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Wu X, Hartmann P, Berne D, De Bruyn M, Cuminet F, Wang Z, Zechner JM, Boese AD, Placet V, Caillol S, Barta K. Closed-loop recyclability of a biomass-derived epoxy-amine thermoset by methanolysis. Science 2024; 384:eadj9989. [PMID: 38603486 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj9989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Epoxy resin thermosets (ERTs) are an important class of polymeric materials. However, owing to their highly cross-linked nature, they suffer from poor recyclability, which contributes to an unacceptable level of environmental pollution. There is a clear need for the design of inherently recyclable ERTs that are based on renewable resources. We present the synthesis and closed-loop recycling of a fully lignocellulose-derivable epoxy resin (DGF/MBCA), prepared from dimethyl ester of 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (DMFD), 4,4'-methylenebis(cyclohexylamine) (MBCA), and glycidol, which displays excellent thermomechanical properties (a glass transition temperature of 170°C, and a storage modulus at 25°C of 1.2 gigapascals). Notably, the material undergoes methanolysis in the absence of any catalyst, regenerating 90% of the original DMFD. The diamine MBCA and glycidol can subsequently be reformed by acetolysis. Application and recycling of DGF/MBCA in glass and plant fiber composites are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyuan Wu
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747AG Groningen, Netherlands
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Hartmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dimitri Berne
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Mario De Bruyn
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Cuminet
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Adrian Daniel Boese
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Vincent Placet
- Université de Franche-Comté, CNRS, institut FEMTO-ST, 2500 Besançon, France
| | - Sylvain Caillol
- ICGM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Katalin Barta
- Institute of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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2
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Jiang Y, Li J, Li D, Ma Y, Zhou S, Wang Y, Zhang D. Bio-based hyperbranched epoxy resins: synthesis and recycling. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:624-655. [PMID: 38109059 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00713h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Epoxy resins (EPs), accounting for about 70% of the thermosetting resin market, have been recognized as the most widely used thermosetting resins in the world. Nowadays, 90% of the world's EPs are obtained from the bisphenol A (BPA)-based epoxide prepolymer. However, certain limitations severely impede further applications of this advanced material, such as limited fossil-based resources, skyrocketing oil prices, nondegradability, and a "seesaw" between toughness and strength. In recent years, more and more research has been devoted to the preparation of novel epoxy materials to overcome the compromise between toughness and strength and solve plastic waste problems. Among them, the development of bio-based hyperbranched epoxy resins (HERs) is unique and attractive. Bio-based HERs synthesized from bio-derived monomers can be used as a matrix resin or a toughener resulting in partially or fully bio-based epoxy thermosets. The introduction of a hyperbranched structure can balance the strength and toughness of epoxy thermosets. Here, we especially focused on the recent progress in the development of bio-based HERs, including the monomer design, synthesis approaches, mechanical properties, degradation, and recycling strategies. In addition, we advance the challenges and perspectives to engineering application of bio-based HERs in the future. Overall, this review presents an up-to-date overview of bio-based HERs and guidance for emerging research on the sustainable development of EPs in versatile high-tech fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Chemistry and Fine Chemical Engineering Jieyang Center, Jieyang 515200, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yunke Ma
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shucun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Daohong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, Hubei R&D Center of Hyperbranched Polymers Synthesis and Applications, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Kwon YR, Kim HC, Kim JS, Chang YW, Kim DH. Surface-crosslinking of itaconic acid-based superabsorbent polymer using a novel bio-based surface-crosslinker based on succinic acid. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2023.2189450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Rok Kwon
- Materials & Component Convergence R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Material Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Chan Kim
- Materials & Component Convergence R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Material Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Soo Kim
- Materials & Component Convergence R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Wook Chang
- Department of Material Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Materials & Component Convergence R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activities of New Schiff Base Compound and Its Lanthanide Complexes. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040454. [PMID: 35455451 PMCID: PMC9027428 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The thermal condensation of 3-(2-Furyl)acrolein with 2-Amino-6-ethoxybenzothiazole generated a new Schiff base, (1E,2E)-N-(6-ethoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-3-(furan-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-imine (L), with general formula of C16H14N2O2S. Also, a series of lanthanide complexes of gadolinium, samarium, and neodymium (La–Lc) were synthesized utilizing acetonitrile as the solvent and triethylamine as a buffer and catalyst. Based on elemental analysis, mass spectroscopy, and FTIR analysis, all of the Bis-(1E,2E)-N-(6-ethoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-3-(furan-2-yl)prop-2-en-1-iminetri-nitratolanthanide(III) complexes with the general formula [LnL2(NO3)3]·H2O are solids with a 2:1 molar ratio (ligand: metal). Based on conductivity estimates, they are nonelectrolytes and monoatomic paramagnetic according to the magnetic moment measurements, and one mole of lattice water was found after thermal gravimetric measurements and FTIR analysis. Therefore, the lanthanide complexes show a ten-coordination structure with a deformed bicapped square antiprismatic. The Schiff base and its complexes were screened for their antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. Their antimicrobial and antifungal activities were strong, and they also produced good antioxidant and antitumor effects.
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Abu-Yamin AA. Synthesis, characterization, and crystal structure of Ln III – ( 1E,2E)-3-(furan-2-yl)- N-(4 H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl)prop-2-en-1-imine. J COORD CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00958972.2022.2051497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tanaka S, Nakajima Y, Ogawa A, Kuragano T, Kon Y, Tamura M, Sato K, Copéret C. DNP NMR Spectroscopy Enabled Direct Characterization of Polystyrene-supported Catalyst Species for Synthesis of Glycidyl Esters by Transesterification. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4490-4497. [PMID: 35656145 PMCID: PMC9019915 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00274d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer-supported catalysts have been of great interest in organic syntheses, but have suffered from the difficulty in obtaining direct structural information regarding the catalyst species embedded in the polymer due to the limitations of most analytical methods. Here, we show that dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP)-enhanced solid-state NMR is ideally positioned to characterize the ubiquitous cross-linked polystyrene (PS)-supported catalysts, thus enabling molecular-level understanding and rational development. Ammonium-based catalysts, which show excellent catalytic activity and reusability for the transesterification of methyl esters with glycidol, giving glycidyl esters in high yields, were successfully characterized by DNP 15N NMR spectroscopy at 15N natural abundance. DNP 15N NMR shows in particular that the decomposition of quaternary alkylammonium moieties to tertiary amines was completely suppressed during the catalytic reaction. Furthermore, the dilute ring-opened product derived from glycidol and NO3− was directly characterized by DNP 15N CPMAS and 1H–15N and 1H–13C HETCOR NMR using a 15N enriched (NO3) sample, supporting the view that the transesterification mechanism involves an alkoxide anion derived from an epoxide and NO3−. In addition, the detailed analysis of a used catalyst indicated that the adsorption of products on the cationic center is the major deactivation step in this catalysis. We demonstrated that DNP-enhanced NMR spectroscopy enables the direct and detailed characterization of polymer-supported alkylammonium catalysts.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Tanaka
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba 305-8565 Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5 Zürich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Yumiko Nakajima
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba 305-8565 Japan
| | - Atsuko Ogawa
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba 305-8565 Japan
| | - Takashi Kuragano
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba 305-8565 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kon
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba 305-8565 Japan
| | - Masanori Tamura
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba 305-8565 Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sato
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Catalytic Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Tsukuba 305-8565 Japan
| | - Christophe Copéret
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir Prelog Weg 1-5 Zürich 8093 Switzerland
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Kumar B, Agumba DO, Pham DH, Latif M, Dinesh, Kim HC, Alrobei H, Kim J. Recent Research Progress on Lignin-Derived Resins for Natural Fiber Composite Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1162. [PMID: 33916412 PMCID: PMC8038635 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
By increasing the environmental concerns and depletion of petroleum resources, bio-based resins have gained interest. Recently, lignin, vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde), and divanillin (6,6'-dihydroxy-5,5'-dimethoxybiphenyl-3,3'-dicarbaldehyde)-based resins have attracted attention due to the low cost, environmental benefits, good thermal stability, excellent mechanical properties, and suitability for high-performance natural fiber composite applications. This review highlights the recent use of lignin, vanillin, and divanillin-based resins with natural fiber composites and their synthesized processes. Finally, discussions are made on the curing kinetics, mechanical properties, flame retardancy, and bio-based resins' adhesion property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijender Kumar
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea; (B.K.); (D.O.A.); (D.H.P.); (M.L.); (D.); (H.C.K.)
| | - Dickens O. Agumba
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea; (B.K.); (D.O.A.); (D.H.P.); (M.L.); (D.); (H.C.K.)
| | - Duc H. Pham
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea; (B.K.); (D.O.A.); (D.H.P.); (M.L.); (D.); (H.C.K.)
| | - Muhammad Latif
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea; (B.K.); (D.O.A.); (D.H.P.); (M.L.); (D.); (H.C.K.)
| | - Dinesh
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea; (B.K.); (D.O.A.); (D.H.P.); (M.L.); (D.); (H.C.K.)
| | - Hyun Chan Kim
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea; (B.K.); (D.O.A.); (D.H.P.); (M.L.); (D.); (H.C.K.)
| | - Hussein Alrobei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Creative Research Center for Nanocellulose Future Composites, Inha University, 100, Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Korea; (B.K.); (D.O.A.); (D.H.P.); (M.L.); (D.); (H.C.K.)
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Liu J, Wang S, Peng Y, Zhu J, Zhao W, Liu X. Advances in sustainable thermosetting resins: From renewable feedstock to high performance and recyclability. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Malburet S, Di Mauro C, Noè C, Mija A, Sangermano M, Graillot A. Sustainable access to fully biobased epoxidized vegetable oil thermoset materials prepared by thermal or UV-cationic processes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:41954-41966. [PMID: 35516529 PMCID: PMC9057863 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07682a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond the need to find a non-toxic alternative to DiGlycidyl Ether of Bisphenol-A (DGEBA), the serious subject of non-epichlorohydrin epoxy resins production remains a crucial challenge that must be solved for the next epoxy resin generations. In this context, this study focuses on the valorization of vegetable oils (VOs) into thermoset materials by using (i) epoxidation of the VOs through the “double bonds to epoxy” synthetic route and (ii) synthesis of crosslinked homopolymers by UV or hardener-free thermal curing processes. A thorough identification, selection and physico-chemical characterization of non-edible or non-valuated natural vegetable oils were performed. Selected VOs, characterized by a large range of double bond contents, were then chemically modified into epoxides thanks to an optimized, robust and sustainable method based on the use of acetic acid, hydrogen peroxide and Amberlite® IR-120 at 55 °C in toluene or cyclopentyl methyl ether (CMPE) as a non-hazardous and green alternative solvent. The developed environmentally friendly epoxidation process allows reaching almost complete double bond conversion with an epoxy selectivity above 94% for the 12 studied VOs. Finally, obtained epoxidized vegetable oils (EVOs), characterized by an epoxy index from 2.77 to 6.77 meq. g−1 were cured using either UV or hardener-free thermal curing. Both methods enable the synthesis of 100% biobased EVO thermoset materials whose thermomechanical performances were proved to linearly increase with the EVOs' epoxy content. This paper highlights that tunable thermomechanical performances (Tα from −19 to 50 °C and Tg from −34 to 36 °C) of EVO based thermoset materials can be reached by well selecting the starting VO raw materials. Beyond the need to find a non-toxic alternative to DiGlycidyl Ether of Bisphenol-A (DGEBA), the serious subject of non-epichlorohydrin epoxy resins production remains a crucial challenge that must be solved for the next epoxy resin generations.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Malburet
- Specific Polymers 150 Avenue des Cocardières 34160 Castries France
| | - Chiara Di Mauro
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272 CNRS 28 Avenue Valrose 06108 Nice Cedex 02 France
| | - Camilla Noè
- Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Torino Italy
| | - Alice Mija
- Université Côte d'Azur, Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR 7272 CNRS 28 Avenue Valrose 06108 Nice Cedex 02 France
| | - Marco Sangermano
- Politecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24 10129 Torino Italy
| | - Alain Graillot
- Specific Polymers 150 Avenue des Cocardières 34160 Castries France
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Song K, Wang Y, Ruan F, Yang W, Liu J. Synthesis of a Novel Spirocyclic Inflatable Flame Retardant and Its Application in Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2534. [PMID: 33138265 PMCID: PMC7694069 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivatives of 3,9-dichloro-2,4,8,10-tetraoxa-3,9-diphosphaspiro-[5,5]undecane-3,9-dioxide (SPDPC) are of increasing interest as flame retardants for polymeric materials. In addition, SPDPC is also an important intermediate for the preparation of intumescent flame retardants (IFRs). However, low efficiency and undesirable dispersion are two major problems that seriously restrain the application of IFRs as appropriate flame retardants for polymer materials. Usually, the functionalization or modification of SPDPC is crucial to acquiring high-performance polymer composites. Here, a small molecule spirocyclic flame retardant diphenylimidazole spirocyclic pentaerythritol bisphosphonate (PIPC) was successfully prepared through the substitution reaction between previously synthesized intermediate SPDPC and 2-phenylimidazole (PIM). Phenyl group and imidazole group were uniformly anchored on the molecular structure of SPDPC. This kind of more uniform distribution of flame retardant groups within the epoxy matrix resulted in a synergistic flame retardant effect and enhanced the strength of char layers to the epoxy composites, when compared to the unmodified epoxy. The sample reached a limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 29.7% and passed with a V-0 rating in the UL 94 test with the incorporation of only 5 wt % of as-prepared flame retardant PIPC. Moreover, its peak of heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) decreased by 41.15% and 21.64% in a cone calorimeter test, respectively. Furthermore, the addition of PIPC has only slightly impacted the mechanical properties of epoxy composites with a low loading.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yinjie Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (K.S.); (F.R.); (W.Y.)
| | | | | | - Jiping Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (K.S.); (F.R.); (W.Y.)
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Bifulco A, Marotta A, Passaro J, Costantini A, Cerruti P, Gentile G, Ambrogi V, Malucelli G, Branda F. Thermal and Fire Behavior of a Bio-Based Epoxy/Silica Hybrid Cured with Methyl Nadic Anhydride. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1661. [PMID: 32722585 PMCID: PMC7466172 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermosetting polymers have been widely used in many industrial applications as adhesives, coatings and laminated materials, among others. Recently, bisphenol A (BPA) has been banned as raw material for polymeric products, due to its harmful impact on human health. On the other hand, the use of aromatic amines as curing agents confers excellent thermal, mechanical and flame retardant properties to the final product, although they are toxic and subject to governmental restrictions. In this context, sugar-derived diepoxy monomers and anhydrides represent a sustainable greener alternative to BPA and aromatic amines. Herein, we report an "in-situ" sol-gel synthesis, using as precursors tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTS) to obtain bio-based epoxy/silica composites; in a first step, the APTS was left to react with 2,5-bis[(oxyran-2-ylmethoxy)methyl]furan (BOMF) or diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)monomers, and silica particles were generated in the epoxy in a second step; both systems were cured with methyl nadic anhydride (MNA). Morphological investigation of the composites through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that the hybrid strategy allows a very fine distribution of silica nanoparticles (at nanometric level) to be achieved within a hybrid network structure for both the diepoxy monomers. Concerning the fire behavior, as assessed in vertical flame spread tests, the use of anhydride curing agent prevented melt dripping phenomena and provided high char-forming character to the bio-based epoxy systems and their phenyl analog. In addition, forced combustion tests showed that the use of anhydride hardener instead of aliphatic polyamine results in a remarkable decrease of heat release rate. An overall decrease of the smoke parameters, which is highly desirable in a context of greater fire safety was observed in the case of BOMF/MNA system. The experimental results suggest that the effect of silica nanoparticles on fire behavior appears to be related to their dispersion degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Bifulco
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (A.B.); (A.M.); (J.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Angela Marotta
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (A.B.); (A.M.); (J.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Jessica Passaro
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (A.B.); (A.M.); (J.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Aniello Costantini
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (A.B.); (A.M.); (J.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Pierfrancesco Cerruti
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB)-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (P.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Gennaro Gentile
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB)-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (P.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Veronica Ambrogi
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (A.B.); (A.M.); (J.P.); (A.C.)
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB)-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (P.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Francesco Branda
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (A.B.); (A.M.); (J.P.); (A.C.)
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Novel Routes in Transformation of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Furan Platform Chemicals: From Pretreatment to Enzyme Catalysis. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10070743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The constant depletion of fossil fuels along with the increasing need for novel materials, necessitate the development of alternative routes for polymer synthesis. Lignocellulosic biomass, the most abundant carbon source on the planet, can serve as a renewable starting material for the design of environmentally-friendly processes for the synthesis of polyesters, polyamides and other polymers with significant value. The present review provides an overview of the main processes that have been reported throughout the literature for the production of bio-based monomers from lignocellulose, focusing on physicochemical procedures and biocatalysis. An extensive description of all different stages for the production of furans is presented, starting from physicochemical pretreatment of biomass and biocatalytic decomposition to monomeric sugars, coupled with isomerization by enzymes prior to chemical dehydration by acid Lewis catalysts. A summary of all biotransformations of furans carried out by enzymes is also described, focusing on galactose, glyoxal and aryl-alcohol oxidases, monooxygenases and transaminases for the production of oxidized derivatives and amines. The increased interest in these products in polymer chemistry can lead to a redirection of biomass valorization from second generation biofuels to chemical synthesis, by creating novel pathways to produce bio-based polymers.
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Marotta A, Faggio N, Ambrogi V, Cerruti P, Gentile G, Mija A. Curing Behavior and Properties of Sustainable Furan-Based Epoxy/Anhydride Resins. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:3831-3841. [PMID: 31412201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The last two decades have witnessed a significant growth in using bioderived materials, driven by the necessity of replacing fossil-derived precursors, reducing the fossil fuel consumption, and lowering the global environmental impact. This is possible thanks to the availability of abundant resources from biomasses and the development of optimized technologies based on the principles of sustainability and circular economy. Herein, we report on the synthesis and characterization of new carbohydrate-derived epoxy resins. In particular, 2,5-bis[(oxiran-2-ylmethoxy)methyl]furan has been synthesized and cured with methyl nadic anhydride. The effect of different initiators was studied, in order to identify the most efficient curable formulations. A series of resins was then prepared varying the epoxide-anhydride ratios. The results gathered from physicochemical, mechanical, morphological analyses have demonstrated that the produced furan-based thermosets have the potential to be proposed as sustainable alternatives to the traditional, bisphenol A-containing epoxy resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Marotta
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI) , University of Naples Federico II , P. le Tecchio 80 , 80125 Napoli , Italy.,Université Côte d'Azur, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis , Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, 06108 Nice Cedex 02 , France
| | - Noemi Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI) , University of Naples Federico II , P. le Tecchio 80 , 80125 Napoli , Italy
| | - Veronica Ambrogi
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI) , University of Naples Federico II , P. le Tecchio 80 , 80125 Napoli , Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Cerruti
- Institute for Polymers , Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB) - CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34 , 80078 Pozzuoli (NA) , Italy
| | - Gennaro Gentile
- Institute for Polymers , Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB) - CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34 , 80078 Pozzuoli (NA) , Italy
| | - Alice Mija
- Université Côte d'Azur, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis , Institut de Chimie de Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, 06108 Nice Cedex 02 , France
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