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Basrani ST, Kadam NS, Yadav DV, Patil SB, Mohan Karuppayil S, Jadhav AK. Antifungal Activity of Mefloquine Against Candida albicans Growth and Virulence Factors: Insights Into Mode of Action. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:213. [PMID: 38847863 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03739-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The antimalarial drug Mefloquine has demonstrated antifungal activity against growth and virulence factors of Candida albicans. The current study focused on the identification of Mefloquine's mode of action in C. albicans by performing cell susceptibility assay, biofilm assay, live and dead assay, propidium iodide uptake assay, ergosterol quantification assay, cell cycle study, and gene expression studies by RT-PCR. Mefloquine inhibited the virulence factors in C. albicans, such as germ tube formation and biofilm formation at 0.125 and 1 mg/ml, respectively. Mefloquine-treated cells showed a decrease in the quantity of ergosterol content of cell membrane in a concentration-dependent manner. Mefloquine (0.25 mg/ml) arrested C. albicans cells at the G2/M phase and S phase of the cell cycle thereby preventing the progression of the normal yeast cell cycle. ROS level was measured to find out oxidative stress in C. albicans in the presence of mefloquine. The study revealed that, mefloquine was found to enhance the ROS level and subsequently oxidative stress. Gene expression studies revealed that mefloquine treatment upregulates the expressions of SOD1, SOD2, and CAT1 genes in C. albicans. In vivo, the antifungal efficacy of mefloquine was confirmed in mice for systemic candidiasis and it was found that there was a decrease in the pathogenesis of C. albicans after the treatment of mefloquine in mice. In conclusion, mefloquine can be used as a repurposed drug as an alternative drug against Candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sargun T Basrani
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine & Medical Biotechnology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, DY Patil Education Society (Deemed to Be University), Kasaba Bawada, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416006, India
| | - Nandakumar S Kadam
- iSERA Biological Pvt Ltd. MIDC Shirala, Sangli, Maharashtra, 415408, India
| | | | - Shivani B Patil
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine & Medical Biotechnology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, DY Patil Education Society (Deemed to Be University), Kasaba Bawada, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416006, India
| | - S Mohan Karuppayil
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine & Medical Biotechnology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, DY Patil Education Society (Deemed to Be University), Kasaba Bawada, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416006, India.
| | - Ashwini K Jadhav
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine & Medical Biotechnology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, DY Patil Education Society (Deemed to Be University), Kasaba Bawada, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416006, India.
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Basrani ST, Gavandi TC, Patil SB, Kadam NS, Yadav DV, Chougule SA, Karuppayil SM, Jadhav AK. Hydroxychloroquine an Antimalarial Drug, Exhibits Potent Antifungal Efficacy Against Candida albicans Through Multitargeting. J Microbiol 2024; 62:381-391. [PMID: 38587590 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Candida albicans is the primary etiological agent associated with candidiasis in humans. Unrestricted growth of C. albicans can progress to systemic infections in the worst situation. This study investigates the antifungal activity of Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and mode of action against C. albicans. HCQ inhibited the planktonic growth and yeast to hyphal form morphogenesis of C. albicans significantly at 0.5 mg/ml concentration. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC50) of HCQ for C. albicans adhesion and biofilm formation on the polystyrene surface was at 2 mg/ml and 4 mg/ml respectively. Various methods, such as scanning electron microscopy, exploration of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway, cell cycle analysis, and assessment of S oxygen species (ROS) generation, were employed to investigate HCQ exerting its antifungal effects. HCQ was observed to reduce ergosterol levels in the cell membranes of C. albicans in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, HCQ treatment caused a substantial arrest of the C. albicans cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase, which impeded normal cell growth. Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of SOD2, SOD1, and CAT1 genes after HCQ treatment, while genes like HWP1, RAS1, TEC1, and CDC 35 were downregulated. The study also assessed the in vivo efficacy of HCQ in a mice model, revealing a reduction in the pathogenicity of C. albicans after HCQ treatment. These results indicate that HCQ holds for the development of novel antifungal therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sargun Tushar Basrani
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, DY Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), Kadamwadi, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416003, India
| | - Tanjila Chandsaheb Gavandi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, DY Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), Kadamwadi, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416003, India
| | - Shivani Balasaheb Patil
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, DY Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), Kadamwadi, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416003, India
| | - Nandkumar Subhash Kadam
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, DY Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), Kadamwadi, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416003, India
- iSERA Biological Pvt Ltd., MIDC Shirala, Dist., Sangli, Maharashtra, 41540, India
| | - Dhairyasheel Vasantrao Yadav
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, DY Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), Kadamwadi, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416003, India
- iSERA Biological Pvt Ltd., MIDC Shirala, Dist., Sangli, Maharashtra, 41540, India
| | - Sayali Ashok Chougule
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, DY Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), Kadamwadi, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416003, India
| | - Sankunny Mohan Karuppayil
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, DY Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), Kadamwadi, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416003, India
| | - Ashwini Khanderao Jadhav
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, DY Patil Education Society (Deemed to be University), Kadamwadi, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, 416003, India.
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Vishwakarma M, Haider T, Soni V. Update on fungal lipid biosynthesis inhibitors as antifungal agents. Microbiol Res 2024; 278:127517. [PMID: 37863019 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Fungal diseases today represent a world-wide problem. Poor hygiene and decreased immunity are the main reasons behind the manifestation of this disease. After COVID-19, an increase in the rate of fungal infection has been observed in different countries. Different classes of antifungal agents, such as polyenes, azoles, echinocandins, and anti-metabolites, as well as their combinations, are currently employed to treat fungal diseases; these drugs are effective but can cause some side effects and toxicities. Therefore, the identification and development of newer antifungal agents is a current need. The fungal cell comprises many lipids, such as ergosterol, phospholipids, and sphingolipids. Ergosterol is a sterol lipid that is only found in fungal cells. Various pathways synthesize all these lipids, and the activities of multiple enzymes govern these pathways. Inhibiting these enzymes will ultimately impede the lipid synthesis pathway, and this phenomenon could be a potential antifungal therapy. This review will discuss various lipid synthesis pathways and multiple antifungal agents identified as having fungal lipid synthesis inhibition activity. This review will identify novel compounds that can inhibit fungal lipid synthesis, permitting researchers to direct further deep pharmacological investigation and help develop drug delivery systems for such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Vishwakarma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, M.P., India
| | - Tanweer Haider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, M.P., India; Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gwalior, M.P., India
| | - Vandana Soni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya, Sagar, M.P., India.
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Prajapati J, Rao P, Poojara L, Acharya D, Patel SK, Goswami D, Rawal RM. A Comprehensive in vitro and in silico Assessment on Inhibition of CYP51B and Ergosterol Biosynthesis by Eugenol in Rhizopus oryzae. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:47. [PMID: 36538133 PMCID: PMC9764306 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-03108-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mucormycosis, also known as Zygomycosis, is a disease caused by invasive fungi, predominantly Rhizopus species belonging to the Order of Mucorales. Seeing from the chemistry perspective, heterocyclic compounds with an "azole" moiety are widely employed as antifungal agent for minimising the effect of mucormycosis as a prescribed treatment. These azoles serve as non-competitive inhibitors of fungal CYP51B by predominantly binding to its heme moiety, rendering its inhibition. However, long-term usage and abuse of azoles as antifungal medicines has resulted in drug resistance among certain fungal pathogens. Hence, there is an unmet need to find alternative therapeutic compounds. In present study, we used various in vitro tests to investigate the antifungal activity of eugenol against R. oryzae/R. arrhizus, including ergosterol quantification to test inhibition of ergosterol production mediated antifungal action. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value obtained for eugenol was 512 μg/ml with reduced ergosterol concentration of 77.11 ± 3.25% at MIC/2 concentration. Further, the molecular interactions of eugenol with fungal CYP51B were meticulously studied making use of proteomics in silico study including molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations that showed eugenol to be strongly interacting with heme in an identical fashion to that shown by azole drugs (in this case, clotrimazole was evaluated). This is the first of a kind study showing the simulation study of eugenol with CYP51B of fungi. This inhibition results in ergosterol synthesis and is also studied and compared with keeping clotrimazole as a reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh Prajapati
- grid.411877.c0000 0001 2152 424XDepartment of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India
| | - Priyashi Rao
- grid.411877.c0000 0001 2152 424XDepartment of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India
| | - Lipi Poojara
- grid.411877.c0000 0001 2152 424XDepartment of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India
| | - Dhaval Acharya
- Department of Microbiology, B N Patel Institute of Paramedical and Sciences, Anand, Gujarat 388001 India
| | - Saumya K. Patel
- grid.411877.c0000 0001 2152 424XDepartment of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat India
| | - Dweipayan Goswami
- grid.411877.c0000 0001 2152 424XDepartment of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India
| | - Rakesh M. Rawal
- grid.411877.c0000 0001 2152 424XDepartment of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India ,grid.411877.c0000 0001 2152 424XDepartment of Life Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009 India
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The Transcription Factor CsAtf1 Negatively Regulates the Cytochrome P450 Gene CsCyp51G1 to Increase Fludioxonil Sensitivity in Colletotrichum siamense. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101032. [PMID: 36294597 PMCID: PMC9605597 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that the high-osmolarity glycerol mitogen-activated protein kinase (HOG MAPK) signaling pathway and its downstream transcription factor CsAtf1 are involved in the regulation of fludioxonil sensitivity in C. siamense. However, the downstream target genes of CsAtf1 related to the fludioxonil stress response remain unclear. Here, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) and high-throughput RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) to identify genome-wide potential CsAtf1 target genes. A total of 3809 significantly differentially expressed genes were predicted to be directly regulated by CsAtf1, including 24 cytochrome oxidase-related genes. Among them, a cytochrome P450-encoding gene, designated CsCyp51G1, was confirmed to be a target gene, and its transcriptional expression was negatively regulated by CsAtf1, as determined using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), a yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assay, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Moreover, the overexpression mutant CsCYP51G1 of C. siamense exhibited increased fludioxonil tolerance, and the CsCYP51G1 deletion mutant exhibited decreased fludioxonil resistance, which revealed that CsCyp51G1 is involved in fludioxonil sensitivity regulation in C. siamense. However, the cellular ergosterol content of the mutants was not consistent with the phenotype of fludioxonil sensitivity, which indicated that CsCyp51G1 regulates fludioxonil sensitivity by affecting factors other than the ergosterol level in C. siamense. In conclusion, our data indicate that the transcription factor CsAtf1 negatively regulates the cytochrome P450 gene CsCyp51G1 to increase fludioxonil sensitivity in C. siamense.
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Munia NS, Hosen MA, Azzam KMA, Al-Ghorbani M, Baashen M, Hossain MK, Ali F, Mahmud S, Shimu MSS, Almalki FA, Hadda TB, Laaroussi H, Naimi S, Kawsar SMA. Synthesis, antimicrobial, SAR, PASS, molecular docking, molecular dynamics and pharmacokinetics studies of 5'- O-uridine derivatives bearing acyl moieties: POM study and identification of the pharmacophore sites. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 41:1036-1083. [PMID: 35797068 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2022.2096898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Because of their superior antibacterial and pharmacokinetic capabilities, many nucleoside-based esters show potential against microorganisms, and may be used as pharmacological agents to address multidrug-resistant pathogenic problems. In this study, several aliphatic and aromatic groups were inserted to synthesize various 5'-O-decanoyluridine (2-5) and 5'-O-lauroyluridine derivatives (6-7) for antimicrobial, in silico computational, pharmacokinetic and POM (Petra/Osiris/Molinspiration). The chemical structures of the synthesized uridine derivatives were confirmed by physicochemical, elemental, and spectroscopic analyses. In vitro antimicrobial screening against five bacteria and two fungi, as well as the prediction of substance activity spectra (PASS), revealed that these uridine derivatives have promising antifungal properties when compared to the antibacterial activities. Density functional theory (DFT) was used to calculate the thermodynamic and physicochemical properties. Molecular docking was conducted against lanosterol 14a-demethylase CYP51A1 (3JUV) and Aspergillus flavus (1R4U) and revealed binding affinities and non-covalent interactions with the target. Then, a 150 ns molecular dynamic simulation was performed to confirm the behavior of the complex structure formed by microbial protein under in silico physiological conditions to examine its stability over time, which revealed a stable conformation and binding pattern in a stimulating environment of uridine derivatives. The acyl chain {CH3(CH2)9CO-} and {CH3(CH2)10CO-} in conjunction with sugar, was determined to have the most potent activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens in a structure-activity relationships (SAR) investigation. POM analyses were conducted with the presence of an antifungal (O δ- -- O' δ-) pharmacophore site. Overall, the present study might be useful for the development of uridine-based novel multidrug-resistant antimicrobial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin S Munia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed A Hosen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Khaldun M A Azzam
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center (PDRC), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammed Al-Ghorbani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Ulla, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Baashen
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Humanities College, Shaqra University, Shaqra, KSA
| | - Mohammed K Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Ferdausi Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Shafi Mahmud
- Department of Genome Science, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Mst S S Shimu
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Faisal A Almalki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Taibi B Hadda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry & Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Hamid Laaroussi
- Laboratory of Applied Chemistry & Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed Premier University, Oujda, Morocco
| | - Souad Naimi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sanofi-Aventis, Vitry, France
| | - Sarkar M A Kawsar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
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Prajapati J, Rao P, Poojara L, Goswami D, Acharya D, Patel SK, Rawal RM. Unravelling the antifungal mode of action of curcumin by potential inhibition of CYP51B: A computational study validated in vitro on mucormycosis agent, Rhizopus oryzae. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 712:109048. [PMID: 34600893 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Like human, fungi too are known to share lot of structural similarities amongst their CYPs (Cytochrome P450 super family of enzymes) which allows antifungal 'azole' compounds to interact with CYPs of human. Clotrimazole, an 'azole' antifungal drug, is a known inhibitor of fungal CYP named CYP51B. Curcumin, a phytochemical obtained from Curcuma longa has the ability to interact with several different human CYPs to induce inhibition. The sequence and the structural similarities amongst both human and fungal CYPs suggest a strong possibility for curcumin to interact with fungal CYP51B to behave like an antifungal agent. To test this hypothesis a study was designed involving mucormycosis agent, Rhizopus oryzae. The ability of curcumin to interact with fungal CYP51B was analysed computationally through molecular docking, MM-GBSA and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation assessment. Further, interaction profile for fungal CYP51B-curcumin was compared with human CYP3A4-curcumin, as there are published evidence describing curcumin as an inhibitor of human CYPs. Additionally, to validate in silico findings, an in vitro assay was performed to examine the antifungal potentials of curcumin on the R. oryzae. Conclusive results allow us to determine a plausible mode of action of curcumin to act as an antifungal against a mucormycosis agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jignesh Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry & Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Priyashi Rao
- Department of Biochemistry & Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Lipi Poojara
- Department of Biochemistry & Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Dweipayan Goswami
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Dhaval Acharya
- Department of Microbiology, B N Patel Institute of Paramedical and Sciences, Anand, 388001, Gujarat, India
| | - Saumya K Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change Impacts Management, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh M Rawal
- Department of Biochemistry & Forensic Science, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India.
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Haroun M, Tratrat C, Kochkar H, Nair AB. CDATA[Recent Advances in the Development of 1,2,3-Triazole-containing Derivatives as Potential Antifungal Agents and Inhibitors of Lanoster ol 14α-Demethylase. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:462-506. [PMID: 33319673 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621999201214232018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
1,2,3-Triazole, a five-membered heterocyclic nucleus, is widely recognized as a key chromophore of great value in medicinal chemistry for delivering compounds possessing innumerable biological activities, including antimicrobial, antitubercular, antidiabetic, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory activities. Mainly, in the past years, diverse conjugates carrying this biologically valuable core have been reported due to their attractive fungicidal potential and potent effects on various infective targets. Hence, hybridization of 1,2,3-triazole with other antimicrobial pharmacophores appears to be a judicious strategy to develop new effective anti-fungal candidates to combat the emergence of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant infectious diseases. Thus, the current review highlights the recent advances of this promising category of 1,2,3-triazole-containing hybrids incorporating diverse varieties of bioactive heterocycles such as conozole, coumarin, imidazole, benzimidazole, pyrazole, indole, oxindole, chromene, pyrane, quinazoline, chalcone, isoflavone, carbohydrates, and amides. It underlies their inhibition behavior against a wide array of infectious fungal species during 2015-2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelyne Haroun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christophe Tratrat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafedh Kochkar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anroop B Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Mechanism of streptomyces albidoflavus STV1572a derived 1-heneicosanol as an inhibitor against squalene epoxidase of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Microb Pathog 2021; 154:104853. [PMID: 33811987 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
An increase in incidences of tinea infections paves the way to discover the novel antifungal drugs from unexplored natural resources. The quality of life in patients with tinea infection may be affected by different factors, including morbidity, length of illness, social and demographic factors. The present investigation explores the functional principle of a bioactive compound isolated from actinomycetes, S. albidoflavus STV1572a by in-silico and in-vitro studies. In continuation of our previous reports on the antidermatophytic potential of S. albidoflavus STV1572a, this study progresses with the in-silico molecular docking study of the seven GC-MS discovered ligands, and six dermatophytic modelled targets. Through virtual screening, it was revealed that a docking score -8.8 between 1-heneicosanol and squalene epoxidase favored partially in understanding the mode of action. Further validation of in-silico study was performed by a sterol quantification assay which confirmed the antidermatophytic mechanism of 1-heneicosanol. Taken together, the evidence from this study suggests that 1-heneicosanol has a potential antidermatophytic compound and can be considered for dermatophytic treatment.
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Antiamoebic activity of 3-aryl-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one library against Acanthamoeba castellanii. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:2327-2335. [PMID: 32476058 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06710-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba castellanii is a free-living amoeba which can cause a blinding keratitis and fatal granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. The treatment of Acanthamoeba infections is challenging due to formation of cyst. Quinazolinones are medicinally important scaffold against parasitic diseases. A library of nineteen new 3-aryl-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives was synthesized to evaluate their antiamoebic activity against Acanthamoeba castellanii. One-pot synthesis of 3-aryl-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-ones (1-19) was achieved by reaction of 2-amino-4,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid, trimethoxymethane, and different substituted anilines. These compounds were purified and characterized by standard chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Antiacanthamoebic activity of these compounds was determined by amoebicidal, encystation, excystation and host cell cytopathogenicity in vitro assays at concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL. The IC50 was found to be between 100 and 50 μg/mL for all the compounds except compound 5 which did not exhibit amoebicidal effects at these concentrations. Furthermore, lactate dehydrogenase assay was also performed to evaluate the in vitro cytotoxicity of these compounds against human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. The results revealed that eighteen out of nineteen derivatives of quinazolinones significantly decreased the viability of A. castellanii. Furthermore, eighteen out of nineteen tested compounds inhibited the encystation and excystation, as well as significantly reduced the A. castellanii-mediated cytopathogenicity against human cells. Interestingly, while tested against human normal cell line HaCaT keratinocytes, all compounds did not exhibit any overt cytotoxicity. Furthermore, a detailed structure-activity relationship is also studied to optimize the most potent hit from these synthetic compounds. This report presents several potential lead compounds belonging to 3-aryl-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives for drug discovery against infections caused by Acanthamoeba castellanii.
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Muthamil S, Prasath KG, Priya A, Precilla P, Pandian SK. Global proteomic analysis deciphers the mechanism of action of plant derived oleic acid against Candida albicans virulence and biofilm formation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5113. [PMID: 32198447 PMCID: PMC7083969 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a commensal fungus in humans, mostly found on the mucosal surfaces of the mouth, gut, vagina and skin. Incidence of ever increasing invasive candidiasis in immunocompromised patients, alarming occurrence of antifungal resistance and insufficient diagnostic methods demand more focused research into C. albicans pathogenicity. Consequently, in the present study, oleic acid from Murraya koenigii was shown to have the efficacy to inhibit biofilm formation and virulence of Candida spp. Results of in vitro virulence assays and gene expression analysis, impelled to study the protein targets which are involved in the molecular pathways of C. albicans pathogenicity. Proteomic studies of differentially expressed proteins reveals that oleic acid induces oxidative stress responses and mainly targets the proteins involved in glucose metabolism, ergosterol biosynthesis, lipase production, iron homeostasis and amino acid biosynthesis. The current study emphasizes anti-virulent potential of oleic acid which can be used as a therapeutic agent to treat Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Muthamil
- Department of Biotechnology Science Campus Alagappa University Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Krishnan Ganesh Prasath
- Department of Biotechnology Science Campus Alagappa University Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arumugam Priya
- Department of Biotechnology Science Campus Alagappa University Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pitchai Precilla
- Department of Biotechnology Science Campus Alagappa University Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
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12
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Guillon J, Nim S, Moreau S, Ronga L, Savrimoutou S, Thivet E, Marchivie M, Di Pietro A, Prasad R, Le Borgne M. Synthesis of new piperazinyl-pyrrolo[1,2- a]quinoxaline derivatives as inhibitors of Candida albicans multidrug transporters by a Buchwald-Hartwig cross-coupling reaction. RSC Adv 2020; 10:2915-2931. [PMID: 35496110 PMCID: PMC9048445 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09348f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two series of piperazinyl-pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline derivatives were prepared via a Buchwald–Hartwig cross-coupling reaction and then evaluated for their ability to inhibit the drug efflux activity of CaCdr1p and CaMdr1p transporters of Candida albicans overexpressed in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. In the initial screening of twenty-nine piperazinyl-pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline derivatives, twenty-three compounds behaved as dual inhibitors of CaCdr1p and CaMdr1p. Only four compounds showed exclusive inhibition of CaCdr1p or CaMdr1p. Further biological investigations were developed and for example, their antifungal potential was evaluated by measuring the growth of control yeast cells (AD1-8u−) and efflux pump-overexpressing cells (AD-CDR1 and AD-MDR1) after exposition to variable concentrations of the tested compounds. The MIC80 values of nineteen compounds ranging from 100 to 901 μM for AD-CDR1 demonstrated that relative resistance index (RI) values were between 8 and 274. In comparison, only seven compounds had RI values superior to 4 in cells overexpressing Mdr1p. These results indicated substrate behavior for nineteen compounds for CaCdr1p and seven compounds for CaMdr1p, as these compounds were transported via MDR transporter overexpressing cells and not by the AD1-8u− cells. Finally, in a combination assay with fluconazole, two compounds (1d and 1f) have shown a synergistic effect (fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values ≤ 0.5) at micromolar concentrations in the AD-MDR1 yeast strain overexpressing CaMdr1p-protein, indicating an excellent potency toward chemosensitization. Two series of piperazinyl-pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxaline derivatives were prepared via a Buchwald–Hartwig cross-coupling reaction and then evaluated for their ability to inhibit the drug efflux activity of two Candida albicans transporters.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Guillon
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM U1212 - UMR CNRS 5320, ARNA Laboratory, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex France
| | - Shweta Nim
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University 110067 New Delhi India
| | - Stéphane Moreau
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM U1212 - UMR CNRS 5320, ARNA Laboratory, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex France
| | - Luisa Ronga
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM U1212 - UMR CNRS 5320, ARNA Laboratory, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex France
| | - Solène Savrimoutou
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM U1212 - UMR CNRS 5320, ARNA Laboratory, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex France
| | - Elisabeth Thivet
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM U1212 - UMR CNRS 5320, ARNA Laboratory, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex France
| | - Mathieu Marchivie
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026 F-33608 Pessac Cedex France
| | - Attilio Di Pietro
- DRMP Group, IBCP, UMR 5086 (MMSB), CNRS/Lyon I University 69367 Lyon France
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Amity Institute of Integrative Sciences and Health, Amity University Education Valley Gurgaon 122413 India
| | - Marc Le Borgne
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Pharmacie - ISPB, EA 4446 Bioactive Molecules and Medicinal Chemistry, SFR Santé Lyon-Est CNRS UMS3453 - INSERM US7 Lyon France
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13
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Wani F, Amaduddin, Aneja B, Sheehan G, Kavanagh K, Ahmad R, Abid M, Patel R. Synthesis of Novel Benzimidazolium Gemini Surfactants and Evaluation of Their Anti-Candida Activity. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:11871-11879. [PMID: 31460297 PMCID: PMC6682078 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the rise in antimicrobial and chemotherapeutic drug resistance, there is a desperate need to formulate newer as well as more effective agents. With this perspective, here we outline the synthesis of two novel gemini surfactants with different substitutions at the nitrogen atom of the benzimidazolium ring. Both the compounds induced significant reductions in Candida growth in various yeast strains. The reduction in Candida growth seemed likely through the reduction in ergosterol biosynthesis: a sterol constituent of yeast cell membranes. Different concentrations of both compounds were used to determine the cellular ergosterol content which indicates an important disordering of the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway. Cytotoxic studies were carried out using HEK 293 (human embryonic-kidney cells) and Galleria mellonella larvae (an in vivo model of antimicrobial studies). Administration of both the compounds to G. mellonella larvae diseased by the yeast Candida albicans resulted in increased survival indicating their in vivo activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farooq
Ahmad Wani
- Biophysical
Chemistry Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic
Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central
University), New Delhi 110025, India
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, and Department of
Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Amaduddin
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, and Department of
Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Babita Aneja
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, and Department of
Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Gerard Sheehan
- Department
of Biology, Maynooth University, Co Kildare 045, Ireland
| | - Kevin Kavanagh
- Department
of Biology, Maynooth University, Co Kildare 045, Ireland
| | - Rabia Ahmad
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, and Department of
Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, and Department of
Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Rajan Patel
- Biophysical
Chemistry Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic
Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central
University), New Delhi 110025, India
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