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Li J, Yu Z, Zhang J, Liu C, Zhang Q, Shi H, Wu D. Rapid, Massive, and Green Synthesis of Polyoxometalate-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks to Fabricate POMOF/PAN Nanofiber Membranes for Selective Filtration of Cationic Dyes. Molecules 2024; 29:1493. [PMID: 38611772 PMCID: PMC11013096 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing high-efficiency membrane materials for the rapid removal of organic dyes is crucial but remains a challenge. Polyoxometalates (POMs) clusters with anionic structures are promising candidates for the removal of cationic dyes via electrostatic interactions. However, their shortcomings, such as their solubility and inability to be mass-produced, hinder their application in water pollution treatment. Here, we propose a simple and green strategy utilizing the room temperature stirring method to mass produce nanoscale polyoxometalate-based metal-organic frameworks (POMOFs) with porous rhomboid-shaped dodecahedral and hexagonal prism structures. The products were labeled as POMOF1 (POMOF-PW12) and POMOF2 (POMOF-PMo12). Subsequently, a series of x wt% POMOF1/PAN (x = 0, 3, 5, and 10) nanofiber membranes (NFMs) were prepared using electrospinning technology, where polyacrylonitrile (PAN) acts as a "glue" molecule facilitating the bonding of POMOF1 nanoparticles. The as-prepared samples were comprehensively characterized and exhibited obvious water stability, as well as rapid selective adsorption filtration performance towards cationic dyes. The 5 wt% POMOF1/PAN NFM possessed the highest removal efficiency of 96.7% for RhB, 95.8% for MB, and 86.4% for CV dyes, which realized the selective separation over 95% of positively charged dyes from the mixed solution. The adsorption mechanism was explained using FT-IR, SEM, Zeta potential, and adsorption kinetics model, which proved that separation was determined via electrostatic interaction, hydrogen bonding, and π-π interactions. Moreover, the POMOF1/PAN membrane presented an outstanding recoverable and stable removal rate after four cycles. This study provides a new direction for the systematic design and manufacture of membrane separation materials with outstanding properties for contaminant removal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dai Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China; (Z.Y.); (J.Z.); (C.L.); (Q.Z.); (H.S.)
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2
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Castillo-Suárez LA, Sierra-Sánchez AG, Linares-Hernández I, Martínez-Miranda V, Teutli-Sequeira EA. A critical review of textile industry wastewater: green technologies for the removal of indigo dyes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : IJEST 2023; 20:1-38. [PMID: 37360556 PMCID: PMC10041522 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-023-04810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The denim textile industry represents an important productive sector. It generates wastewater with low biodegradability due to the presence of persistent pollutants, which can produce toxic and carcinogenic compounds; therefore, wastewater treatment reduces risks to aquatic life and public health. This paper presents a review of 172 papers regarding textile industry wastewater treatment for the removal of contaminants, especially indigo dyes used in the denim industry, in the context of green technologies. The physicochemical characteristics of textile wastewater, its environmental and health impacts, and the permissible limit regulations in different countries were reviewed. Biological, physicochemical and advanced oxidation processes for the removal of indigo dyes were reviewed. The goal of this study was to analyze the characteristics of green technologies; however, the research does not clearly demonstrate an effect on energy consumption savings, carbon footprint decreases, and/or waste generation. Advanced oxidation processes showed the highest color removal efficiency (95 and 97% in synthetic or real wastewater, respectively). Photocatalysis and Fenton reactions were the most efficient processes. None of the revised works presented results regarding upscaling for industrial application, and the results should be discussed in terms of the guidelines and maximum permissible limits established by international legislation. New technologies need to be developed and evaluated in a sustainable context with real wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. A. Castillo-Suárez
- Cátedras COMECYT. Consejo Mexiquense de Ciencia y Tecnología COMECYT, Paseo Colón Núm.: 112-A, Col. Ciprés, C.P. 50120 Toluca, Estado de México México
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Unidad San Cayetano, Km. 14.5, Carretera, Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P. 50200 Toluca, Estado de México México
| | - A. G. Sierra-Sánchez
- Cátedras COMECYT. Consejo Mexiquense de Ciencia y Tecnología COMECYT, Paseo Colón Núm.: 112-A, Col. Ciprés, C.P. 50120 Toluca, Estado de México México
| | - I. Linares-Hernández
- Cátedras COMECYT. Consejo Mexiquense de Ciencia y Tecnología COMECYT, Paseo Colón Núm.: 112-A, Col. Ciprés, C.P. 50120 Toluca, Estado de México México
| | - V. Martínez-Miranda
- Cátedras COMECYT. Consejo Mexiquense de Ciencia y Tecnología COMECYT, Paseo Colón Núm.: 112-A, Col. Ciprés, C.P. 50120 Toluca, Estado de México México
| | - E. A. Teutli-Sequeira
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua (IITCA), Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Unidad San Cayetano, Km. 14.5, Carretera, Toluca-Atlacomulco, C.P. 50200 Toluca, Estado de México México
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Zhang L, Zheng Q, Ge X, Chan H, Zhang G, Fang K, Liang Y. Preparation of Nylon-6 micro-nanofiber composite membranes with 3D uniform gradient structure for high-efficiency air filtration of ultrafine particles. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Singh D, Gurjar BR. Recent innovation and impacts of nano-based technologies for wastewater treatment on humans: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:357. [PMID: 36732372 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10790-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable wastewater management requires environment-friendly, efficient, and cost-effective methods of water treatment. The ever-growing list of emerging contaminants in municipal wastewater requires advanced, efficient, and cost-effective techniques for its treatment to combat the increasing water demand. The nano-based technologies hold great potential in improving water treatment efficiency and augmenting the water supply. However, the environmental effects of these technologies are still questionable among the public and scientific community. The present review discusses risks to human health due to the use of nano-based technology for the removal of emerging contaminants in water. The discussion will be about the impacts of these technologies on humans. Recommendations about safe and environmentally friendly options for nano-based technology for water treatment have been included. Safest options of nano-based technologies for water treatment and steps to minimize the risk associated with them have also been incorporated in this article. Since all biological systems are different, separate risk analyses should be performed at the environmentally relevant concentration for different durations. There is little/no information on the quantitative impact on humans and requires more understanding. The quantitative measurement of the cellular uptake of nanoparticles is usually difficult. We hope this article will serve its purpose for water researchers, medical researchers, environmentalists, policymakers, and the government.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, India.
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Basta AH, Lotfy VF. Impact of pulping routes of rice straw on cellulose nanoarchitectonics and their behavior toward Indigo dye. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis work deals with emphasizing the relation between particle dimension distribution of nanocellulose (PDD) particles with its efficiency as stabilizing/adsorbent agent of Indigo dye. In this respect, different pulping reagents were used in preparation of Rice straw pulps as precursors for nanocelluloses using acid hydrolysis and oxidizing agents [(KMnO4 and NH4)2S2O8] methods. The PDD was estimated by indirect method through processing the TEM images using the software ImageJ. The resulting nanocelluloses were also characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR) together with sulfate ester and carboxyl contents. The data showed the effective role of pulping reagent on PDD. The cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from NaOH-AQ pulp, with the longest crystal length (204.4 ± 107.8 nm) and the lowest diameter (6.7 ± 2.3 nm), exhibited most stabilized suspension of dye; however, the highest adsorption capacity was accompanied the oxidized nanocellulose (Ox-NC) from neutral RS pulp with lowest PDD (4.98 ± 1.6 and 90.5 ± 3.14), together with highest COO content (476.46 μmol/g).
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Separation of used automobile oil/water mixture by Nylon 6/ZnO nanoparticles electrospun membrane. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Gong H, Zhou Q, Lin F, Qin W, Zhang S, Yang S, Li J, Feng Y. Preparation and application of uniform TiO 2 electrospun nanofiber based on pickering emulsion stabilized by TiO 2/amphiphilic sodium alginate/polyoxyethylene. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2022.2075884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Houkui Gong
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Qichang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Feilin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Wenqi Qin
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Siqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Shujuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jiacheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yuhong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Tropical Island Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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Opálková Šišková A, Pleva P, Hrůza J, Frajová J, Sedlaříková J, Peer P, Kleinová A, Janalíková M. Reuse of Textile Waste to Production of the Fibrous Antibacterial Membrane with Filtration Potential. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 12:50. [PMID: 35010000 PMCID: PMC8746662 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Wasted synthetic fabrics are a type of textile waste source; the reuse of them brings environmental protection and turns waste into a valuable material. In this work, the used nylon (polyamide) stockings were transmuted into a fine fibrous membrane via an electrospinning process. In addition, the safety antibacterial agent, monoacylglycerol (MAG), was incorporated into a recycled fibrous membrane. The results revealed that the neat, recycled polyamide (rPA) fibers with a hydrophobic surface could be converted into hydrophilic fibers by blending various amounts of MAG with rPA solution prior to electrospinning. The filtration efficiency and air/water vapor permeability of the two types of produced membranes, neat rPA, and rPA/MAG, were tested. Their filtration efficiency (E100) was more than 92% and 96%, respectively. The membranes were classified according to Standard EN1822, and therefore, the membranes rPA and rPA/MAG were assigned to the classes E10 and E11, respectively. The air permeability was not affected by the addition of MAG, and water vapor permeability was slightly enhanced. Based on the obtained data, prepared rPA/MAG fibrous membranes can be evaluated as antifouling against both tested bacterial strains and antimicrobial against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Opálková Šišková
- Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 13 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Polymer Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Pavel Pleva
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; (P.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Jakub Hrůza
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic;
| | - Jaroslava Frajová
- Faculty of Arts and Architecture, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 460 01 Liberec, Czech Republic;
| | - Jana Sedlaříková
- Department of Fat, Surfactant and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic;
| | - Petra Peer
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; (P.P.); (M.J.)
| | - Angela Kleinová
- Polymer Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Magda Janalíková
- Department of Environmental Protection Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic; (P.P.); (M.J.)
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Ma MJ, Seong JG, Radhakrishnan S, Ko TH, Kim BS. Preparation of Network-Structured Carbon Nanofiber Mats Based on PAN Blends Using Electrospinning and Hot-Pressing Methods for Supercapacitor Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2447. [PMID: 34578763 PMCID: PMC8467548 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we prepared network-structured carbon nanofibers using polyacrylonitrile blends (PAN150 and PAN85) with different molecular weights (150,000 and 85,000 g mol-1) as precursors through electrospinning/hot-pressing methods and stabilization/carbonization processes. The obtained PAN150/PAN85 polymer nanofibers (PNFs; PNF-73, PNF-64 and PNF-55) with different weight ratios of 70/30, 60/40 and 50/50 (w/w) provided good mechanical and electrochemical properties due to the formation of physically bonded network structures between the blended PAN nanofibers during the hot-processing/stabilization processes. The resulting carbonized PNFs (cPNFs; cPNF-73, cPNF-64, and cPNF-55) were utilized as anode materials for supercapacitor applications. cPNF-73 exhibited a good specific capacitance of 689 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 in a three-electrode set-up compared to cPNF-64 (588 F g-1 at 1 A g-1) and cPNF-55 (343 F g-1 at 1 A g-1). In addition, an asymmetric hybrid cPNF-73//NiCo2O4 supercapacitor device also showed a good specific capacitance of 428 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 compared to cPNF-64 (400 F g-1 at 1 A g-1) and cPNF-55 (315 F g-1 at 1 A g-1). The cPNF-73-based device showed a good energy density of 1.74 W h kg-1 (0.38 W kg-1) as well as an excellent cyclic stability (83%) even after 2000 continuous charge-discharge cycles at a current density of 2 A g-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jung Ma
- Department of Organic Materials & Fiber Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (M.-J.M.); (J.-G.S.); (S.R.)
- Department of Carbon Composites Convergence Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Jae-Gyoung Seong
- Department of Organic Materials & Fiber Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (M.-J.M.); (J.-G.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Sivaprakasam Radhakrishnan
- Department of Organic Materials & Fiber Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (M.-J.M.); (J.-G.S.); (S.R.)
| | - Tae-Hoon Ko
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
| | - Byoung-Suhk Kim
- Department of Organic Materials & Fiber Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Korea; (M.-J.M.); (J.-G.S.); (S.R.)
- Department of Carbon Composites Convergence Materials Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54896, Jeollabuk-do, Korea
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Liu H, Gough CR, Deng Q, Gu Z, Wang F, Hu X. Recent Advances in Electrospun Sustainable Composites for Biomedical, Environmental, Energy, and Packaging Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4019. [PMID: 32512793 PMCID: PMC7312508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrospinning has gained constant enthusiasm and wide interest as a novel sustainable material processing technique due to its ease of operation and wide adaptability for fabricating eco-friendly fibers on a nanoscale. In addition, the device working parameters, spinning solution properties, and the environmental factors can have a significant effect on the fibers' morphology during electrospinning. This review summarizes the newly developed principles and influence factors for electrospinning technology in the past five years, including these factors' interactions with the electrospinning mechanism as well as its most recent applications of electrospun natural or sustainable composite materials in biology, environmental protection, energy, and food packaging materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Center of Analysis and Testing, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (H.L.); (Q.D.)
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China;
| | - Christopher R. Gough
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA;
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
| | - Qianqian Deng
- Center of Analysis and Testing, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (H.L.); (Q.D.)
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China;
| | - Zhenggui Gu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China;
| | - Fang Wang
- Center of Analysis and Testing, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; (H.L.); (Q.D.)
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China;
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA
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Wu YK, Li ZJ, Fan J, Xia ZP, Liu Y. Enhancing Multiple Jets in Electrospinning: The Role of Auxiliary Electrode. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E768. [PMID: 30274166 PMCID: PMC6215207 DOI: 10.3390/nano8100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
An auxiliary electrode introduced in traditional spinneret electrospinning is an effective and powerful technique to improve the production rate of nanofibers. In this work, the effects of the arrangement of auxiliary electrode, applied voltage, injection speed, and the distance between the electrode tip and the spinneret tip (ESD) on the jet number and the morphology of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers were investigated systematically. The results showed that the number of jets firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of applied voltage and ESD, respectively, while increasing with the injection speed in both the auxiliary electrode in the vertical position and parallel position. The average nanofiber diameter decreased with increasing of applied voltage and injection speed, but decreasing in ESD in these two positions. The numerical simulation results revealed that the auxiliary electrode primarily influenced the electric field intensity in the spinning area. This work provides a deep understanding of multiple jets in electrospinning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ke Wu
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of High Performance Fibers and Textile Composites, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
- School of Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Zong-Jie Li
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of High Performance Fibers and Textile Composites, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
- School of Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Jie Fan
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of High Performance Fibers and Textile Composites, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
- School of Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Zhao-Peng Xia
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of High Performance Fibers and Textile Composites, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
- School of Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Yong Liu
- National Joint Engineering Research Center of High Performance Fibers and Textile Composites, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
- School of Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
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