1
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He Y, Luscombe CK. Quantitative comparison of the copolymerisation kinetics in catalyst-transfer copolymerisation to synthesise polythiophenes. Polym Chem 2024; 15:2598-2605. [PMID: 38933685 PMCID: PMC11197037 DOI: 10.1039/d4py00009a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Polythiophenes are one of the most widely studied conjugated polymers. With the discovery of the chain mechanism of Kumada catalyst-transfer polymerisation (KCTP), various polythiophene copolymer structures, such as random, block, and gradient copolymers, have been synthesized via batch or semi-batch (sequential addition) methods. However, the lack of quantitative kinetic data for thiophene monomers brings challenges to experimental design and structure prediction when synthesizing the copolymers. In this study, the reactivity ratios and the polymerisation rate constants of 3-hexylthiophene with 4 thiophene comonomers in KCTP are measured by adapting the Mayo-Lewis equation and the first-order kinetic behaviour of chain polymerisation. The obtained kinetic information highlights the impact of the monomer structure on the reactivity in the copolymerisations. The kinetic data are used to predict the copolymer structure of equimolar batch copolymerisations of the 4 thiophene derivatives with 3-hexylthiophene, with the experimental data agreeing well with the predictions. 3-Dodecylthiophene and 3-(6-bromo)hexylthiophene, which have higher structural similarity to 3-hexylthiophene, show nearly equivalent reactivity to 3-hexylthiophene and give random copolymers in the batch copolymerisation. 3-(2-Ethylhexyl)thiophene with a branched side chain is less reactive compared to 3-hexylthiophene and failed to homopolymerize at room temperature, but produced gradient copolymers with 3-hexylthiophene. Finally, the bulkiest 3-(4-octylphenyl)thiophene, despite its ability to homopolymerize, failed to maintain chain polymerisation in the copolymerisation with 3-hexylthiophene, possibly due to the large steric hindrance caused by the phenyl ring directly attached to the thiophene center. This study highlights the importance of monomer structures in copolymerisations and the need for accurate kinetic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington Seattle USA
| | - Christine K Luscombe
- Pi-Conjugated Polymers Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Okinawa Japan
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2
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Sun C, Liu X, Yao Q, Jiang Q, Xia X, Shen Y, Ye X, Tan H, Gao R, Zhu X, Li RW. A Discolorable Flexible Synaptic Transistor for Wearable Health Monitoring. ACS NANO 2024; 18:515-525. [PMID: 38126328 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c08357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional intelligent wearable electronics, providing integrated physiological signal analysis, storage, and display for real-time and on-site health status diagnosis, have great potential to revolutionize health monitoring technologies. Advanced wearable systems combine isolated digital processor, memory, and display modules for function integration; however, they suffer from compatibility and reliability issues. Here, we introduce a flexible multifunctional electrolyte-gated transistor (EGT) that integrates synaptic learning, memory, and autonomous discoloration functionalities for intelligent wearable application. This device exhibits synergistic light absorption coefficient changes during voltage-gated ion doping that modulate the electrical conductance changes for synaptic function implementation. By adaptively changing color, the EGT can differentiate voltage pulse inputs with different frequency, amplitude, and duration parameters, exhibiting excellent reversibility and reliability. We developed a smart wearable monitoring system that incorporates EGT devices and sensors for respiratory and electrocardiogram signal analysis, providing health warnings through real-time and on-site discoloration. This study represents a significant step toward smart wearable technologies for health management, offering health evaluation through intelligent displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Xuerong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Quanxing Yao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- College of Materials Sciences and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiangling Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- College of Materials Sciences and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Youfeng Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- College of Materials Sciences and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- College of Materials Sciences and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongwei Tan
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Runsheng Gao
- National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Xiaojian Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Run-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
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Kesornsit S, Direksilp C, Phasuksom K, Thummarungsan N, Sakunpongpitiporn P, Rotjanasuworapong K, Sirivat A, Niamlang S. Synthesis of Highly Conductive Poly(3-hexylthiophene) by Chemical Oxidative Polymerization Using Surfactant Templates. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183860. [PMID: 36146004 PMCID: PMC9503232 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) was systematically synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization in chloroform with ferric chloride (FeCl3) as the oxidizing agent and various surfactants of the shape templates. The effects of 3HT: FeCl3 mole ratios, polymerization times, and surfactant types and concentrations on the electrical conductivity, particle shape and size were systematically investigated. Furthermore, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA), p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (AOT) were utilized as the surfactant templates. The P3HT synthesized with DBSA at 6 CMC, where CMC stands for the Critical Micelle Concentration of surfactant, provided a higher electrical conductivity than those with PTSA, SDS and AOT. The highest electrical conductivity of P3HT using DBSA was 16.21 ± 1.55 S cm−1 in which the P3HT particle shape was spherical with an average size of 1530 ± 227 nm. The thermal analysis indicated that the P3HT synthesized with the surfactants yielded higher stability and char yields than that of P3HT without. The P3HT_DBSA electrical conductivity was further enhanced by de-doping and doping with HClO4. At the 10:1 doping mole ratio, the electrical conductivity of dP3HT_DBSA increased by one order of magnitude relative to P3HT_DBSA prior to the de-doping. The highest electrical conductivity of dP3HT_DBSA obtained was 172 ± 5.21 S cm−1 which is the highest value relative to previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanhanut Kesornsit
- Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chatrawee Direksilp
- Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology (PETROMAT), Chulalongkorn University Research Building, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Katesara Phasuksom
- Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology (PETROMAT), Chulalongkorn University Research Building, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Natlita Thummarungsan
- Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology (PETROMAT), Chulalongkorn University Research Building, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Phimchanok Sakunpongpitiporn
- Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kornkanok Rotjanasuworapong
- Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Anuvat Sirivat
- Conductive and Electroactive Polymers Research Unit, The Petroleum and Petrochemical College, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Petrochemical and Materials Technology (PETROMAT), Chulalongkorn University Research Building, Soi Chula 12, Phayathai Road, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (S.N.); Tel.: +66-2-218-4131 (A.S.); Fax: +66-2-611-7221 (A.S.)
| | - Sumonman Niamlang
- Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Pathumthani 12110, Thailand
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (S.N.); Tel.: +66-2-218-4131 (A.S.); Fax: +66-2-611-7221 (A.S.)
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Ye S, Lotocki V, Xu H, Seferos DS. Group 16 conjugated polymers based on furan, thiophene, selenophene, and tellurophene. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6442-6474. [PMID: 35843215 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00139j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Five-membered aromatic rings containing Group 16 elements (O, S, Se, and Te), also referred as chalcogenophenes, are ubiquitous building blocks for π-conjugated polymers (CPs). Among these, polythiophenes have been established as a model system to study the interplay between molecular structure, solid-state organization, and electronic performance. The judicious substitution of alternative heteroatoms into polythiophenes is a promising strategy for tuning their properties and improving the performance of derived organic electronic devices, thus leading to the recent abundance of CPs containing furan, selenophene, and tellurophene. In this review, we first discuss the current status of Kumada, Negishi, Murahashi, Suzuki-Miyaura, and direct arylation polymerizations, representing the best routes to access well-defined chalcogenophene-containing homopolymers and copolymers. The self-assembly, optical, solid-state, and electronic properties of these polymers and their influence on device performance are then summarized. In addition, we highlight post-polymerization modifications as effective methods to transform polychalcogenophene backbones or side chains in ways that are unobtainable by direct polymerization. Finally, the major challenges and future outlook in this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyang Ye
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Victor Lotocki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada.
| | - Dwight S Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada. .,Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E5, Canada
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5
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Tailor made synthesis of water-soluble polythiophene-graft-poly(caprolactone-block-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) copolymer and their pH tunable self-assembly and optoelectronic properties. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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6
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Vu Quoc T, Do Ba D, Tran Thi Thuy D, Nguyen Ngoc L, Nguyen Thuy C, Vu Thi H, Khanh LD, Doan Thi Yen O, Thai H, Long VC, Talu S, Nguyen Trong D. DFT study on some polythiophenes containing benzo[ d]thiazole and benzo[ d]oxazole: structure and band gap. Des Monomers Polym 2021; 24:274-284. [PMID: 34512118 PMCID: PMC8425698 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2021.1971376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The content of this paper focuses/shed light on the effects of X (X = S in P1 and X = O in P2) in C11H7NSX and R (R = H in P3, R = OCH3 in P4, and R = Cl in P5) in C18H9ON2S2-R on structural features and band gaps of the polythiophenes containing benzo[d]thiazole and benzo[d]oxazole by the Density Function Theory (DFT) method/calculation. The structural features including the electronic structure lattice constant (a), shape, total energy (Etot) per cell, and link length (r), are measured via band gap (Eg) prediction with the package of country density (PDOS) and total country density (DOS) of material studio software. The results obtained showed that the link angle and the link length between atoms were not changed significantly while the Etot was decreased from Etot = - 1904 eV (in P1) to Etot = - 2548 eV (in P2) when replacing O with S; and the Etot of P3 was decreased from Etot = - 3348 eV (in P3) when replacing OCH3, Cl on H of P3 corresponding to Etot = - 3575 eV (P4), - 4264 eV (P5). Similarly, when replacing O in P1 with - S to form P2, the Eg of P1 was dropped from Eg = 0.621 eV to Eg = 0.239 eV for P2. The Eg of P3, P4, and P5 is Eg = 0.006 eV, 0.064 eV, and 0.0645 eV, respectively. When a benzo[d]thiazole was added in P1 (changing into P3), the Eg was extremely strongly decreased, nearly 100 times (from Eg = 0.621 eV to Eg = 0.006 eV). The obtained results serve as a basis for future experimental work and used to fabricate smart electronic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Vu Quoc
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education, Cau Giay, Hanoi
| | - Dai Do Ba
- Nguyen Trai High School, Ba Dinh, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Linh Nguyen Ngoc
- Faculty of Training Bachelor of Practice, Thanh Do University, Kim Chung, Hoai Duc, Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Chinh Nguyen Thuy
- Institute for Tropical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huong Vu Thi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education, Cau Giay, Hanoi
| | - Linh Duong Khanh
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education, Cau Giay, Hanoi
| | - Oanh Doan Thi Yen
- Publishing House for Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Thai
- Institute for Tropical Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Cao Long
- Institute of Physics, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Stefan Talu
- Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, The Directorate of Research, Development and Innovation Management (DMCDI), Cluj county, Romania
| | - Dung Nguyen Trong
- Institute of Physics, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
- Faculty of Physics, Hanoi National University of Education, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
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7
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Lee H, Won Y, Oh JH. Neuromorphic bioelectronics based on semiconducting polymers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- HaeRang Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Yousang Won
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Joon Hak Oh
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
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Xu Z, Zhou Y, Yam CY, Groß L, De Sio A, Frauenheim T, Lienau C, Chen G. Revealing generation, migration, and dissociation of electron-hole pairs and current emergence in an organic photovoltaic cell. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf7672. [PMID: 34144986 PMCID: PMC8213226 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf7672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Using an innovative quantum mechanical method for an open quantum system, we observe in real time and space the generation, migration, and dissociation of electron-hole pairs, transport of electrons and holes, and current emergence in an organic photovoltaic cell. Ehrenfest dynamics is used to study photoexcitation of thiophene:fullerene stacks coupled with a time-dependent density functional tight-binding method. Our results display the generation of an electron-hole pair in the donor and its subsequent migration to the donor-acceptor interface. At the interface, electrons transfer from the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) of thiophenes to the second LUMOs of fullerene. Further migration of electrons and holes leads to the emergence of current. These findings support previous experimental evidence of coherent couplings between electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom and are expected to stimulate further work toward exploring the interplay between electron-hole pair (exciton) binding and vibronic coupling for charge separation and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Yung Yam
- Shenzhen JL Computational Science and Applied Research Institute, Shenzhen 518110, China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lynn Groß
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Antonietta De Sio
- Institut für Physik and Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Thomas Frauenheim
- Shenzhen JL Computational Science and Applied Research Institute, Shenzhen 518110, China
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100084, China
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Christoph Lienau
- Institut für Physik and Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Guanhua Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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9
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Seo KH, Jang J, Kang IM, Bae JH. Improving of Sensitivity of PbS Quantum Dot Based SWIR Photodetector Using P3HT. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:1488. [PMID: 33803693 PMCID: PMC8003095 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we improved the photosensitivity of the lead sulfide quantum dot (PbS QD)-based shortwave infrared (SWIR: 1.0-2.5 μm) photodetector by blending poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) with PbS QD. The PbS QD used for SWIR photoactive layer showed an absorption peak at 1410 nm. In addition, by using zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) as an interlayer, we obtained the stable current characteristics of our device. To confirm the effectiveness of P3HT on the PbS QD-based SWIR photodetector, we compared the electrical characteristics of a PbS QD-based device with a hybrid P3HT:PbS QD-based device. In the reverse bias region, the current on/off ratio of the PbS QD-based device was 1.3, whereas the on/off ratio of the hybrid P3HT:PbS QD-based device was 2.9; 2.2 times higher than the PbS QD-based device. At -1 V, the on/off ratio of the PbS QD-based device was 1.3 and the on/off ratio of the hybrid P3HT:PbS QD-based device was 3.4; 2.6 times higher than the PbS QD-based device. The fabricated P3HT:PbS QD-based device had the highest on/off ratio when -1 V voltage was applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Ho Seo
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Jaewon Jang
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - In Man Kang
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Jin-Hyuk Bae
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- School of Electronics Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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10
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Bahry T, Cui Z, Dazzi A, Gervais M, Sollogoub C, Goubard F, Bui TT, Remita S. Radiation-induced polymerization of 3-hexylthiophene in oxygen-free and oxygen-saturated dichloromethane solvent. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.109291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Quan L, Lee SS, Kalyon DM. Dynamics of the sub-ambient gelation and shearing of solutions of P3HT and P3HT blends towards active layer formation in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:1642-1654. [PMID: 33367403 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01759k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic solar cells (OSCs) containing an active layer consisting of a nanostructured blend of a conjugated polymer like poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and an electron acceptor have the potential of competing against silicon-based photovoltaic panels. However, this potential is largely unfulfilled first due to interrelated production and stability issues of organic solar cells and second due to the unscalable nature of the generally employed spin coating process used for the fabrication of organic solar cells. Furthermore, alternatives to spin coating, especially relying on continuous polymer processing methods like extrusion and coating, cannot be readily applied due to the typically low shear viscosity and elasticity of polymer solutions making up the active layer. Recently, He et al. have reported that the gelation of P3HT with [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM) under sub-ambient conditions can provide a new route to the processing of the active layers of bulk heterojunction solar cells. Furthermore, increases in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of the P3HT/PC60BM active layer were determined to be possible under certain shearing and thermal histories of the P3HT/PC60BM gels. Here oscillatory and steady torsional flows were used to investigate the gel formation dynamics of P3HT with a recently proposed non-fullerene acceptor o-IDTBR under sub-ambient conditions and compared with the gelation behavior of P3HT/PC60BM blends. The rheological material functions as well as the gel strengths defined on the basis of linear viscoelastic material functions, characterized via small-amplitude oscillatory shearing, were observed to be functions of the P3HT and o-IDTBR concentrations, the solvent used and the shearing conditions. Overall, the P3HT gels which formed upon quenching to sub-zero temperatures were found to be stable during small-amplitude oscillatory shear (linear viscoelastic range) but broke down even at the relatively low shear rates associated with steady torsional flows, suggesting that the shearing conditions used during the processing of gels of P3HT and blends of P3HT with small molecule acceptors can alter the gel structure, possibly leading to changes in the resulting active layer performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Quan
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point St., Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.
| | - Stephanie S Lee
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point St., Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.
| | - Dilhan M Kalyon
- Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point St., Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA.
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12
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Sánchez F, Sánchez V, Wang C. Coarse-Grained Quantum Theory of Organic Photovoltaic Devices. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:495. [PMID: 33669280 PMCID: PMC7920083 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the exciton dissociation process in organic solar cells is a fundamental issue for the design of high-performance photovoltaic devices. In this article, a parameterized quantum theory based on a coarse-grained tight-binding model plus non-local electron-hole interactions is presented, while the diffusion and recombination of excitons are studied in a square lattice of excitonic states, where a real-space renormalization method on effective chains has been used. The Hamiltonian parameters are determined by fitting the measured quantum efficiency spectra and the theoretical short-circuit currents without adjustable parameters show a good agreement with the experimental ones obtained from several polymer:fullerene and polymer:polymer heterojunctions. Moreover, the present study reveals the degree of polymerization and the true driving force at donor-acceptor interface in each analyzed organic photovoltaic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Vicenta Sánchez
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Chumin Wang
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
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13
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Vu Quoc T, Duong LT, Quoc VD, Tran Quoc T, Nguyen Trong D, Talu S. Effect of doped H, Br, Cu, Kr, Ge, As and Fe on structural features and bandgap of poly C13H8OS-X: a DFT calculation. Des Monomers Polym 2021; 24:53-62. [PMID: 33658884 PMCID: PMC7872542 DOI: 10.1080/15685551.2021.1877431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural features such as the shape, the lattice constant, the bond length, the total energy per cell, and the energy bandgap (Eg) of C13H8OS-X are studied by the calculating Partial Density Of States (PDOS), and DOS package of the Material Studio (MS) software. Calculations show that the bond length and the bond angle between atoms insignificant change as 1.316 Å to 1.514 Å for C-C, 1.211 Å for C-O, 1.077 Å to 1.105 Å for C-H; bond angle of round one changes from 118.883° to 121.107° for C-C-C, from 117.199° to 122.635° for H-C-C, from 119.554° to 123.147° for C-C-O and from 109.956° to 117.537° for C-C-H. When C13H8OS-X doped in the order of -Br, -Cu, -Kr, -Ge, -As, and -Fe then bond lengths, bond angles between atoms have a nearly constant value. Particularly for links C-X, there is a huge change in value, respectively 1.876, 1.909, 10.675, 2.025, 2.016, 2.014 Å; the total energy change from Etot = -121,794 eV to Etot = -202,859 eV, and the energy band gap decreases from Eg = 2.001 eV to Eg = 0.915 eV. The obtained results are useful and serve as a basis for future experimental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trung Vu Quoc
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - La Trieu Duong
- Hanoi - Amsterdam High School for the Gifted, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Duong Quoc
- Faculty of Physics, Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tuan Tran Quoc
- Faculty of Basic Science, University of Transport Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dung Nguyen Trong
- Hanoi National University of Education, Faculty of Physics, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Stefan Talu
- The Directorate of Research, Development and Innovation Management (DMCDI), Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Cluj County, Romania
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14
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Baibarac M, Arzumanyan G, Daescu M, Udrescu A, Mamatkulov K. Anisotropic Photoluminescence of Poly(3-hexyl thiophene) and Their Composites with Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Highly Separated in Metallic and Semiconducting Tubes. Molecules 2021; 26:E294. [PMID: 33435534 PMCID: PMC7827376 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the effect of the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as the mixtures of metallic and semiconducting tubes (M + S-SWNTs) as well as highly separated semiconducting (S-SWNTs) and metallic (M-SWNTs) tubes on the photoluminescence (PL) of poly(3-hexyl thiophene) (P3HT) was reported. Two methods were used to prepare such composites, that is, the chemical interaction of the two constituents and the electrochemical polymerization of the 3-hexyl thiophene onto the rough Au supports modified with carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The measurements of the anisotropic PL of these composites have highlighted a significant diminution of the angle of the binding of the P3HT films electrochemical synthetized onto Au electrodes covered with M + S-SWNTs. This change was attributed to metallic tubes, as was demonstrated using the anisotropic PL measurements carried out on the P3HT/M-SWNTs and P3HT/S-SWNTs composites. Small variations in the angle of the binding were reported in the case of the composites prepared by chemical interaction of the two constituents. The proposed mechanism to explain this behavior took into account the functionalization process of CNTs with P3HT. The experimental arguments of the functionalization process of CNTs with P3HT were shown by the UV-VIS-NIR and FTIR spectroscopy as well as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). A PL quenching process of P3HT induced both in the presence of S-SWNTs and M-SWNTs was reported, too. This process origins in the various de-excitation pathways which can be developed considering the energy levels diagram of the two constituents of each studied composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Baibarac
- Optical Processes in Nanostructure Materials Laboratory, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Str. 405 A, 77125 Magurele, Romania; (M.D.); (A.U.)
| | - Grigory Arzumanyan
- Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Laboratory, 6 Joliot-Curie Street, 141980 Dubna, Russia; (G.A.); (K.M.)
| | - Monica Daescu
- Optical Processes in Nanostructure Materials Laboratory, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Str. 405 A, 77125 Magurele, Romania; (M.D.); (A.U.)
| | - Adelina Udrescu
- Optical Processes in Nanostructure Materials Laboratory, National Institute of Materials Physics, Atomistilor Str. 405 A, 77125 Magurele, Romania; (M.D.); (A.U.)
| | - Kahramon Mamatkulov
- Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research Laboratory, 6 Joliot-Curie Street, 141980 Dubna, Russia; (G.A.); (K.M.)
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15
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Ramoroka ME, Mdluli SB, John-Denk VS, Modibane KD, Arendse CJ, Iwuoha EI. Synthesis and Photovoltaics of Novel 2,3,4,5-Tetrathienylthiophene-co-poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) Donor Polymer for Organic Solar Cell. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:E2. [PMID: 33374983 PMCID: PMC7792595 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This report focuses on the synthesis of novel 2,3,4,5-tetrathienylthiophene-co-poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (TTT-co-P3HT) as a donor material for organic solar cells (OSCs). The properties of the synthesized TTT-co-P3HT were compared with those of poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl (P3HT). The structure of TTT-co-P3HT was studied using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). It was seen that TTT-co-P3HT possessed a broader electrochemical and optical band-gap as compared to P3HT. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to determine lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy gaps of TTT-co-P3HT and P3HT were found to be 2.19 and 1.97 eV, respectively. Photoluminescence revealed that TTT-co-P3HT:PC71BM have insufficient electron/hole separation and charge transfer when compared to P3HT:PC71BM. All devices were fabricated outside a glovebox. Power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.15% was obtained for P3HT:PC71BM device and 0.14% was obtained for TTT-co-P3HT:PC71BM device. Further studies were done on fabricated OSCs during this work using electrochemical methods. The studies revealed that the presence of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) on the surface of indium tin oxide (ITO) causes a reduction in cyclic voltammogram oxidation/reduction peak current and increases the charge transfer resistance in comparison with a bare ITO. We also examined the ITO/PEDOT:PSS electrode coated with TTT-co-P3HT:PC71BM, TTT-co-P3HT:PC71BM/ZnO, P3HT:PC71BM and P3HT:PC71BM/ZnO. The study revealed that PEDOT:PSS does not completely block electrons from active layer to reach the ITO electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morongwa E. Ramoroka
- SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), Chemical Sciences Building, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (M.E.R.); (S.B.M.)
| | - Siyabonga B. Mdluli
- SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), Chemical Sciences Building, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (M.E.R.); (S.B.M.)
| | - Vivian S. John-Denk
- SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), Chemical Sciences Building, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (M.E.R.); (S.B.M.)
| | - Kwena D. Modibane
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Mineral Science, University of Limpopo, Sovenga, Polokwane 0727, South Africa;
| | - Christopher J. Arendse
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa;
| | - Emmanuel I. Iwuoha
- SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), Chemical Sciences Building, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, Cape Town 7535, South Africa; (M.E.R.); (S.B.M.)
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16
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de Araujo MH, Silva WM, Rocco ML, Donnici CL, Calado HD. Preparation and characterization of a quaternary acceptor-donor-acceptor-donor (A-D-A-D) nanohybrid material for electrochromic device application. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Xu Z, Zhou Y, Groß L, De Sio A, Yam CY, Lienau C, Frauenheim T, Chen G. Coherent Real-Space Charge Transport Across a Donor-Acceptor Interface Mediated by Vibronic Couplings. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:8630-8637. [PMID: 31698905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b03194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is growing experimental and theoretical evidence that vibronic couplings, couplings between electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom, play a fundamental role in ultrafast excited-state dynamics in organic donor-acceptor hybrids. Whereas vibronic coupling has been shown to support charge separation at donor-acceptor interfaces, so far, little is known about its role in the real-space transport of charges in such systems. Here we theoretically study charge transport in thiophene:fullerene stacks using time-dependent density functional tight-binding theory combined with Ehrenfest molecular dynamics for open systems. Our results reveal coherent oscillations of the charge density between neighboring donor sites, persisting for ∼200 fs and promoting charge transport within the polymer stacks. At the donor-acceptor interface, vibronic wave packets are launched, propagating coherently over distances of more than 3 nm into the acceptor region. This supports previous experimental observations of long-range ballistic charge-carrier motion in organic photovoltaic systems and highlights the importance of vibronic coupling engineering as a concept for tailoring the functionality of hybrid organic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyao Xu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Lynn Groß
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science , University of Bremen , Am Fallturm 1 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - Antonietta De Sio
- Institut für Physik and Center of Interface Science , Carl von Ossietzky Universität , Oldenburg 26129 , Germany
| | - Chi Yung Yam
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center , Beijing 100084 , China
| | - Christoph Lienau
- Institut für Physik and Center of Interface Science , Carl von Ossietzky Universität , Oldenburg 26129 , Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science , Carl von Ossietzky Universität , Oldenburg 26111 , Germany
| | - Thomas Frauenheim
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science , University of Bremen , Am Fallturm 1 , 28359 Bremen , Germany
| | - GuanHua Chen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road , Hong Kong SAR , China
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18
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Lanzi M, Salatelli E, Marinelli M, Pierini F. Effect of Photocrosslinking of D‐A Thiophene Copolymers on the Performance of Single‐Material Solar Cells. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Lanzi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”University of Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Elisabetta Salatelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”University of Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Martina Marinelli
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”University of Bologna Viale Risorgimento 4 40136 Bologna Italy
| | - Filippo Pierini
- Department of Biosystems and Soft MatterInstitute of Fundamental Technological ResearchPolish Academy of Sciences ul. Pawinskiego 5B 02‐106 Warsaw Poland
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