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Nagini S, Palrasu M, Bishayee A. Limonoids from neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) are potential anticancer drug candidates. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:457-496. [PMID: 37589457 DOI: 10.1002/med.21988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.), a versatile evergreen tree recognized for its ethnopharmacological value, is a rich source of limonoids of the triterpenoid class, endowed with potent medicinal properties. Extracts of neem have been documented to display anticancer effects in diverse malignant cell lines as well as in preclinical animal models that has largely been attributed to the constituent limonoids. Of late, neem limonoids have become the cynosure of research attention as potential candidate agents for cancer prevention and therapy. Among the various limonoids found in neem, azadirachtin, epoxyazadiradione, gedunin, and nimbolide, have been extensively investigated for anticancer activity. Azadirachtin, a potent biodegradable pesticide, exhibits profound antiproliferative effects by preventing mitotic spindle formation and cell division. The antiproliferative activity of gedunin has been demonstrated to be mediated primarily via inhibition of heat shock protein90 and its client proteins. Epoxyazadiradione inhibits pro-inflammatory and kinase-driven signaling pathways to block tumorigenesis. Nimbolide, the most potent cytotoxic neem limonoid, inhibits the growth of cancer cells by regulating the phosphorylation of keystone kinases that drive oncogenic signaling besides modulating the epigenome. There is overwhelming evidence to indicate that neem limonoids exert anticancer effects by preventing the acquisition of hallmark traits of cancer, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis evasion, inflammation, invasion, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. Neem limonoids are value additions to the armamentarium of natural compounds that target aberrant oncogenic signaling to inhibit cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddavaram Nagini
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manikandan Palrasu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, Florida, USA
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Chahat, Jha KT, Bhatia R, Chawla PA. Alkaloids as Additional Weapons in the Fight against Breast Cancer: A Review. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:5113-5148. [PMID: 37702171 DOI: 10.2174/0929867331666230911162527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Breast carcinoma is among the most frequent cancerous tumour in females around the globe. The major modalities now employed in the therapeutic management of breast cancer include surgeries, chemotherapy, and specialized medicines. Despite their potential to help individuals' problems, they are also associated with many negative impacts. As a result, natural products are increasingly regarded to be a preferable alternative. Alkaloids are essential biochemical substances that can be used to develop new drugs. Numerous alkaloids that originate from natural plants have been shown in vitro and in vivo to have anti-proliferation and anti-metastasis actions on different kinds of carcinoma. According to the data collected in this study, the utilization of alkaloids as anti-tumor medicines appears to be extremely potent; nevertheless, extensive studies and clinical trials are required before utilizing individual alkaloids. In this overview, we provide a detailed and vital exploration of pre-existing alkaloids possessing anti-tumor activities due to bioactive compounds. This study also includes an overview of synthesized analogues and pharmacological characteristics that will be beneficial to scientists working on alkaloids for medicinal purposes. In a recent survey of the literature, alkaloids are an important component of plantderived antitumor medicines that hold great potential for the future development of cancer therapy and preventive therapies. We have also discussed structural analysis relationship (SAR) studies. Moreover, it covers clinical trial medications and FDA-approved medicines from the last five years that will be useful in further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chahat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, G.T Road, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Keshav Taruneshwar Jha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, G.T Road, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, G.T Road, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
| | - Pooja A Chawla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, G.T Road, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India
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Li WS, Lei XP, Yan XT, Qin YY, Chen GY, Li S, Jiang ZP. Hainanxylogranolides A-F: New Limonoids isolated from the seeds of Hainan mangrove plant Xylocarpus granatum. Fitoterapia 2023; 165:105407. [PMID: 36581180 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Six new limonoids, named hainanxylogranolides A-F (1-6), together with nineteen known ones (7-25) were isolated from the seeds of a Hainan mangrove Xylocarpus granatum. The structures of the new compounds were established by extensive NMR spectroscopic data combined with the DFT and TDDFT calculated electronic circular dichroism spectra. Hainanxylogranolide A (1) is the aromatic B-ring limonoid containing a central pyridine ring and a C-17 substituted γ(21)-hydroxybutenolide moiety. Hainanxylogranolide B (2) belongs to the small group of mexicanolides containing a C3-O-C8 bridge, whereas hainanxylogranolides C and D (3 and 4) are mexicanolides comprising a C1-O-C8 bridge. Compounds 9 and 25 posed obvious inhibition effect on the tube formation of HUVECs. There are only about 25% tube-like structures were observed at the concentration of 40.0 μM of compound 25. The antiviral activities of the isolates against herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) and severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) were tested in vitro. Compound 23 exhibited moderate anti-SFTSV activity with the IC50 value of 29.58 ± 0.73 μM. This is the first report of anti-angiogenic effect and anti-SFTSV activity of limonoids from the genus Xylocarpus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Shan Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Xue-Ping Lei
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, The NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital and The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Xin-Tong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Song Li' Academician Workstation of Hainan University (School of Pharmaceutical Sciences), Sanya 572000, China
| | - Yu-Yue Qin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Guang-Ying Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Song Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Song Li' Academician Workstation of Hainan University (School of Pharmaceutical Sciences), Sanya 572000, China; Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Zhong-Ping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
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Patel S, Sandha K, Waingankar A, Jain P, Abhyankar A. Atropisomerism transforming anti-cancer drug discovery. Chem Biol Drug Des 2023; 101:138-157. [PMID: 36254625 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atropisomerism is a stereochemical phenomenon that describes how groups are arranged in space as a result of their impeded rotation around a single bond. It is one of the frequently underappreciated conformational kinds of chirality. A significant role for atropisomers in drug discovery and development has been established via substantial study on the characteristics of molecules exhibiting this form of chirality. According to studies on the target selectivity of anti-cancer drugs, it was identified that atropisomers of specific compounds could be examined to modulate the selectivity of promiscuous inhibitors, which are a key target in cancer therapy. Conversely, it was discovered that these deliberate rigidifications of possible molecules along an axis of chirality gave an abundant possibility of acquiring more tailored anti-cancer action. Atropisomerism plays a significant role in altering pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and thereby the success of any proposed drug candidate. It is thus necessary to anticipate the impact of stereogenic centres in such compounds on cancer drug development. Hence, herein we review atropisomeric anti-cancer moieties which have been investigated based on their target proteins, origin and isomerism. The insights offered herein would be extremely useful in anti-cancer drug design, pave way for new avenues to development promising potent agents to combat this life-threatening disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Patel
- SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | - Khushi Sandha
- SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Prachi Jain
- SVKM's Dr Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India
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Wu MJ, Xu B, Guo YW. Unusual Secondary Metabolites from the Mangrove Ecosystems: Structures, Bioactivities, Chemical, and Bio-Syntheses. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20080535. [PMID: 36005537 PMCID: PMC9410182 DOI: 10.3390/md20080535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mangrove ecosystems are widely distributed in the intertidal zone of tropical and subtropical estuaries or coasts, containing abundant biological communities, for example, mangrove plants and diverse groups of microorganisms, featuring various bioactive secondary metabolites. We surveyed the literature from 2010 to 2022, resulting in a collection of 134 secondary metabolites, and classified them into two major families in terms of the biological sources and 15 subfamilies according to the chemical structures. To highlight the structural diversity and bioactivities of the mangrove ecosystem-associated secondary metabolites, we presented the chemical structures, bioactivities, biosynthesis, and chemical syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Baofu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China
- Correspondence: (B.X.); (Y.-W.G.)
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, China
- Correspondence: (B.X.); (Y.-W.G.)
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Luo J, Sun Y, Li Q, Kong L. Research progress of meliaceous limonoids from 2011 to 2021. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1325-1365. [PMID: 35608367 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00015f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Covering: July 2010 to December 2021Limonoids, a kind of natural tetranortriterpenoids with diverse skeletons and valuable insecticidal and medicinal bioactivities, are the characteristic metabolites of most plants of the Meliaceae family. The chemistry and bioactivities of meliaceous limonoids are a continuing hot area of natural products research; to date, about 2700 meliaceous limonoids have been identified. In particular, more than 1600, including thirty kinds of novel rearranged skeletons, have been isolated and identified in the past decade due to their wide distribution and abundant content in Meliaceae plants and active biosynthetic pathways. In addition to the discovery of new structures, many positive medicinal bioactivities of meliaceous limonoids have been investigated, and extensive achievements regarding the chemical and biological synthesis have been made. This review summarizes the recent research progress in the discovery of new structures, medicinal and agricultural bioactivities, and chem/biosynthesis of limonoids from the plants of the Meliaceae family during the past decade, with an emphasis on the discovery of limonoids with novel skeletons, the medicinal bioactivities and mechanisms, and chemical synthesis. The structures, origins, and bioactivities of other new limonoids were provided as ESI. Studies published from July 2010 to December 2021 are reviewed, and 482 references are cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunpeng Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qiurong Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lingyi Kong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Product Research, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Recent Advances in the Use of the Dimerization Strategy as a Means to Increase the Biological Potential of Natural or Synthetic Molecules. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082340. [PMID: 33920597 PMCID: PMC8073093 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of C2-symmetric biologically active molecules is a subject of interest to the scientific community. It provides the possibility of discovering medicine with higher biological potential than the parent drugs. Such molecules are generally produced by classic chemistry, considering the shortness of reaction sequence and the efficacy for each step. This review describes and analyzes recent advances in the field and emphasizes selected C2-symmetric molecules (or axial symmetric molecules) made during the last 10 years. However, the description of the dimers is contextualized by prior work allowing its development, and they are categorized by their structure and/or by their properties. Hence, this review presents dimers composed of steroids, sugars, and nucleosides; known and synthetic anticancer agents; polyphenol compounds; terpenes, known and synthetic antibacterial agents; and natural products. A special focus on the anticancer potential of the dimers transpires throughout the review, notwithstanding their structure and/or primary biological properties.
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He CL, Li WS, Wu J, Shen L. Krishnolides E-K: New limonoids from the Krishna mangrove Xylocarpus moluccensis. Fitoterapia 2021; 150:104835. [PMID: 33524516 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Seven new limonoids, named krishnolides E-K (1-7), including three khayanolides, two mexicanolides, a derivative of trangmolin A, and an andirobin, were isolated from seeds of the Indian Krishna mangrove, Xylocarpus moluccensis. The structures of these limonoids were established by HRESIMS, extensive NMR investigations, and X-ray crystallography. Most notably, the absolute configurations of 1, 5, 6, and 7 were unequivocally determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses (Cu Kα). Krishnolide F (2) exhibited significant agonistic effects on human pregnane-X-receptor (hPXR) at the concentration of 10.0 μM. Molecular docking revealed that 2 could bind a helix near the region of the Helix 12 of hPXR. Polar contribution could be electrostatic effects from the formation of two stable protein-ligand hydrogen bonds between Gln285/1-OH and His407/1-OH, respectively. This is the first report of agonistic effects of a khayanolide-type limonoid on hPXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Liu He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Wan-Shan Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, PR China
| | - Jun Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue North, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resource Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, PR China; Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
| | - Li Shen
- Marine Drugs Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, 601 Huangpu Avenue West, Guangzhou 510632, PR China.
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Zhang JC, Liao Q, Shen L, Wu J. Twenty-five limonoids from the Hainan mangrove, Xylocarpus granatum. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103903. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ye J, Zou MM, Li P, Lin XJ, Jiang QW, Yang Y, Huang JR, Yuan ML, Xing ZH, Wei MN, Li Y, Shi Z, Liu H. Oxymatrine and Cisplatin Synergistically Enhance Anti-tumor Immunity of CD8 + T Cells in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Front Oncol 2018; 8:631. [PMID: 30619765 PMCID: PMC6305450 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxymatrine (OMT) has shown broad antitumor activities for the treatment of several types of cancers. However, little is known about its effect on anti-tumor immunity. Combination therapy is a potentially promising strategy of cancer to enhance anticancer activity, overcome drug resistance, and lower treatment failure rate. In the present study, we demonstrated that the combination of OMT with cisplatin (DDP) synergistically inhibited non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells growth when co-cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Furthermore, the combination of OMT with DDP significantly inhibited the growth of Lewis lung cancer (LLC) mouse xenograft tumors. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that OMT and DDP synergistically increase the CD8+/ regulatory T cells ratio and enhanced more CD8+ T cells secreted cytokines of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 in vivo. Mechanistically, upregulation of miR-155 and downregulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS1) were confirmed as a target signaling pathway to positively regulate the anti-tumor response of CD8+ T cells. Overall, OMT in combination with DDP showed outstanding synergistic anti-tumor immunity, suggesting that this beneficial combination may offer a potential immunotherapy for NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Man-Man Zou
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Jun Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Wei Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Rong Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Ling Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Hao Xing
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng-Ning Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, Department of Cell Biology & Institute of Biomedicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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