoplatforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Marini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy.
| | - Amirbahador Zeynali
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy.
| | - Maddalena Collini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy.
- Bionanomedicine Center, BIONANOMIB, Via Follereau 3, 20854, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Margaux Bouzin
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy.
| | - Laura Sironi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy.
- Bionanomedicine Center, BIONANOMIB, Via Follereau 3, 20854, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Laura D'Alfonso
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy.
- Bionanomedicine Center, BIONANOMIB, Via Follereau 3, 20854, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Francesco Mantegazza
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Follereau 3, 20854, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
- Bionanomedicine Center, BIONANOMIB, Via Follereau 3, 20854, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Valeria Cassina
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Follereau 3, 20854, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
- Bionanomedicine Center, BIONANOMIB, Via Follereau 3, 20854, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Chirico
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126, Milano, Italy.
- Bionanomedicine Center, BIONANOMIB, Via Follereau 3, 20854, Vedano al Lambro, Italy
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7
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Barin N, Balcioglu HE, de Heer I, de Wit M, Lamfers MLM, van Royen ME, French PJ, Accardo A. 3D-Engineered Scaffolds to Study Microtubes and Localization of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Patient-Derived Glioma Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2204485. [PMID: 36207287 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A major obstacle in glioma research is the lack of in vitro models that can retain cellular features of glioma cells in vivo. To overcome this limitation, a 3D-engineered scaffold, fabricated by two-photon polymerization, is developed as a cell culture model system to study patient-derived glioma cells. Scanning electron microscopy, (live cell) confocal microscopy, and immunohistochemistry are employed to assess the 3D model with respect to scaffold colonization, cellular morphology, and epidermal growth factor receptor localization. Both glioma patient-derived cells and established cell lines successfully colonize the scaffolds. Compared to conventional 2D cell cultures, the 3D-engineered scaffolds more closely resemble in vivo glioma cellular features and allow better monitoring of individual cells, cellular protrusions, and intracellular trafficking. Furthermore, less random cell motility and increased stability of cellular networks is observed for cells cultured on the scaffolds. The 3D-engineered glioma scaffolds therefore represent a promising tool for studying brain cancer mechanobiology as well as for drug screening studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastaran Barin
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Hayri E Balcioglu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Iris de Heer
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice de Wit
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Martine L M Lamfers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Martin E van Royen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Pim J French
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Center, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Angelo Accardo
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
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8
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Jing X, Fu H, Yu B, Sun M, Wang L. Two-photon polymerization for 3D biomedical scaffolds: Overview and updates. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:994355. [PMID: 36072288 PMCID: PMC9441635 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.994355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The needs for high-resolution, well-defined and complex 3D microstructures in diverse fields call for the rapid development of novel 3D microfabrication techniques. Among those, two-photon polymerization (TPP) attracted extensive attention owing to its unique and useful characteristics. As an approach to implementing additive manufacturing, TPP has truly 3D writing ability to fabricate artificially designed constructs with arbitrary geometry. The spatial resolution of the manufactured structures via TPP can exceed the diffraction limit. The 3D structures fabricated by TPP could properly mimic the microenvironment of natural extracellular matrix, providing powerful tools for the study of cell behavior. TPP can meet the requirements of manufacturing technique for 3D scaffolds (engineering cell culture matrices) used in cytobiology, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In this review, we demonstrated the development in 3D microfabrication techniques and we presented an overview of the applications of TPP as an advanced manufacturing technique in complex 3D biomedical scaffolds fabrication. Given this multidisciplinary field, we discussed the perspectives of physics, materials science, chemistry, biomedicine and mechanical engineering. Additionally, we dived into the principles of tow-photon absorption (TPA) and TPP, requirements of 3D biomedical scaffolders, developed-to-date materials and chemical approaches used by TPP and manufacturing strategies based on mechanical engineering. In the end, we draw out the limitations of TPP on 3D manufacturing for now along with some prospects of its future outlook towards the fabrication of 3D biomedical scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Jing
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano and Ultra-precision Manufacturing, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Hongxun Fu
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano and Ultra-precision Manufacturing, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Baojun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano and Ultra-precision Manufacturing, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Baojun Yu,
| | - Meiyan Sun
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, China
| | - Liye Wang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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9
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Wloka T, Gottschaldt M, Schubert US. From Light to Structure: Photo Initiators for Radical Two-Photon Polymerization. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104191. [PMID: 35202499 PMCID: PMC9324900 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon polymerization (2PP) represents a powerful technique for the fabrication of precise three-dimensional structures on a micro- and nanometer scale for various applications. While many review articles are focusing on the used polymeric materials and their application in 2PP, in this review the class of two-photon photo initiators (2PI) used for radical polymerization is discussed in detail. Because the demand for highly efficient 2PI has increased in the last decades, different approaches in designing new efficient 2PIs occurred. This review summarizes the 2PIs known in literature and discusses their absorption behavior under one- and two-photon absorption (2PA) conditions, their two-photon cross sections (σTPA ) as well as their efficiency under 2PP conditions. Here, the photo initiators are grouped depending on their chromophore system (D-π-A-π-D, D-π-D, etc.). Their polymerization efficiencies are evaluated by fabrication windows (FW) depending on different laser intensities and writing speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wloka
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Gottschaldt
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
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10
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Costa BL, Adão RMR, Maibohm C, Accardo A, Cardoso VF, Nieder JB. Cellular Interaction of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells with Polymer and Hydrogel 3D Microscaffold Templates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:13013-13024. [PMID: 35282678 PMCID: PMC8949723 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biomimicking biological niches of healthy tissues or tumors can be achieved by means of artificial microenvironments, where structural and mechanical properties are crucial parameters to promote tissue formation and recreate natural conditions. In this work, three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds based on woodpile structures were fabricated by two-photon polymerization (2PP) of different photosensitive polymers (IP-S and SZ2080) and hydrogels (PEGDA 700) using two different 2PP setups, a commercial one and a customized one. The structures' properties were tuned to study the effect of scaffold dimensions (gap size) and their mechanical properties on the adhesion and proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), which can serve as a model for leukemic diseases, among other hematological applications. The woodpile structures feature gap sizes of 25, 50, and 100 μm and a fixed beam diameter of 25 μm, to systematically study the optimal cell colonization that promotes healthy cell growth and potential tissue formation. The characterization of the scaffolds involved scanning electron microscopy and mechanical nanoindenting, while their suitability for supporting cell growth was evaluated with live/dead cell assays and multistaining 3D confocal imaging. In the mechanical assays of the hydrogel material, we observed two different stiffness ranges depending on the indentation depth. Larger gap woodpile structures coated with fibronectin were identified as the most promising scaffolds for 3D BM-MSC cellular models, showing higher proliferation rates. The results indicate that both the design and the employed materials are suitable for further assays, where retaining the BM-MSC stemness and original features is crucial, including studies focused on BM disorders such as leukemia and others. Moreover, the combination of 3D scaffold geometry and materials holds great potential for the investigation of cellular behaviors in a co-culture setting, for example, mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells, to be further applied in medical research and pharmacological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz
N. L. Costa
- INL—International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ultrafast
Bio- and Nanophotonics Group, Av. Mestre José Veiga S/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
- CMEMS-UMinho,
University of Minho, DEI, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães 4800-058, Portugal
- Faculty
of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering (3mE), Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering (PME), Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Ricardo M. R. Adão
- INL—International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ultrafast
Bio- and Nanophotonics Group, Av. Mestre José Veiga S/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Christian Maibohm
- INL—International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ultrafast
Bio- and Nanophotonics Group, Av. Mestre José Veiga S/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Angelo Accardo
- Faculty
of Mechanical, Maritime, and Materials Engineering (3mE), Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering (PME), Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa F. Cardoso
- CMEMS-UMinho,
University of Minho, DEI, Campus de Azurém, Guimarães 4800-058, Portugal
- CF-UM-UP,
Centro de Física das Universidades do Minho e Porto, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Jana B. Nieder
- INL—International
Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Ultrafast
Bio- and Nanophotonics Group, Av. Mestre José Veiga S/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
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11
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Zeng X, Meng Z, He J, Mao M, Li X, Chen P, Fan J, Li D. Embedded bioprinting for designer 3D tissue constructs with complex structural organization. Acta Biomater 2022; 140:1-22. [PMID: 34875360 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
3D bioprinting has been developed as an effective and powerful technique for the fabrication of living tissue constructs in a well-controlled manner. However, most existing 3D bioprinting strategies face substantial challenges in replicating delicate and intricate tissue-specific structural organizations using mechanically weak biomaterials such as hydrogels. Embedded bioprinting is an emerging bioprinting strategy that can directly fabricate complex structures derived from soft biomaterials within a supporting matrix, which shows great promise in printing large vascularized tissues and organs. Here, we provide a state-of-the-art review on the development of embedded bioprinting including extrusion-based and light-based processes to manufacture complex tissue constructs with biomimetic architectures. The working principles, bioinks, and supporting matrices of embedded printing processes are introduced. The effect of key processing parameters on the printing resolution, shape fidelity, and biological functions of the printed tissue constructs are discussed. Recent innovations in the processes and applications of embedded bioprinting are highlighted, such as light-based volumetric bioprinting and printing of functional vascularized organ constructs. Challenges and future perspectives with regard to translating embedded bioprinting into an effective strategy for the fabrication of functional biological constructs with biomimetic structural organizations are finally discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: It is still challenging to replicate delicate and intricate tissue-specific structural organizations using mechanically-weak hydrogels for the fabrication of functional living tissue constructs. Embedded bioprinting is an emerging 3D printing strategy that enables to produce complex tissue structures directly inside a reservoir filled with supporting matrix, which largely widens the choice of bioprinting inks to ECM-like hydrogels. Here we aim to provide a comprehensive review on various embedded bioprinting techniques mainly including extrusion-based and light-based processes. Various bioinks, supporting matrices, key processing parameters as well as their effects on the structures and biological functions of resultant living tissue constructs are discussed. We expect that it can provide an important reference and generate new insights for the bioprinting of large vascularized tissues and organs with biological functions.
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12
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Viray CM, van Magill B, Zreiqat H, Ramaswamy Y. Stereolithographic Visible-Light Printing of Poly(l-glutamic acid) Hydrogel Scaffolds. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:1115-1131. [PMID: 35179029 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bioprinting is a promising fabrication technique aimed at developing biologically functional, tissue-like constructs for various biomedical applications. Among the different bioprinting approaches, vat polymerization-based techniques offer the highest feature resolution compared to more commonly used extrusion-based methods and therefore have greater potential to be utilized for printing complex hierarchical tissue architectures. Although significant efforts have been directed toward harnessing digital light processing techniques for high-resolution bioprinting, the use of stereolithography (SLA) setups for producing distinct hydrogel filaments smaller than 20 μm has received less attention. Improving the bioprinting resolution is still a technical challenge that must consider both the practical limitations of the bioprinter apparatus and the formulation of the cytocompatible bioresin. In this study, we developed a novel bioresin compatible with SLA and capable of printing high-resolution features. This resin, composed of a biosynthetic polypeptide poly(l-glutamic acid) functionalized with tyramine moieties (PLGA-Tyr), was crosslinked using a visible-light photoinitiator system. Varying concentrations of PLGA-Tyr and the co-photoinitiator were evaluated for the hydrogel system's gelation ability, swelling characteristics, degradation profiles, mechanical properties, and cell viability post-encapsulation. This study introduces a custom-built, cost-effective, visible-light SLA bioprinting system named the "MicroNC". Using the newly developed visible-light bioresin, we demonstrated for the first time the ability to fabricate hydrogel scaffolds with well-resolved filaments (less than 8 μm in width) capable of supporting cell viability and proliferation and directing cellular morphology at the single-cell level for up to 14 days. Overall, these experiments have underscored the exciting potential of using the visible-light-photoinitiated PLGA-Tyr material system for developing physiologically relevant in vitro hydrogel scaffolds with feature resolutions comparable to the dimensions of individual human cells for a wide range of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Marie Viray
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,ARC Training Centre for Innovative BioEngineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Benjamin van Magill
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical, and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Hala Zreiqat
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,ARC Training Centre for Innovative BioEngineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Yogambha Ramaswamy
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.,Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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13
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Wan J, Zhou S, Mea HJ, Guo Y, Ku H, Urbina BM. Emerging Roles of Microfluidics in Brain Research: From Cerebral Fluids Manipulation to Brain-on-a-Chip and Neuroelectronic Devices Engineering. Chem Rev 2022; 122:7142-7181. [PMID: 35080375 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Remarkable progress made in the past few decades in brain research enables the manipulation of neuronal activity in single neurons and neural circuits and thus allows the decipherment of relations between nervous systems and behavior. The discovery of glymphatic and lymphatic systems in the brain and the recently unveiled tight relations between the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the central nervous system (CNS) further revolutionize our understanding of brain structures and functions. Fundamental questions about how neurons conduct two-way communications with the gut to establish the gut-brain axis (GBA) and interact with essential brain components such as glial cells and blood vessels to regulate cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in health and disease, however, remain. Microfluidics with unparalleled advantages in the control of fluids at microscale has emerged recently as an effective approach to address these critical questions in brain research. The dynamics of cerebral fluids (i.e., blood and CSF) and novel in vitro brain-on-a-chip models and microfluidic-integrated multifunctional neuroelectronic devices, for example, have been investigated. This review starts with a critical discussion of the current understanding of several key topics in brain research such as neurovascular coupling (NVC), glymphatic pathway, and GBA and then interrogates a wide range of microfluidic-based approaches that have been developed or can be improved to advance our fundamental understanding of brain functions. Last, emerging technologies for structuring microfluidic devices and their implications and future directions in brain research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandi Wan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Sitong Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Hing Jii Mea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yaojun Guo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Hansol Ku
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Brianna M Urbina
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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14
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Lunzer M, Maryasin B, Zandrini T, Baudis S, Ovsianikov A, Liska R. A disulfide-based linker for thiol–norbornene conjugation: formation and cleavage of hydrogels by the use of light. Polym Chem 2022; 13:1158-1168. [PMID: 35341220 PMCID: PMC8886483 DOI: 10.1039/d1py00914a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A photolinker for formation of disulfide-crosslinked hydrogels via light-triggered thiol–ene conjugation has been developed. Hydrogels can be patterned via two-photon cleavage of disulfide-linkages in the presence of a two-photon active compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Lunzer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/E163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/E308, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Boris Maryasin
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Strasse 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tommaso Zandrini
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/E308, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Baudis
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/E163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/E308, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/E163, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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15
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Bouzin M, Zeynali A, Marini M, Sironi L, Scodellaro R, D’Alfonso L, Collini M, Chirico G. Multiphoton Laser Fabrication of Hybrid Photo-Activable Biomaterials. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21175891. [PMID: 34502787 PMCID: PMC8433654 DOI: 10.3390/s21175891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The possibility to shape stimulus-responsive optical polymers, especially hydrogels, by means of laser 3D printing and ablation is fostering a new concept of “smart” micro-devices that can be used for imaging, thermal stimulation, energy transducing and sensing. The composition of these polymeric blends is an essential parameter to tune their properties as actuators and/or sensing platforms and to determine the elasto-mechanical characteristics of the printed hydrogel. In light of the increasing demand for micro-devices for nanomedicine and personalized medicine, interest is growing in the combination of composite and hybrid photo-responsive materials and digital micro-/nano-manufacturing. Existing works have exploited multiphoton laser photo-polymerization to obtain fine 3D microstructures in hydrogels in an additive manufacturing approach or exploited laser ablation of preformed hydrogels to carve 3D cavities. Less often, the two approaches have been combined and active nanomaterials have been embedded in the microstructures. The aim of this review is to give a short overview of the most recent and prominent results in the field of multiphoton laser direct writing of biocompatible hydrogels that embed active nanomaterials not interfering with the writing process and endowing the biocompatible microstructures with physically or chemically activable features such as photothermal activity, chemical swelling and chemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Bouzin
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (A.Z.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (L.D.)
| | - Amirbahador Zeynali
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (A.Z.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (L.D.)
| | - Mario Marini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (A.Z.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (L.D.)
| | - Laura Sironi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (A.Z.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (L.D.)
| | - Riccardo Scodellaro
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (A.Z.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (L.D.)
| | - Laura D’Alfonso
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (A.Z.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (L.D.)
| | - Maddalena Collini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (A.Z.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (L.D.)
- Institute for Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, CNR, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (G.C.)
| | - Giuseppe Chirico
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (A.Z.); (M.M.); (L.S.); (R.S.); (L.D.)
- Institute for Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, CNR, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (G.C.)
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16
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A highly biocompatible bio-ink for 3D hydrogel scaffolds fabrication in the presence of living cells by two-photon polymerization. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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17
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Song J, Michas C, Chen CS, White AE, Grinstaff MW. Controlled Cell Alignment Using Two-Photon Direct Laser Writing-Patterned Hydrogels in 2D and 3D. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100051. [PMID: 33738917 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Direct laser writing (DLW) via two-photon polymerization is an emerging highly precise technique for the fabrication of intricate cellular scaffolds. Despite recent progress in using two-photon-polymerized scaffolds to probe fundamental cell behaviors, new methods to direct and modulate microscale cell alignment and selective cell adhesion using two-photon-polymerized microstructures are of keen interest. Here, a DLW-fabricated 2D and 3D hydrogel microstructures, with alternating soft and stiff regions, for precisely controlled cell alignment are reported. The use of both cell-adhesive and cell-repellent hydrogels allows selective adhesion and alignment of human mesenchymal stem cells within the printed structure. Importantly, DLW patterning enables cell alignment on flat surfaces as well as irregular and curved 3D microstructures, which are otherwise challenging to pattern with cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Christos Michas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Christopher S Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Alice E White
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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18
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Dobos A, Gantner F, Markovic M, Van Hoorick J, Tytgat L, Van Vlierberghe S, Ovsianikov A. On-chip high-definition bioprinting of microvascular structures. Biofabrication 2021; 13:015016. [PMID: 33586666 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abb063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
'Organ-on-chip' devices which integrate three-dimensional (3D) cell culture techniques with microfluidic approaches have the capacity to overcome the limitations of classical 2D platforms. Although several different strategies have been developed to improve the angiogenesis within hydrogels, one of the main challenges in tissue engineering remains the lack of vascularization in the fabricated 3D models. The present work focuses on the high-definition (HD) bioprinting of microvascular structures directly on-chip using two-photon polymerization (2PP). 2PP is a nonlinear process, where the near-infrared laser irradiation will only lead to the polymerization of a very small volume pixel (voxel), allowing the fabrication of channels in the microvascular range (10-30 µm in diameter). Additionally, 2PP not only enables the fabrication of sub-micrometer resolution scaffolds but also allows the direct embedding of cells within the produced structure. The accuracy of the 2PP printing parameters were optimized in order to achieve high-throughput and HD production of microfluidic vessel-on-chip platforms. The spherical aberrations stemming from the refractive index mismatch and the focusing depth inside the sample were simulated and the effect of the voxel compensation as well as different printing modes were demonstrated. Different layer spacings and their dependency on the applied laser power were compared both in terms of accuracy and required printing time resulting in a 10-fold decrease in structuring time while yielding well-defined channels of small diameters. Finally, the capacity of 2PP to create vascular structures within a microfluidic chip was tested with two different settings, by direct embedding of a co-culture of endothelial- and supporting cells during the printing process and by creating a supporting, cell-containing vascular scaffold barrier where the endothelial cell spheroids can be seeded afterwards. The functionality of the formed vessels was demonstrated with immunostaining of vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-Cadherin) endothelial adhesion molecules in both static and perfused culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Dobos
- 3D Printing and Biofabrication Group, Institute of Materials Science and Technology, Technische Universität Wien (TU Wien), Vienna, Austria. Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration (http://tissue-regeneration.at), Austria
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19
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Van Hoorick J, Dobos A, Markovic M, Gheysens T, Van Damme L, Gruber P, Tytgat L, Van Erps J, Thienpont H, Dubruel P, Ovsianikov A, Van Vlierberghe S. Thiol-norbornene gelatin hydrogels: influence of thiolated crosslinker on network properties and high definition 3D printing. Biofabrication 2021; 13. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abc95f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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20
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Tytgat L, Dobos A, Markovic M, Van Damme L, Van Hoorick J, Bray F, Thienpont H, Ottevaere H, Dubruel P, Ovsianikov A, Van Vlierberghe S. High-Resolution 3D Bioprinting of Photo-Cross-linkable Recombinant Collagen to Serve Tissue Engineering Applications. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3997-4007. [PMID: 32841006 PMCID: PMC7556543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Various biopolymers, including gelatin, have already been applied to serve a plethora of tissue engineering purposes. However, substantial concerns have arisen related to the safety and the reproducibility of these materials due to their animal origin and the risk associated with pathogen transmission as well as batch-to-batch variations. Therefore, researchers have been focusing their attention toward recombinant materials that can be produced in a laboratory with full reproducibility and can be designed according to specific needs (e.g., by introducing additional RGD sequences). In the present study, a recombinant protein based on collagen type I (RCPhC1) was functionalized with photo-cross-linkable methacrylamide (RCPhC1-MA), norbornene (RCPhC1-NB), or thiol (RCPhC1-SH) functionalities to enable high-resolution 3D printing via two-photon polymerization (2PP). The results indicated a clear difference in 2PP processing capabilities between the chain-growth-polymerized RCPhC1-MA and the step-growth-polymerized RCPhC1-NB/SH. More specifically, reduced swelling-related deformations resulting in a superior CAD-CAM mimicry were obtained for the RCPhC1-NB/SH hydrogels. In addition, RCPhC1-NB/SH allowed the processing of the material in the presence of adipose tissue-derived stem cells that survived the encapsulation process and also were able to proliferate when embedded in the printed structures. As a consequence, it is the first time that successful HD bioprinting with cell encapsulation is reported for recombinant hydrogel bioinks. Therefore, these results can be a stepping stone toward various tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Tytgat
- Brussels
Photonics (B-PHOT) − Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Polymer
Chemistry & Biomaterials Group − Centre of Macromolecular
Chemistry (CMaC) − Department of Organic and Macromolecular
Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Agnes Dobos
- 3D Printing
and Biofabrication Group, Institute of Materials
Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marica Markovic
- 3D Printing
and Biofabrication Group, Institute of Materials
Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lana Van Damme
- Polymer
Chemistry & Biomaterials Group − Centre of Macromolecular
Chemistry (CMaC) − Department of Organic and Macromolecular
Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jasper Van Hoorick
- Brussels
Photonics (B-PHOT) − Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Polymer
Chemistry & Biomaterials Group − Centre of Macromolecular
Chemistry (CMaC) − Department of Organic and Macromolecular
Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fabrice Bray
- Miniaturisation
pour l’Analyse, la Synthèse et la Protéomique,
USR 3290 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Lille, Villeneuve d’Ascq, 59650 France
| | - Hugo Thienpont
- Brussels
Photonics (B-PHOT) − Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Heidi Ottevaere
- Brussels
Photonics (B-PHOT) − Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer
Chemistry & Biomaterials Group − Centre of Macromolecular
Chemistry (CMaC) − Department of Organic and Macromolecular
Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- 3D Printing
and Biofabrication Group, Institute of Materials
Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Austrian
Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Brussels
Photonics (B-PHOT) − Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Polymer
Chemistry & Biomaterials Group − Centre of Macromolecular
Chemistry (CMaC) − Department of Organic and Macromolecular
Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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21
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Dobos A, Van Hoorick J, Steiger W, Gruber P, Markovic M, Andriotis OG, Rohatschek A, Dubruel P, Thurner PJ, Van Vlierberghe S, Baudis S, Ovsianikov A. Thiol-Gelatin-Norbornene Bioink for Laser-Based High-Definition Bioprinting. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1900752. [PMID: 31347290 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon polymerization (2PP) is a lithography-based 3D printing method allowing the fabrication of 3D structures with sub-micrometer resolution. This work focuses on the characterization of gelatin-norbornene (Gel-NB) bioinks which enables the embedding of cells via 2PP. The high reactivity of the thiol-ene system allows 2PP processing of cell-containing materials at remarkably high scanning speeds (1000 mm s-1 ) placing this technology in the domain of bioprinting. Atomic force microscopy results demonstrate that the indentation moduli of the produced hydrogel constructs can be adjusted in the 0.2-0.7 kPa range by controlling the 2PP processing parameters. Using this approach gradient 3D constructs are produced and the morphology of the embedded cells is observed in the course of 3 weeks. Furthermore, it is possible to tune the enzymatic degradation of the crosslinked bioink by varying the applied laser power. The 3D printed Gel-NB hydrogel constructs show exceptional biocompatibility, supported cell adhesion, and migration. Furthermore, cells maintain their proliferation capacity demonstrated by Ki-67 immunostaining. Moreover, the results demonstrate that direct embedding of cells provides uniform distribution and high cell loading independently of the pore size of the scaffold. The investigated photosensitive bioink enables high-definition bioprinting of well-defined constructs for long-term cell culture studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Dobos
- TU Wien3D Printing and Biofabrication GroupInstitute of Materials Science and Technology Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration
| | - Jasper Van Hoorick
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials GroupCentre of Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Krijgslaan 281, S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
- Brussels PhotonicsDepartment of Applied Physics and PhotonicsFlanders Make and Vrije Universiteit Brussel Pleinlaan 2 1000 Brussels Belgium
| | - Wolfgang Steiger
- TU Wien3D Printing and Biofabrication GroupInstitute of Materials Science and Technology Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration
| | - Peter Gruber
- TU Wien3D Printing and Biofabrication GroupInstitute of Materials Science and Technology Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration
| | - Marica Markovic
- TU Wien3D Printing and Biofabrication GroupInstitute of Materials Science and Technology Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration
| | - Orestis G. Andriotis
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration
- TU Wien, Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Andreas Rohatschek
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration
- TU Wien, Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials GroupCentre of Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Krijgslaan 281, S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Philipp J. Thurner
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration
- TU Wien, Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials GroupCentre of Macromolecular ChemistryGhent University Krijgslaan 281, S4 9000 Ghent Belgium
- Brussels PhotonicsDepartment of Applied Physics and PhotonicsFlanders Make and Vrije Universiteit Brussel Pleinlaan 2 1000 Brussels Belgium
| | - Stefan Baudis
- TU WienInstitute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- TU Wien3D Printing and Biofabrication GroupInstitute of Materials Science and Technology Getreidemarkt 9 1060 Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration
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22
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Lee M, Rizzo R, Surman F, Zenobi-Wong M. Guiding Lights: Tissue Bioprinting Using Photoactivated Materials. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10950-11027. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mihyun Lee
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication HPL J22, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Riccardo Rizzo
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication HPL J22, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - František Surman
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication HPL J22, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcy Zenobi-Wong
- Tissue Engineering + Biofabrication HPL J22, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 7, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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23
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Tomal W, Ortyl J. Water-Soluble Photoinitiators in Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1073. [PMID: 32392892 PMCID: PMC7285382 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-initiated polymerization processes are currently an important tool in various industrial fields. The advancement of technology has resulted in the use of photopolymerization in various biomedical applications, such as the production of 3D hydrogel structures, the encapsulation of cells, and in drug delivery systems. The use of photopolymerization processes requires an appropriate initiating system that, in biomedical applications, must meet additional criteria such as high water solubility, non-toxicity to cells, and compatibility with visible low-power light sources. This article is a literature review on those compounds that act as photoinitiators of photopolymerization processes in biomedical applications. The division of initiators according to the method of photoinitiation was described and the related mechanisms were discussed. Examples from each group of photoinitiators are presented, and their benefits, limitations, and applications are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Tomal
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Krakow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Krakow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland;
- Photo HiTech Ltd., Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
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24
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Han WT, Jang T, Chen S, Chong LSH, Jung HD, Song J. Improved cell viability for large-scale biofabrication with photo-crosslinkable hydrogel systems through a dual-photoinitiator approach. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:450-461. [PMID: 31748767 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01347d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biofabrication with various hydrogel systems allows the production of tissue or organ constructs in vitro to address various challenges in healthcare and medicine. In particular, photocrosslinkable hydrogels have great advantages such as excellent spatial and temporal selectivity and low processing cost and energy requirements. However, inefficient polymerization kinetics of commercialized photoinitiators upon exposure to UV-A radiation or visible light increase processing time, often compromising cell viability. In this study, we developed a hydrogel crosslinking system which exhibited efficient crosslinking properties and desired mechanical properties with high cell viability, through a dual-photoinitiator approach. Through the co-existence of Irgacure 2959 and VA-086, the overall crosslinking process was completed with a minimal UV dosage during a significantly reduced crosslinking time, producing mechanically robust hydrogel constructs, while most encapsulated cells within the hydrogel constructs remained viable. Moreover, we fabricated a large PEGDA hydrogel construct with a single microchannel as a proof of concept for hydrogels with vasculature to demonstrate the versatility of the system. Our dual-photoinitiator approach allowed the production of this photocrosslinkable hydrogel system with microchannels, significantly improving cell viability and processing efficiency, yet maintaining good mechanical stability. Taken together, we envision the concurrent use of photoinitiators, Irgacure 2959 and VA-086, opening potential avenues for the utilization of various photocrosslinkable hydrogel systems in perfusable large artificial tissue for in vivo and ex vivo applications with improved processing efficiency and cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Win Tun Han
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, 637457, Singapore.
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25
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Zerobin E, Markovic M, Tomášiková Z, Qin X, Ret D, Steinbauer P, Kitzmüller J, Steiger W, Gruber P, Ovsianikov A, Liska R, Baudis S. Hyaluronic acid vinyl esters: A toolbox toward controlling mechanical properties of hydrogels for 3D microfabrication. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Zerobin
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Marica Markovic
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology TU Wien, Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Zuzana Tomášiková
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Xiao‐Hua Qin
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Davide Ret
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Patrick Steinbauer
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien Vienna Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Advanced Polymers for Biomaterials and 3D Printing TU Wien, Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Jakob Kitzmüller
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Wolfgang Steiger
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology TU Wien, Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Peter Gruber
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology TU Wien, Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology TU Wien, Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
| | - Stefan Baudis
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryTU Wien Vienna Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Advanced Polymers for Biomaterials and 3D Printing TU Wien, Vienna Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration Austria
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26
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Ng WL, Lee JM, Zhou M, Chen YW, Lee KXA, Yeong WY, Shen YF. Vat polymerization-based bioprinting-process, materials, applications and regulatory challenges. Biofabrication 2020; 12:022001. [PMID: 31822648 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab6034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, the field of bioprinting has attracted attention for its highly automated fabrication system that enables the precise patterning of living cells and biomaterials at pre-defined positions for enhanced cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions. Notably, vat polymerization (VP)-based bioprinting is an emerging bioprinting technique for various tissue engineering applications due to its high fabrication accuracy. Particularly, different photo-initiators (PIs) are utilized during the bioprinting process to facilitate the crosslinking mechanism for fabrication of high-resolution complex tissue constructs. The advancements in VP-based printing have led to a paradigm shift in fabrication of tissue constructs from cell-seeding of tissue scaffolds (non-biocompatible fabrication process) to direct bioprinting of cell-laden tissue constructs (biocompatible fabrication process). This paper, presenting a first-time comprehensive review of the VP-based bioprinting process, provides an in-depth analysis and comparison of the various biocompatible PIs and highlights the important considerations and bioprinting requirements. This review paper reports a detailed analysis of its printing process and the influence of light-based curing modality and PIs on living cells. Lastly, this review also highlights the significance of VP-based bioprinting, the regulatory challenges and presents future directions to transform the VP-based printing technology into imperative tools in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The readers will be informed on the current limitations and achievements of the VP-based bioprinting techniques. Notably, the readers will realize the importance and value of highly-automated platforms for tissue engineering applications and be able to develop objective viewpoints towards this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Long Ng
- HP-NTU Digital Manufacturing Corporate Lab, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore. Singapore Centre for 3D Printing (SC3DP), School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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27
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Kim M, Ahn Y, Lee K, Jung W, Cha C. In situ facile-forming chitosan hydrogels with tunable physicomechanical and tissue adhesive properties by polymer graft architecture. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 229:115538. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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28
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Song J, Michas C, Chen CS, White AE, Grinstaff MW. From Simple to Architecturally Complex Hydrogel Scaffolds for Cell and Tissue Engineering Applications: Opportunities Presented by Two-Photon Polymerization. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901217. [PMID: 31746140 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Direct laser writing via two-photon polymerization (2PP) is an emerging micro- and nanofabrication technique to prepare predetermined and architecturally precise hydrogel scaffolds with high resolution and spatial complexity. As such, these scaffolds are increasingly being evaluated for cell and tissue engineering applications. This article first discusses the basic principles and photoresists employed in 2PP fabrication of hydrogels, followed by an in-depth introduction of various mechanical and biological characterization techniques used to assess the fabricated structures. The design requirements for cell and tissue related applications are then described to guide the engineering, physicochemical, and biological efforts. Three case studies in bone, cancer, and cardiac tissues are presented that illustrate the need for structured materials in the next generation of clinical applications. This paper concludes by summarizing the progress to date, identifying additional opportunities for 2PP hydrogel scaffolds, and discussing future directions for 2PP research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Christos Michas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | | | - Alice E. White
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
- Department of Chemistry Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
- Department of Medicine Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
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29
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Hola E, Pilch M, Galek M, Ortyl J. New versatile bimolecular photoinitiating systems based on amino-m-terphenyl derivatives for cationic, free-radical and thiol–ene photopolymerization under low intensity UV-A and visible light sources. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01091b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The performance of a series of 2-amino-4,6-diphenyl-benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile derivatives as visible light sensitizers for diphenyliodonium salt for enabling photopolymerization at different irradiation wavelengths was studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Hola
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
| | - Maciej Pilch
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
| | | | - Joanna Ortyl
- Department of Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Cracow University of Technology
- 31-155 Cracow
- Poland
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30
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Parkatzidis K, Chatzinikolaidou M, Kaliva M, Bakopoulou A, Farsari M, Vamvakaki M. Multiphoton 3D Printing of Biopolymer-Based Hydrogels. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:6161-6170. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Parkatzidis
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Chatzinikolaidou
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Kaliva
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Athina Bakopoulou
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Farsari
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Maria Vamvakaki
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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31
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Van Hoorick J, Tytgat L, Dobos A, Ottevaere H, Van Erps J, Thienpont H, Ovsianikov A, Dubruel P, Van Vlierberghe S. (Photo-)crosslinkable gelatin derivatives for biofabrication applications. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:46-73. [PMID: 31344513 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Over the recent decades gelatin has proven to be very suitable as an extracellular matrix mimic for biofabrication and tissue engineering applications. However, gelatin is prone to dissolution at typical cell culture conditions and is therefore often chemically modified to introduce (photo-)crosslinkable functionalities. These modifications allow to tune the material properties of gelatin, making it suitable for a wide range of biofabrication techniques both as a bioink and as a biomaterial ink (component). The present review provides a non-exhaustive overview of the different reported gelatin modification strategies to yield crosslinkable materials that can be used to form hydrogels suitable for biofabrication applications. The different crosslinking chemistries are discussed and classified according to their mechanism including chain-growth and step-growth polymerization. The step-growth polymerization mechanisms are further classified based on the specific chemistry including different (photo-)click chemistries and reversible systems. The benefits and drawbacks of each chemistry are also briefly discussed. Furthermore, focus is placed on different biofabrication strategies using either inkjet, deposition or light-based additive manufacturing techniques, and the applications of the obtained 3D constructs. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Gelatin and more specifically gelatin-methacryloyl has emerged to become one of the gold standard materials as an extracellular matrix mimic in the field of biofabrication. However, also other modification strategies have been elaborated to take advantage of a plethora of crosslinking chemistries. Therefore, a review paper focusing on the different modification strategies and processing of gelatin is presented. Particular attention is paid to the underlying chemistry along with the benefits and drawbacks of each type of crosslinking chemistry. The different strategies were classified based on their basic crosslinking mechanism including chain- or step-growth polymerization. Within the step-growth classification, a further distinction is made between click chemistries as well as other strategies. The influence of these modifications on the physical gelation and processing conditions including mechanical properties is presented. Additionally, substantial attention is put to the applied photoinitiators and the different biofabrication technologies including inkjet, deposition or light-based technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Van Hoorick
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group - Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) - Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT) - Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Tytgat
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group - Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) - Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT) - Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Agnes Dobos
- Research Group 3D Printing and Biofabrication, Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidi Ottevaere
- Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT) - Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jürgen Van Erps
- Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT) - Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hugo Thienpont
- Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT) - Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- Research Group 3D Printing and Biofabrication, Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Dubruel
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group - Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) - Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Group - Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC) - Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Brussels Photonics (B-PHOT) - Department of Applied Physics and Photonics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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32
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Qiu W, Hu P, Zhu J, Liu R, Li Z, Hu Z, Chen Q, Dietliker K, Liska R. Cleavable Unimolecular Photoinitiators Based on Oxime‐Ester Chemistry for Two‐Photon Three‐Dimensional Printing. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201900164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanwan Qiu
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and MaterialsJiangnan University Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122 China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids Ministry of Education School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Peng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids Ministry of Education School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Junzhe Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids Ministry of Education School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Ren Liu
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and MaterialsJiangnan University Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122 China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids Ministry of Education School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Zhiquan Li
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and MaterialsJiangnan University Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122 China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids Ministry of Education School of Chemical and Material EngineeringJiangnan University Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics College of Electronic Science and EngineeringJilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Qidai Chen
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics College of Electronic Science and EngineeringJilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Kurt Dietliker
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Laboratory of Inorganic ChemistryETH Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Robert Liska
- Institute of Applied Synthetic ChemistryVienna University of Technology Getreidemarkt 9/163/MC 1060 Vienna Austria
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33
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Wang X, Huang X, Zhao Y. Effect of aggregation behavior on linear and nonlinear photophysical properties of lipid-water amphiphilic photosensitizers. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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34
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Dobos A, Steiger W, Theiner D, Gruber P, Lunzer M, Van Hoorick J, Van Vlierberghe S, Ovsianikov A. Screening of two-photon activated photodynamic therapy sensitizers using a 3D osteosarcoma model. Analyst 2019; 144:3056-3063. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an00068b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
An in vitro screening platform for high-throughput profiling and comparison of two-photon photodynamic therapy sensitizers was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Dobos
- TU Wien
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration
| | - Wolfgang Steiger
- TU Wien
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration
| | - Dominik Theiner
- TU Wien
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Peter Gruber
- TU Wien
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration
| | - Markus Lunzer
- TU Wien
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration
| | - Jasper Van Hoorick
- Ghent University
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Sandra Van Vlierberghe
- Ghent University
- Polymer Chemistry and Biomaterials Group
- Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry
- 9000 Ghent
- Belgium
| | - Aleksandr Ovsianikov
- TU Wien
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology
- 1060 Vienna
- Austria
- Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration
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35
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Groll J, Burdick JA, Cho DW, Derby B, Gelinsky M, Heilshorn SC, Jüngst T, Malda J, Mironov VA, Nakayama K, Ovsianikov A, Sun W, Takeuchi S, Yoo JJ, Woodfield TBF. A definition of bioinks and their distinction from biomaterial inks. Biofabrication 2018; 11:013001. [PMID: 30468151 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/aaec52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Biofabrication aims to fabricate biologically functional products through bioprinting or bioassembly (Groll et al 2016 Biofabrication 8 013001). In biofabrication processes, cells are positioned at defined coordinates in three-dimensional space using automated and computer controlled techniques (Moroni et al 2018 Trends Biotechnol. 36 384-402), usually with the aid of biomaterials that are either (i) directly processed with the cells as suspensions/dispersions, (ii) deposited simultaneously in a separate printing process, or (iii) used as a transient support material. Materials that are suited for biofabrication are often referred to as bioinks and have become an important area of research within the field. In view of this special issue on bioinks, we aim herein to briefly summarize the historic evolution of this term within the field of biofabrication. Furthermore, we propose a simple but general definition of bioinks, and clarify its distinction from biomaterial inks.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Groll
- Department of Functional Materials in Medicine and Dentistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Würzburg, D-97070 Würzburg, Germany
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36
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Lemma ED, Spagnolo B, De Vittorio M, Pisanello F. Studying Cell Mechanobiology in 3D: The Two-Photon Lithography Approach. Trends Biotechnol 2018; 37:358-372. [PMID: 30343948 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two-photon lithography is a laser writing technique that can produce 3D microstructures with resolutions below the diffraction limit. This review focuses on its applications to study mechanical properties of cells, an emerging field known as mechanobiology. We review 3D structural designs and materials in the context of new experimental designs, including estimating forces exerted by single cells, studying selective adhesion on substrates, and creating 3D networks of cells. We then focus on emerging applications, including structures for assessing cancer cell invasiveness, whose migration properties depend on the cell mechanical response to the environment, and 3D architectures and materials to study stem cell differentiation, as 3D structure shape and patterning play a key role in defining cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Domenico Lemma
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Via Barsanti snc, 73010 Arnesano, Italy; Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Innovazione, via per Monteroni snc, 73100 Lecce, Italy; Current address: Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Zoologisches Institut, Zell- und Neurobiologie, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Barbara Spagnolo
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Via Barsanti snc, 73010 Arnesano, Italy
| | - Massimo De Vittorio
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Via Barsanti snc, 73010 Arnesano, Italy; Università del Salento, Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell'Innovazione, via per Monteroni snc, 73100 Lecce, Italy; These authors equally contributed to this work
| | - Ferruccio Pisanello
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnologies, Via Barsanti snc, 73010 Arnesano, Italy; These authors equally contributed to this work.
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37
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Li Z, Hu P, Zhu J, Gao Y, Xiong X, Liu R. Conjugated Carbazole-Based Schiff Bases as Photoinitiators: From Facile Synthesis to Efficient Two-Photon Polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiquan Li
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Peng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Junzhe Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
| | - Yajun Gao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Xiang Xiong
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 China
| | - Ren Liu
- International Research Center for Photoresponsive Molecules and Materials; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering; Jiangnan University; Wuxi 214122 China
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