1
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Wang Z, Chang C, Chen Y, Wu X, Li J, Zhu C. Remote desaturation of hexenenitriles by radical-mediated cyano migration. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.133228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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2
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Gu XT, Li LH, Wei Y, Shi M. Selective C(sp 2)-H bond functionalization of olefins via visible-light-induced photoredox-quinuclidine dual catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9954-9957. [PMID: 35983765 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03694k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The site selective C(sp2)-H bond functionalization of olefins has been achieved through a visible-light-induced photoredox-quinuclidine dual catalysis upon merging the quinuclidinium radical cation addition to alkene strategy and the distal heteroaryl ipso-migration strategy. This synthetic protocol features a simple operation with readily available starting materials in good step-economy to access alkenylheteroaromatic products in moderate to good yields under mild conditions. A plausible cascade catalytic reaction mechanism is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Tao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Long-Hai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Ling-Ling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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3
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Seastram AC, Hareram MD, Knight TMB, Morrill LC. Electrochemical alkene azidocyanation via 1,4-nitrile migration. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8658-8661. [PMID: 35822449 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02958h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical method for the azidocyanation of alkenes via 1,4-nitrile migration has been developed. This organic oxidant free method is applicable across various alkene containing cyanohydrins, and provides access to a broad range of synthetically useful 1,2-azidonitriles (28 examples). This methodology was extended to an electrochemical alkene sulfonylcyanation procedure, as well as to access a trifunctionalized hexanenitrile from a malononitrile starting material. The orthogonal derivatization of the products was also demonstrated through chemoselective transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Seastram
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Mishra Deepak Hareram
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Thomas M B Knight
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Louis C Morrill
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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4
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Wei Y, Wu X, Zhu C. Radical Heteroarylation of Alkenes and Alkanes via Heteroaryl Migration. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1771-5037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Heteroarenes are important units in organic chemistry and are ubiquitous in natural products, pharmaceuticals, and numerous artificial molecules. Despite great efforts devoted to accessing heteroarenes, the development of new methods to efficiently produce heteroarenes remains a long-term interest. Recently, the strategy of radical-mediated heteroaryl migration has supplied a robust toolkit for the synthesis of a diversity of heteroaryl-containing compounds. This Account summarizes our recent achievements in this field and provides insight into the incorporation of heteroarenes into organic skeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Wei
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinxin Wu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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5
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Xu CH, Xiong ZQ, Li Y, Zhu YP, Li JH. Copper-catalyzed oxidative phosphonoheteroarylation of alkenes with phosphonates and N-heteroarenes via P–H/C–H functionalization. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01644j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper-catalyzed oxidative phosphonoheteroarylation of alkenes with phosphonates and nucleophilic N-heteroarenes via P–H/C–H functionalization is depicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Yan-Ping Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
| | - Jin-Heng Li
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Persistent Pollutants Control and Resources Recycle, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai, Shandong, 264005, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 475004, China
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6
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Zhang XG, Li X, Zhang C, Feng C. Multisubstituted Cyclohexene Construction through Telescoped Radical-Addition Induced Remote Functional Group Migration and Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) Olefination. Org Lett 2021; 23:9611-9615. [PMID: 34870438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An efficient telescoped method for the rapid assembly of multisubstituted cyclohexenes is presented herein. The whole process nicely merges photoredox-promoted alkene difunctionalization via remote functional group migration with concomitant intramolecular Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) olefination. The characteristic feature of this protocol resides in the fact that the follow-up requiring ketone functionality for ring-closing olefination is in situ unveiled from the otherwise inert tertiary alcohol by the preceding alkene difunctionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Gui Zhang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xin Li
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Chao Feng
- Technical Institute of Fluorochemistry (TIF), Institute of Advanced Synthesis (IAS), School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
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7
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Wu X, Ma Z, Feng T, Zhu C. Radical-mediated rearrangements: past, present, and future. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:11577-11613. [PMID: 34661216 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00529d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Rearrangement reactions, one of the most significant transformations in organic chemistry, play an irreplaceable role in improving synthetic efficiency and molecular complexity. Concomitant cleavage and reconstruction of chemical bonds can display the great artistry and the glamour of synthetic chemistry. Over the past century, ionic rearrangement reactions, in particular those involving cationic pathways, have represented most of the research. Alongside the renaissance of radical chemistry, radical-mediated rearrangements have recently seen a rapid increase of attention from the chemical community. Many new radical rearrangements that extensively reveal the migratory behaviour of functional groups have been unveiled in the last decade. This Review provides a comprehensive perspective on the area from the past to present achievements, and brings up the prospects that may inspire colleagues to develop more useful synthetic tools based on radical rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Zhigang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Tingting Feng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Chen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China. .,Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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8
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H-phosphinates, H-phosphonates and secondary phosphine oxides in radical reactions and strategy analysis. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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9
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Li C, Wang J, Yang SD. Visible-light-facilitated P-center radical addition to C[double bond, length as m-dash]X (X = C, N) bonds results in cyclizations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7997-8002. [PMID: 34319325 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02604f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Visible-light-facilitated phosphorus radical reactions have been developed as a powerful and sustainable tool for the synthesis of various organophosphorus compounds. In general, these reactions require stoichiometric amounts of oxidants, and reductants, bases, and radical initiators, leading to uneconomical and complicated processes. Progress has been made over the past few years toward using reactions that proceed under eco-benign and mild reaction conditions. Furthermore, these reactions have broad functional group tolerance, with some facile and economical pathways. Herein, we summarize the discoveries and achievements pertaining to C-P bond formation through a visible light photocatalysis procedure with high atom economy, made by our group and other research groups. It was established that greener and more environmentally friendly approaches do not require an additional oxidant or base. Moreover, we have designed and synthesized a new type of P-radical precursor, which can take part in reactions without the requirement for any additional bases, oxidants, and additives. This breakthrough, pertaining to novel visible-light-induced transformations, will be discussed and a plausible mechanism is proposed, based on corresponding experiments and the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.
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10
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Huang HG, Li W, Zhong D, Wang HC, Zhao J, Liu WB. Trifluoromethanesulfonyl azide as a bifunctional reagent for metal-free azidotrifluoromethylation of unactivated alkenes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3210-3215. [PMID: 34164089 PMCID: PMC8179360 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06473d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vicinal trifluoromethyl azides have widespread applications in organic synthesis and drug development. However, their preparation is generally limited to transition-metal-catalyzed three-component reactions. We report here a simple and metal-free method that rapidly provides these building blocks from abundant alkenes and trifluoromethanesulfonyl azide (N3SO2CF3). This unprecedented two-component reaction employs readily available N3SO2CF3 as a bifunctional reagent to concurrently incorporate both CF3 and N3 groups, which avoids the use of their expensive and low atom economic precursors. A wide range of functional groups, including bio-relevant heterocycles and amino acids, were tolerated. Application of this method was further demonstrated by scale-up synthesis (5 mmol), product derivatization to CF3-containing medicinal chemistry motifs, as well as late-stage modification of natural product and drug derivatives. A two-component and metal-free azidotrifluoromethylation of alkenes is realized using readily synthesized trifluoromethanesulfonyl azide (N3SO2CF3) as a bifunctional reagent for both CF3 and N3 groups.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Gui Huang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University 299 Bayi Road Wuhan 430072 Hubei China
| | - Weishuang Li
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University 299 Bayi Road Wuhan 430072 Hubei China
| | - Dayou Zhong
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University 299 Bayi Road Wuhan 430072 Hubei China
| | - Hu-Chong Wang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University 299 Bayi Road Wuhan 430072 Hubei China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University 299 Bayi Road Wuhan 430072 Hubei China
| | - Wen-Bo Liu
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University 299 Bayi Road Wuhan 430072 Hubei China
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11
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Sun K, Lv QY, Lin YW, Yu B, He WM. Nitriles as radical acceptors in radical cascade reactions. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01058h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The application of the cyano group as a radical acceptor in the cascade reactions for the construction of various important heterocycles and carbocycles was summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Green Catalysis Center
- College of Chemistry
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| | - Qi-Yan Lv
- Green Catalysis Center
- College of Chemistry
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| | - Ying-Wu Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- University of South China
- Hengyang
- China
| | - Bing Yu
- Green Catalysis Center
- College of Chemistry
- Zhengzhou University
- Zhengzhou 450001
- China
| | - Wei-Min He
- Department of Chemistry
- Hunan University of Science and Engineering
- Yongzhou 425100
- China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation
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12
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Cao Z, Zhang H, Wu X, Li Y, Zhu C. Radical heteroarylation of unactivated remote C(sp 3)–H bonds via intramolecular heteroaryl migration. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01209f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Described herein is the radical-mediated heteroarylation of unactivated remote C(sp3)–H bonds via intramolecular heteroaryl migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Cao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xinxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yahong Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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13
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Difunctionalization of Alkenes and Alkynes via Intermolecular Radical and Nucleophilic Additions. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 26:molecules26010105. [PMID: 33379397 PMCID: PMC7795514 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Popular and readily available alkenes and alkynes are good substrates for the preparation of functionalized molecules through radical and/or ionic addition reactions. Difunctionalization is a topic of current interest due to its high efficiency, substrate versatility, and operational simplicity. Presented in this article are radical addition followed by oxidation and nucleophilic addition reactions for difunctionalization of alkenes or alkynes. The difunctionalization could be accomplished through 1,2-addition (vicinal) and 1,n-addition (distal or remote) if H-atom or group-transfer is involved in the reaction process. A wide range of moieties, such as alkyl (R), perfluoroalkyl (Rf), aryl (Ar), hydroxy (OH), alkoxy (OR), acetatic (O2CR), halogenic (X), amino (NR2), azido (N3), cyano (CN), as well as sulfur- and phosphorous-containing groups can be incorporated through the difunctionalization reactions. Radicals generated from peroxides or single electron transfer (SET) agents, under photoredox or electrochemical reactions are employed for the reactions.
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14
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Brahmachari G. Catalyst‐ and Additive‐Free Decarboxylative C‐4 Phosphorylation of Coumarin‐3‐Carboxylic Acids at Ambient Conditions. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Brahmachari
- Laboratory of Natural Products & Organic Synthesis Department of Chemistry Visva-Bharati (A Central University) Santiniketan 731 235 West Bengal India
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15
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Abstract
Alkenes are ubiquitous in natural products and are extensively used as synthetic feedstocks in multiple fields including organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and materials science. Radical-mediated difunctionalization of alkenes provides a powerful tactic for alkene utilization. Despite the considerable progress made in the past several decades, state-of-the-art methods are highly dependent upon activated alkenes in which a proximal group with a π-electron system (e.g., aryl, carbonyl, and heteroatom) is requisite to stabilize the nascent alkyl radical intermediate via p-π conjugation or p orbitals of the heteroatom. In contrast, the transformation of unactivated alkenes, such as aliphatic alkenes, remains challenging.To overcome this obstacle, we have recently disclosed the strategy of intramolecular distal functional group migration (FGM), which has been efficiently applied in radical difunctionalization of unactivated alkenes. A portfolio of functional groups, such as cyano, heteroaryl, oximino, formyl, and alkynyl groups, showcase the excellent migratory aptitude. Mechanistically, after the addition of an extrinsic radical to the alkene, the newly formed active alkyl radical is rapidly captured by the intramolecular migratory group to generate a cyclic intermediate. Subsequent cleavage of the cyclic C-C bond of the intermediate leads to the functionalized product through the FGM process. Based on the strategy of FGM, a set of elusive difunctionalizations of unactivated alkenes have been accomplished (Part A).Alongside this research, an upgraded highly efficient synthetic strategy, "dock-migration," is created for intermolecular difunctionalization of alkenes. A diversity of sulfone-based dual-function reagents are developed. The intermolecular transformation is initiated by docking the dual-function reagent to the alkene, followed by intramolecular migration of the functional group. Compared to the original FGM protocol, the scope of alkenes is significantly extended from the strategically placed tertiary alcohol-substituted alkenes to general alkenes. Both activated and unactivated alkenes are well tolerated. By this approach, radical-mediated fluoroalkylheteroarylation, fluoroalkylalkynylation, and alkylation of alkenes have been achieved (Part B).Direct elaboration of C-H bonds into the targeted functional groups represents one of the most ideal and straightforward methods for molecular functionalization. The FGM strategy proves to be an ingenious tool for radical-mediated functionalization of remote unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds. Based on the FGM process, we have accomplished: (a) remote C(sp3)-H heteroarylation and cyanation of unprotected alcohols via the cascade of alkoxy radical-enabled hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and intramolecular functional group (e.g., heteroaryl, cyano) migration, and (b) distal C(sp3)-H vinylation of propargylic alcohols through consecutive alkenyl radical-promoted HAT process and subsequent alkenyl migration (Part C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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16
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Zhang H, Kou L, Chen D, Ji M, Bao X, Wu X, Zhu C. Radical-Mediated Distal Ipso-Migration of O/S-Containing Heteroaryls and DFT Studies for Migratory Aptitude. Org Lett 2020; 22:5947-5952. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c02030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Luyao Kou
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Meishan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xiaoguang Bao
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xinxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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17
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Abrams R, Clayden J. Photocatalytic Difunctionalization of Vinyl Ureas by Radical Addition Polar Truce–Smiles Rearrangement Cascades. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11600-11606. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Abrams
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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18
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Abrams R, Clayden J. Photocatalytic Difunctionalization of Vinyl Ureas by Radical Addition Polar Truce–Smiles Rearrangement Cascades. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Abrams
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Jonathan Clayden
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Bristol BS8 1TS UK
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19
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Liu C, Jiang Q, Lin Y, Fang Z, Guo K. C- to N-Center Remote Heteroaryl Migration via Electrochemical Initiation of N Radical by Organic Catalyst. Org Lett 2020; 22:795-799. [PMID: 31922422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein an exogenous oxidant- and metal-free electrochemical heteroaryl migration triggered by N radicals to construct new N-C bonds was developed. This methodology features a high atom economy and utilization rate of energy, and it is insensitive to water and air. Moreover, a user-friendly undivided cell was employed. The use of an organic catalyst makes it more efficient, green, and practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkou Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Qiang Jiang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Yang Lin
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China.,State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 211816 , China
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20
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Tian T, Wang X, Lv L, Li Z. Iron-catalyzed acylation-functionalization of unactivated alkenes with aldehydes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14637-14640. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc06774a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein, an iron-catalyzed acylation-functionalization of unactivated alkenes with aldehydes via distal group ipso-migration is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing 100872
- China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing 100872
- China
| | - Leiyang Lv
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing 100872
- China
| | - Zhiping Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing 100872
- China
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21
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Hu F, Wang L, Xu L, Li SS. Aromatization-driven deconstruction/refunctionalization of unstrained rings. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00344a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aromatization-driven ring-opening/functionalization of common unstrained rings has been developed with the in situ generation of pre-aromatic fused spiro heterocycles as the key step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhi Hu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Qingdao Agricultural University
- Qingdao 266109
- China
| | - Liang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Qingdao Agricultural University
- Qingdao 266109
- China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
| | - Lubin Xu
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Qingdao Agricultural University
- Qingdao 266109
- China
| | - Shuai-Shuai Li
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Qingdao Agricultural University
- Qingdao 266109
- China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
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22
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Liu C, Cai C, Yuan C, Jiang Q, Fang Z, Guo K. Visible-light-promoted N-centered radical generation for remote heteroaryl migration. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:7663-7670. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01594f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An efficient visible-light-mediated organocatalyzed N–H heteroarylation was accomplished via remote heteroaryl ipso-migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkou Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Chen Cai
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Chengcheng Yuan
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Qiang Jiang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
| | - Kai Guo
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech University
- Nanjing 211816
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
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23
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24
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Shen J, Xiao B, Hou Y, Wang X, Li G, Chen J, Wang W, Cheng J, Yang B, Yang S. Cobalt(II)‐Catalyzed Bisfunctionalization of Alkenes with Diarylphosphine Oxide and Peroxide. Adv Synth Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201900873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005 People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005 People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Hou
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005 People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005 People's Republic of China
| | - Gui‐Zhi Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005 People's Republic of China
| | - Jin‐Chun Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei‐Li Wang
- School of Chemistry and Material ScienceLudong University Yantai 264025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian‐Bo Cheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringYantai University Yantai 264005 People's Republic of China
| | - Shang‐Dong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic ChemistryLanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 People's Republic China
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25
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Regioselective introduction of vinyl trifluoromethylthioether to remote unactivated C(sp3)—H bonds via radical translocation cascade. Sci China Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-019-9527-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Liu ZP, Li JL, Cheng XL, Cui JG, Huang YM, Gan CF, Su W, Xiao JA. Visible-Light-Induced Ring-Opening of Hydrogenolysis Spirocyclopropyl Oxindoles Through Photoredox Catalysis. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ping Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics; Nanning Normal University; 530001 Nanning P. R. China
| | - Jin-Lian Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics; Nanning Normal University; 530001 Nanning P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Liang Cheng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics; Nanning Normal University; 530001 Nanning P. R. China
| | - Jian-Guo Cui
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics; Nanning Normal University; 530001 Nanning P. R. China
| | - Yan-Ming Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics; Nanning Normal University; 530001 Nanning P. R. China
| | - Chun-Fang Gan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics; Nanning Normal University; 530001 Nanning P. R. China
| | - Wei Su
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics; Nanning Normal University; 530001 Nanning P. R. China
| | - Jun-An Xiao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics; Nanning Normal University; 530001 Nanning P. R. China
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27
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Zhang G, Fu L, Chen P, Zou J, Liu G. Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Enables Tandem Radical Relay for Asymmetric Copper-Catalyzed Phosphinoylcyanation of Styrenes. Org Lett 2019; 21:5015-5020. [PMID: 31247807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A tandem radical relay strategy was realized for the first Cu(I)-catalyzed enantioselective phosphinocyanation of styrenes. In this reaction, tBuOOSiMe3 generated in situ from tBuOOH serves as a radical initiator to trigger t-butoxy radical production upon oxidization of L*Cu(I) species via proton-coupled-electron transfer (PCET) pathway, which leads to sequential phosphinoyl radical and benzyl radical formations. The resultant β-cyanodiarylphosphine oxides could be easily converted to a series of chiral γ-amino phosphine ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Soochow University , Suzhou , Jiangsu 215123 , China
| | | | | | - Jianping Zou
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Soochow University , Suzhou , Jiangsu 215123 , China
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28
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Visible-light-induced carbosulfonylation of unactivated alkenes via remote heteroaryl and oximino migration. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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29
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Wang M, Huan L, Zhu C. Cyanohydrin-Mediated Cyanation of Remote Unactivated C(sp3)–H Bonds. Org Lett 2019; 21:821-825. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b04104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Leitao Huan
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou Jiangsu 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Synthesis Chemistry of Natural Substances, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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30
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Sivaguru P, Wang Z, Zanoni G, Bi X. Cleavage of carbon–carbon bonds by radical reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2615-2656. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00386f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This review provides insights into the in situ generated radicals triggered carbon–carbon bond cleavage reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramasivam Sivaguru
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | - Zikun Wang
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
| | | | - Xihe Bi
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecular Design & Synthesis
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130024
- China
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31
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Chen D, Ji M, Zhu C. Intramolecular nitration–aminocarbonylation of unactivated olefins: metal-free synthesis of γ-lactams. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7796-7799. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03736e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel, metal-free synthesis of valuable γ-lactams through the radical-mediated nitration–aminocarbonylation of unactivated olefins is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Meishan Ji
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
| | - Chen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou
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32
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Zheng MW, Yuan X, Cui YS, Qiu JK, Li G, Guo K. Electrochemical Sulfonylation/Heteroarylation of Alkenes via Distal Heteroaryl ipso-Migration. Org Lett 2018; 20:7784-7789. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Zheng
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Institute of Chemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Xin Yuan
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Institute of Chemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Sheng Cui
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jiang-Kai Qiu
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Guigen Li
- Institute of Chemistry & Biomedical Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, United States
| | - Kai Guo
- Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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33
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Wang X, Liu J, Yu Z, Guo M, Tang X, Wang G. Desulfonylation-Initiated Distal Alkenyl Migration in Copper-Catalyzed Alkenylation of Unactivated Alkenes. Org Lett 2018; 20:6516-6519. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Ze Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Minjie Guo
- Institute for Molecular Design and Synthesis, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Tang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Guangwei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
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34
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Wang Y, Wang W, Tang R, Liu Z, Tao W, Fang Z. Iron(iii)-catalyzed radical α,β-aminophosphinoylation of styrenes with diphenylphosphine oxides and anilines. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:7782-7786. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02151a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A Fe-catalyzed highly regioselective α,β-difunctionalization of vinylarenes with diphenylphosphine oxides and anilines is disclosed, in which α,β-aminophosphinoylation is efficiently and conveniently constructed with good functional compatibility and a broad substrate scope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Yancheng Teachers University
- Yancheng 224007
- People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Yancheng Teachers University
- Yancheng 224007
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ruyun Tang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Yancheng Teachers University
- Yancheng 224007
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- College of Chemistry
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan 250014
- People's Republic of China
| | - Weihua Tao
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Yancheng Teachers University
- Yancheng 224007
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongxue Fang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Yancheng Teachers University
- Yancheng 224007
- People's Republic of China
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