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Ara L, Sher M, Khan M, Rehman TU, Shah LA, Yoo HM. Dually-crosslinked ionic conductive hydrogels reinforced through biopolymer gellan gum for flexible sensors to monitor human activities. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:133789. [PMID: 38992556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Human-machine interactions, monitoring of health equipment, and gentle robots all depend considerably on flexible strain sensors. However, making strain sensors have better mechanical behavior and an extensive sensing range remains an urgent difficulty. In this study, poly acrylamide-co-butyl acrylate with gellan gum (poly(AAm-co-BA)@GG) hydrophobic association networks and intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions are used to fabricate dual cross-linked hydrogels for wearable resistive-type strain sensors. This could be an acceptable way to minimize the limitations in hydrogels previously identified. The robust fracture strength (870 kPa) and exceptional stretchability (1297 %) of the hydrogel arise from the collaborative action of intermolecular hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic associations. It also demonstrates exceptional resilience to repeated cycles of uninterrupted stretching and relaxation, retaining its structural integrity. The response and restoration times are 110 and 120 ms respectively. Furthermore, a wide sensing range (0-900 %), notable sensitivity across various strain levels, and an impressive gauge factor (GF) of 31.51 with high durability were observed by the dual cross-linked (DC) hydrogel-based strain sensors. The measured conductivity of the hydrogel was 0.32 S/m which is due to the incorporation of NaCl. Therefore, the hydrogels can be tailored to function as wearable strain sensors that can detect subtle human gestures like speech patterns, distinguish between distinct words, and recognize vibrations of the larynx during drinking, as well as large joint motions like wrist, finger, and elbow. Furthermore, these hydrogels are capable of reliably distinguishing and reproducing various printed text. These findings imply that any electronic device that demands strain-sensing functionality might make use of these developed materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latafat Ara
- Polymer Laboratory, National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sher
- Polymer Laboratory, National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Mansoor Khan
- Polymer Laboratory, National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Tanzil Ur Rehman
- Polymer Laboratory, National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Luqman Ali Shah
- Polymer Laboratory, National Centre of Excellence in Physical Chemistry, University of Peshawar, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan.
| | - Hyeong-Min Yoo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Korea University of Technology and Education (KOREATECH), Cheonan 31253, Republic of Korea
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Zhao Y, Yang Y, Wan B, Ding T, Sha X. Enhancement of the Electric-Force Response of Carbon Black/Silicone Rubber Composites by Silane Coupling Agents. Molecules 2024; 29:2740. [PMID: 38930805 PMCID: PMC11205836 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors have a wide range of applications in the field of health monitoring of seismic isolation bearings. However, the nonmonotonic response with shoulder peaks limits their application in practical engineering. Here we eliminate the shoulder peak phenomenon during the resistive-strain response by adjusting the dispersion of conductive nanofillers. In this paper, carbon black (CB)/methyl vinyl silicone rubber (VMQ) composites were modified by adding a silane coupling agent (KH550). The results show that the addition of KH550 eliminates the shoulder peak phenomenon in the resistive response signal of the composites. The reason for the disappearance of the shoulder peak phenomenon was explained, and at the same time, the mechanical properties of the composites were enhanced, the percolation threshold was reduced, and they had excellent strain-sensing properties. It also exhibited excellent stability and repeatability during 18,000 cycles of loading-unloading. The resistance-strain response mechanism was explained by the tunneling effect theoretical model analysis. It was shown that the sensor has a promising application in the health monitoring of seismic isolation bearings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Zhao
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.Z.); (B.W.); (T.D.); (X.S.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Kunming 650500, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Green Construction and Intelligent Maintenance of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.Z.); (B.W.); (T.D.); (X.S.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Kunming 650500, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Green Construction and Intelligent Maintenance of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Bangwei Wan
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.Z.); (B.W.); (T.D.); (X.S.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Kunming 650500, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Green Construction and Intelligent Maintenance of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Tianyu Ding
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.Z.); (B.W.); (T.D.); (X.S.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Kunming 650500, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Green Construction and Intelligent Maintenance of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xun Sha
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (Y.Z.); (B.W.); (T.D.); (X.S.)
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Kunming 650500, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Green Construction and Intelligent Maintenance of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650500, China
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Wan B, Yang Y, Guo R, Fan Z, Deng P, Zhang S. Effect of Vulcanization on the Electro-Mechanical Sensing Characteristics of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Silicone Rubber Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061412. [PMID: 36987193 PMCID: PMC10057526 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to realize effective monitoring for the working performance of seismic isolation structures, a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/methyl vinyl silicone rubber (VMQ) composite was prepared via mechanical blending using dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butyl peroxy)hexane (DBPMH) as vulcanizing agents. The effects of the different vulcanizing agents on the dispersion of the MWCNT, electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, and resistance–strain response of the composites were investigated. The experimental results showed that the percolation threshold of the composites prepared with the two vulcanizing agents was low, while the DCP-vulcanized composites showed high mechanical properties and a better resistance–strain response sensitivity and stability, especially after 15,000 loading cycles. According to the analysis using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier infrared spectroscopy, it was found that the DCP contributed higher vulcanization activity, a denser cross-linking network, better and uniform dispersion, and a more stable damage–reconstruction mechanism for the MWCNT network during the deformation load. Thus, the DCP-vulcanized composites showed better mechanical performance and electrical response abilities. When employing an analytical model based on the tunnel effect theory, the mechanism of the resistance–strain response was explained, and the potential of this composite for real-time strain monitoring for large deformation structures was confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangwei Wan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Kunming 650500, China
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Kunming 650500, China
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Rongxin Guo
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Kunming 650500, China
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zhengming Fan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Kunming 650500, China
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Peng Deng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Kunming 650500, China
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Shibo Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Kunming 650500, China
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
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Mao L, Pan T, Ke Y, Yan Z, Huang S, Guo D, Gao N, Huang W, Yao G, Gao M, Lin Y. Configurable direction sensitivity of skin-mounted microfluidic strain sensor with auxetic metamaterial. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1630-1639. [PMID: 35348159 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00141a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electromechanical coupling plays a key role in determining the performance of stretchable strain sensor. Current regulation of the electromechanical coupling in stretchable strain sensor is largely restricted by the intrinsic mechanical properties of the device. In this study, a microfluidic strain sensor based on the core-shell package design with the auxetic metamaterial (AM) is presented. By overriding the mechanical properties of the device, the AM in the package effectively tunes the deformation of the microfluidic channel with the applied strain and configures the directional strain sensitivity with a large modulation range. The gauge factor (GF) of the strain sensor in the radial direction of the channel can be gradually shifted from the intrinsically negative value to a positive one by adopting the AMs with different designs. By simply replacing the AM in the package, the microfluidic strain sensor with the core-shell package can be configurated as an omnidirectional or directional stretchable strain sensor. With the directional sensitivity brought by the rational AM design, the application of the AM-integrated strain sensor in the skin-mounted tactile detection is demonstrated with high tolerance to unintended wrist movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linna Mao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
| | - Taisong Pan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
| | - Yizhen Ke
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
| | - Zhuocheng Yan
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
| | - Sirong Huang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
| | - Dengji Guo
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
| | - Neng Gao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
| | - Wen Huang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
| | - Guang Yao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
| | - Min Gao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
| | - Yuan Lin
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054 P.R. China.
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
- Medico-Engineering Cooperation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
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Fabrication of electrically conductive poly(styrene-b-ethylene-ran-butylene-b-styrene)/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite fiber and its application in ultra-stretchable strain sensor. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Tiwari B, Billot M, Clévy C, Agnus J, Piat E, Lutz P. A Two-Axis Piezoresistive Force Sensing Tool for Microgripping. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:6059. [PMID: 34577266 PMCID: PMC8473119 DOI: 10.3390/s21186059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Force sensing has always been an important necessity in making decisions for manipulation. It becomes more appealing in the micro-scale context, especially where the surface forces become predominant. In addition, the deformations happening at the very local level are often coupled, and therefore providing multi-axis force sensing capabilities to microgripper becomes an important necessity. The manufacturing of a multi-axis instrumented microgripper comprises several levels of complexity, especially when it comes to the single wafer fabrication of a sensing and actuation mechanism. To address these requirements, in this work, an instrumented two-axis force sensing tool is proposed, which can then be integrated with the appropriate actuators for microgripping. Indeed, based on the task, the gripper design and shape requirements may differ. To cover wide needs, a versatile manufacturing strategy comprising of the separate fabrication of the passive and sensing parts was especially investigated. At the microscale, signal processing brings additional challenges, especially when we are dealing with multi-axis sensing. Therefore, a proper device, with efficient and appropriate systems and signal processing integration, is highly important. To keep these requirements in consideration, a dedicated clean-room based micro-fabrication of the devices and corresponding electronics to effectively process the signals are presented in this work. The fabricated sensing part can be assembled with wide varieties of passive parts to have different sensing tools as well as grippers. This force sensing tool is based upon the piezoresistive principle, and is experimentally demonstrated with a sensing capability up to 9 mN along the two axes with a resolution of 20 μN. The experimental results validate the measurement error within 1%. This work explains the system design, its working principle, FEM analysis, its fabrication and assembly, followed by the experimental validation of its performance. Moreover, the use of the proposed sensing tool for an instrumented gripper was also discussed and demonstrated with a micrograsping and release task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawnath Tiwari
- Department of Automatic Control and Micro-Mechatronic Systems, FEMTO-ST Institute, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, 24 rue Savary, F-25000 Besançon, France; (B.T.); (J.A.); (E.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Margot Billot
- Percipio Robotics, Maison des Microtechniques, 18 rue Alain Savary, F-25000 Besançon, France;
| | - Cédric Clévy
- Department of Automatic Control and Micro-Mechatronic Systems, FEMTO-ST Institute, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, 24 rue Savary, F-25000 Besançon, France; (B.T.); (J.A.); (E.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Joël Agnus
- Department of Automatic Control and Micro-Mechatronic Systems, FEMTO-ST Institute, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, 24 rue Savary, F-25000 Besançon, France; (B.T.); (J.A.); (E.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Emmanuel Piat
- Department of Automatic Control and Micro-Mechatronic Systems, FEMTO-ST Institute, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, 24 rue Savary, F-25000 Besançon, France; (B.T.); (J.A.); (E.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Philippe Lutz
- Department of Automatic Control and Micro-Mechatronic Systems, FEMTO-ST Institute, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, 24 rue Savary, F-25000 Besançon, France; (B.T.); (J.A.); (E.P.); (P.L.)
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A Multifunctional Wearable Device with a Graphene/Silver Nanowire Nanocomposite for Highly Sensitive Strain Sensing and Drug Delivery. C — JOURNAL OF CARBON RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/c5020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Advances in wearable, highly sensitive and multifunctional strain sensors open up new opportunities for the development of wearable human interface devices for various applications such as health monitoring, smart robotics and wearable therapy. Herein, we present a simple and cost-effective method to fabricate a multifunctional strain sensor consisting of a skin-mountable dry adhesive substrate, a robust sensing component and a transdermal drug delivery system. The sensor has high piezoresisitivity to monitor real-time signals from finger bending to ulnar pulse. A transdermal drug delivery system consisting of polylactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles and a chitosan matrix is integrated into the sensor and is able to release the nanoparticles into the stratum corneum at a depth of ~60 µm. Our approach to the design of multifunctional strain sensors will lead to the development of cost-effective and well-integrated multifunctional wearable devices.
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