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Wang S, Sun J, Dastgheyb RM, Li Z. Tumor-derived extracellular vesicles modulate innate immune responses to affect tumor progression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1045624. [PMID: 36405712 PMCID: PMC9667034 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1045624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune cells are capable of influencing tumor progression in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Meanwhile, one mechanism by which tumor modulate immune cells function is through extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are cell-derived extracellular membrane vesicles. EVs can act as mediators of intercellular communication and can deliver nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and other signaling molecules between cells. In recent years, studies have found that EVs play a crucial role in the communication between tumor cells and immune cells. Innate immunity is the first-line response of the immune system against tumor progression. Therefore, tumor cell-derived EVs (TDEVs) which modulate the functional change of innate immune cells serve important functions in the context of tumor progression. Emerging evidence has shown that TDEVs dually enhance or suppress innate immunity through various pathways. This review aims to summarize the influence of TDEVs on macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils, and natural killer cells. We also summarize their further effects on the progression of tumors, which may provide new ideas for developing novel tumor therapies targeting EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Wang
- Scientific Research Centre, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiaxin Sun
- Scientific Research Centre, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Raha M. Dastgheyb
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Zhigang Li
- Scientific Research Centre, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
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Wong GL, Abu Jalboush S, Lo HW. Exosomal MicroRNAs and Organotropism in Breast Cancer Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1827. [PMID: 32646059 PMCID: PMC7408921 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy for women in which one in eight women will be diagnosed with the disease in their lifetime. Despite advances made in treating primary breast cancer, there is still no effective treatment for metastatic breast cancer. Consequently, metastatic breast cancer is responsible for 90% of breast cancer-related deaths while only accounting for approximately one third of all breast cancer cases. To help develop effective treatments for metastatic breast cancer, it is important to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms by which breast cancer metastasizes, particularly, those underlying organotropism towards brain, bone, and lungs. In this review, we will primarily focus on the roles that circulating exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) play in organotropism of breast cancer metastasis. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that play critical roles in intercellular communication. MicroRNAs can be encapsulated in exosomes; cargo-loaded exosomes can be secreted by tumor cells into the tumor microenvironment to facilitate tumor-stroma interactions or released to circulation to prime distant organs for subsequent metastasis. Here, we will summarize our current knowledge on the biogenesis of exosomes and miRNAs, mechanisms of cargo sorting into exosomes, the exosomal miRNAs implicated in breast cancer metastasis, and therapeutic exosomal miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace L. Wong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA; (G.L.W.); (S.A.J.)
| | - Sara Abu Jalboush
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA; (G.L.W.); (S.A.J.)
| | - Hui-Wen Lo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA; (G.L.W.); (S.A.J.)
- Wake Forest Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Wang W, Han Y, Jo HA, Lee J, Song YS. Non-coding RNAs shuttled via exosomes reshape the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:67. [PMID: 32503591 PMCID: PMC7275461 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles secreted by almost all the cells. Molecular cargos of exosomes can partially reflect the characteristics of originating cells. Exosome-mediated cell-to-cell interactions in the microenvironment are critical in cancer progression. Hypoxia, a key pro-cancerous feature of the tumor microenvironment, alters the releasing and contents of exosomes. A growing body of evidence shows that hypoxia induces more aggressive phenotypes in cancer. Of note, non-coding RNAs shuttled in hypoxic tumor-derived exosomes have been demonstrated as fundamental molecules in regulating cancer biology and remodeling tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, these hypoxic tumor-derived exosomal non-coding RNAs can be detected in the body fluids, serving as promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. The current review discusses changes in cancer behaviors regulated by exosomes-secreted non-coding RNAs under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Wang
- Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjin Han
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun A Jo
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Juwon Lee
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sang Song
- Interdisciplinary Program in Cancer Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Biomodulation, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Kumar A, Deep G. Exosomes in hypoxia-induced remodeling of the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Lett 2020; 488:1-8. [PMID: 32473240 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are structurally and functionally pleiotropic nano-sized (~30-150 nm in diameter) extracellular vesicles (EVs) with endosomal origin. These vesicles are secreted by almost all cells and play a significant role in intercellular communication and bio-waste disposal. To a great extent, exosomes represent biological "snapshot" of parent cells, and their cargos (protein, nucleotides, lipids, and metabolites) are loaded uniquely under different pathophysiological conditions. For example, most cancerous cells secrete a higher amount of exosomes loaded with distinct cargos under stressful low oxygen condition i.e. hypoxia, a key characteristic of solid tumors responsible for disease aggressiveness and poor survival. Exosomes secreted under hypoxia (ExoHypoxic) play a vital role in aiding cancer cells crosstalk with its microenvironment constituents to create conditions advantageous for cancer growth and metastatic spread. In this review article, we have highlighted the effects of ExoHypoxic on various tumor microenvironment components involved in angiogenesis, survival, proliferation, pre-metastatic niches preparation, immunomodulation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. We have also described key ExoHypoxic cargos (miRNA, proteins, etc) and their targets in the receipt cells, responsible for various biological effects. Finally, we have emphasized the applicability of ExoHypoxic as a biomarker of tumor hypoxia and disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Kumar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Gagan Deep
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Department of Urology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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Kothandan VK, Kothandan S, Kim DH, Byun Y, Lee YK, Park IK, Hwang SR. Crosstalk between Stress Granules, Exosomes, Tumour Antigens, and Immune Cells: Significance for Cancer Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E172. [PMID: 32276342 PMCID: PMC7349635 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA granules and exosomes produced by tumour cells under various stresses in the microenvironment act as critical determinants of cell survival by promoting angiogenesis, cancer metastasis, chemoresistance, and immunosuppression. Meanwhile, developmental cancer/testis (CT) antigens that are normally sequestered in male germ cells of the testes, but which are overexpressed in malignant tumour cells, can function as tumour antigens triggering immune responses. As CT antigens are potential vaccine candidates for use in cancer immunotherapy, they could be targeted together with crosstalk between stress granules, exosomes, and immune cells for a synergistic effect. In this review, we describe the effects of exosomes and exosomal components presented to the recipient cells under different types of stresses on immune cells and cancer progression. Furthermore, we discuss their significance for cancer immunity, as well as the outlook for their future application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinoth Kumar Kothandan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea
| | - Sangeetha Kothandan
- Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600073, India
| | - Do Hee Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Youngro Byun
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergent Science and Technology, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yong-kyu Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, 50 Daehak-ro, Chungju, Chungbuk 27469, Korea
| | - In-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, 322 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun 58128, Korea
| | - Seung Rim Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61452, Korea
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Abstract
Breast cancer has grown to be the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women. Only a few treatment options are available for breast cancer due to the widespread occurrence of chemoresistance, which emphasizes the need to discover and develop new methods to treat this disease. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is an early tumor diagnostic marker and is known to promote breast cancer malignancy. Recent clinical and preclinical data indicate the involvement of overexpressed and constitutively activated STAT3 in the progression, proliferation, metastasis and chemoresistance of breast cancer. Moreover, new pathways comprised of upstream regulators and downstream targets of STAT3 have been discovered. In addition, small molecule inhibitors targeting STAT3 activation have been found to be efficient for therapeutic treatment of breast cancer. This systematic review discusses the advances in the discovery of the STAT3 pathways and drugs targeting STAT3 in breast cancer. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-hui Ma
- Marine College, Shandong University, Wenhua West Rd. 180, Weihai, Shandong 264209 P.R. China
| | - Li Qin
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Sino-US Diagnostics Co., Ltd., Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xia Li
- Marine College, Shandong University, Wenhua West Rd. 180, Weihai, Shandong 264209 P.R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012 China
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