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Guo J, Zhang K, Luo P, Wu N, Peng S, Wei L, Liu Y, He M, Yu J, Qin S, Fan Q, Luo T, Xiao J. Influence of protonic acid on the structure and properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) in oxidation polymerization. RSC Adv 2024; 14:1602-1611. [PMID: 38179093 PMCID: PMC10765281 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07334c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is widely used because of its excellent performance. We report the synthesis of two PEDOT:PSS dispersions. The two dispersions differ by the addition of additional protonic acid in the oxidative polymerization system. Although there are examples of the introduction of acids into the polymerization system, the effects of acid on the structure and properties of these materials, in particular their mechanisms of action, have not been elucidated. We describe the chemical structure and molecular weight of two PEDOT polymers using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. The carrier concentration, carrier mobility, and surface morphology of the composites are characterized by UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy, electron spin resonance, Raman spectra, Hall effect measurements, and atomic force microscopy. The crystallinity of PEDOT:PSS was measured by X-ray diffraction patterns. We show that the addition of a proper amount of protonic acid to the oxidative polymerization system can effectively reduce the formation of the terminal carbonyl group of PEDOT chains, which is conducive to the growth of polymer chains, and further improve the carrier concentration, which leads to an improvement of conductivity. Our results highlight the optimization of the chemical structure of PEDOT in order to increase its molecular weight and ultimately its conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Guo
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials Guiyang China
| | - Piao Luo
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Nanjie Wu
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Shigui Peng
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Lanlan Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials Guiyang China
| | - Yufei Liu
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Min He
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials Guiyang China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials Guiyang China
| | - Shuhao Qin
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang China
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials Guiyang China
| | - Qiao Fan
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Tingting Luo
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang China
| | - Jun Xiao
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymeric Materials Guiyang China
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Kanjana N, Maiaugree W, Laokul P, Chaiya I, Lunnoo T, Wongjom P, Infahsaeng Y, Thongdang B, Amornkitbamrung V. Fly ash boosted electrocatalytic properties of PEDOT:PSS counter electrodes for the triiodide reduction in dye-sensitized solar cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6012. [PMID: 37045928 PMCID: PMC10097718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Fly ash solid waste from a power plant was applied in a solar cell application for the first time. A doctor blade was used to coat FTO-glass with a composite film of mixed fly ash and PEDOT:PSS (FP). XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDX, and BET analyses were used to elucidate the crystal structure, morphology, and functional groups of fly ash in the current research. A significantly high efficiency solar cell was fabricated utilizing fly ash. CV, Tafel, and EIS analyses indicated a decrease in charge transfer resistance and an increased catalytic activity in the counter electrodes. The performance of DSSCs made from FP counter electrodes varied depending on the percentage of fly ash particles present. Fly ash mixed with PEDOT:PSS in a concentration ratio of 2:5 g/mL showed a high efficiency of 4.23%, which is comparable to Pt DSSC's (4.84%). Moreover, FP-2:5 presented a more highly efficient electrode than counter electrodes made from PEDOT:PSS mixed with MoO (3.08%) and CoO (3.65%). This suitability of this low-cost CE material for use in DSSCs has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattakan Kanjana
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Energy Innovations and Modern Physics (EIMP), Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Wasan Maiaugree
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Energy Innovations and Modern Physics (EIMP), Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
- Division of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Paveena Laokul
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai, Mahasarakham, 44150, Thailand
| | - Inthira Chaiya
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Kantarawichai, Mahasarakham, 44150, Thailand
| | - Thodsaphon Lunnoo
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Energy Innovations and Modern Physics (EIMP), Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
- Division of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Poramed Wongjom
- Division of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Yingyot Infahsaeng
- Division of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Quantum Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Bunjong Thongdang
- Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand, Nonthaburi, 11130, Thailand
| | - Vittaya Amornkitbamrung
- Thailand Center of Excellence in Physics (ThEP center), Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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Song Y, Tang J, Qi Y, Zhang J, Li Y, Wang F. A review on the dominating factor for the conductivity enhancement of PEDOTs: The affinity of polyanion shell toward post-processing reagents? POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Strain-Induced Self-Rolling of Electrochemically Deposited Co(OH)2 Films into Organic–Inorganic Microscrolls. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12081072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Strain-induced self-folding is a ubiquitous phenomenon in biology, but is rarely seen in brittle geological or synthetic inorganic materials. We here apply this concept for the preparation of three-dimensional free-standing microscrolls of cobalt hydroxide. Electrodeposition in the presence of structure-directing water-soluble polyelectrolytes interfering with solid precipitation is used to generate thin polymer/inorganic hybrid films, which undergo self-rolling upon drying. Mechanistically, we propose that heterogeneities with respect to the nanostructural motifs along the surface normal direction lead to substantial internal strain. A non-uniform response to the release of water then results in a bending motion of the two-dimensional Co(OH)2 layer accompanied by dewetting from the substrate. Pseudomorphic conversion into Co3O4 affords the possibility to generate hierarchically structured solids with inherent catalytic activity. Hence, we present an electrochemically controllable precipitation system, in which the biological concepts of organic matrix-directed mineralization and strain-induced self-rolling are combined and translated into a functional material.
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Martínez-Cartagena ME, Bernal-Martínez J, Banda-Villanueva A, Magaña I, Córdova T, Ledezma-Pérez A, Fernández-Tavizón S, Díaz de León R. A Comparative Study of Biomimetic Synthesis of EDOT-Pyrrole and EDOT-Aniline Copolymers by Peroxidase-like Catalysts: Towards Tunable Semiconductive Organic Materials. Front Chem 2022; 10:915264. [PMID: 35844638 PMCID: PMC9278020 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.915264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been two decades since biomimetic synthesis of conducting polymers were first reported, however, the systematic investigation of how catalysts influence the properties of the conducting polymers has not been reported yet. In this paper, we report a comparative study between peroxidase-like catalyst, dopants, and their effect on the properties of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), polypyrrole (PPY), and polyaniline (PANI). We also investigate the EDOT-Pyrrole and EDOT-Aniline copolymerization by enzymomimetic synthesis using two catalysts (Ferrocene and Hematin). It was found that, chemically, there are no detectable effects, only having small contributions in molar ratios greater than 0.7–0.3. Spectroscopic data provide solid evidence concerning the effect in the variation of the molar fractions, finding that, as the molar fraction of EDOT decreases, changes associated with loss of the conjugation of the structure and the oxidation state of the chains were observed. The electrical conductivity was considerably modified depending on the type of catalyst. Hematin produces conductive homopolymers and copolymers when doped with p-toluene sulfonic acid (TSA), while ferrocene produces low conductive copolymers under the same conditions. The mole fraction affects conductivity significantly, showing that as the EDOT fraction decreases, the conductivity drops drastically for both EDOT-PY and EDOT-ANI copolymers. The type of dopant also notably affects conductivity; the best values were obtained by doping with TSA, while the lowest were obtained when doping with polystyrene sulfonate (PSS). We also draw a biomimetic route to tailor the fundamental properties of conducting homopolymers and copolymers for their design and scaled-up production, as they have recently been found to have use in a broad range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Arnulfo Banda-Villanueva
- Polymerization Processes Department, Research Center in Applied Chemistry (CIQA), Saltillo, México
| | - Ilse Magaña
- Polymerization Processes Department, Research Center in Applied Chemistry (CIQA), Saltillo, México
| | - Teresa Córdova
- Polymerization Processes Department, Research Center in Applied Chemistry (CIQA), Saltillo, México
| | - Antonio Ledezma-Pérez
- Advanced Materials Department, Research Center in Applied Chemistry (CIQA), Saltillo, México
| | | | - Ramón Díaz de León
- Polymerization Processes Department, Research Center in Applied Chemistry (CIQA), Saltillo, México
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Novel Water-Based Paints for Composite Materials Used in Electromagnetic Shielding Applications. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030487. [PMID: 35159833 PMCID: PMC8838246 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The development of materials offering electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding is of significant consideration, since this can help in expanding the lifetime of devices, electromagnetic compatibility, as well as the protection of biological systems. Conductive paints used widely today in electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding applications are often based on organic solvents that can create safety issues due to the subsequent environment problems. This paper concerned the development of eco-friendly conductive water-based paints for use in EMI-shielding applications. Graphene nanoplatelets, polyaniline emeraldine (PANI) doped with poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSS) or HCl or HBr and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) in various ratios were employed in a water base for developing the paints. The target was to develop homogeneous water-based paint-like fluid mixtures easily applied onto surfaces using a paint brush, leading in homogeneous, uniform, opaque layers, draying fast in air at room temperature, and having quite good electrical conductivity that can offer efficient EMI-shielding performance. The results of this parametric trial indicated the optimum compositions leading in paints with optimized properties that can result in uniform, homogeneous, and conductive layers up to a thickness of over 500 μm without deformation and cracking, offering attenuation of up to 60 dBs of incoming GHz electromagnetic radiation. In addition, the structural and morphological characteristics of these paints were studied in detail.
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Lo CY, Wu Y, Awuyah E, Meli D, Nguyen DM, Wu R, Xu B, Strzalka J, Rivnay J, Martin DC, Kayser LV. Influence of the molecular weight and size distribution of PSS on mixed ionic-electronic transport in PEDOT:PSS. Polym Chem 2022; 13:2764-2775. [PMID: 36189107 PMCID: PMC9523623 DOI: 10.1039/d2py00271j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The commercially available polyelectrolyte complex poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is ubiquitous in organic and hybrid electronics. As such, it has often been used as a benchmark material for fundamental studies and the development of new electronic devices. Yet, most studies on PEDOT:PSS have focused on its electronic conductivity in dry environments, with less consideration given to its ion transport, coupled ionic-electronic transport, and charge storage properties in aqueous environments. These properties are essential for applications in bioelectronics (sensors, actuators), charge storage devices, and electrochromic displays. Importantly, past studies on mixed ionic-electronic transport in PEDOT:PSS neglected to consider how the molecular structure of PSS affects mixed ionic-electronic transport. Herein, we therefore investigated the effect of the molecular weight and size distribution of PSS on the electronic properties and morphology of PEDOT:PSS both in dry and aqueous environments, and overall performance in organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). Using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization with two different chain transfer agents, six PSS samples with monomodal, narrow (Đ = 1.1) and broad (Đ = 1.7) size distributions and varying molecular weights were synthesized and used as matrices for PEDOT. We found that using higher molecular weight of PSS (M n = 145 kg mol-1) and broad dispersity led to OECTs with the highest transconductance (up to 16 mS) and [μC * ] values (~140 F·cm-1V-1s-1) in PEDOT:PSS, despite having a lower volumetric capacitance (C * = 35 ± 4 F cm-3). The differences were best explained by studying the microstructure of the films by atomic force microscopy (AFM). We found that heterogeneities in the PEDOT:PSS films (interconnected and large PEDOT- and PSS-rich domains) obtained from high molecular weight and high dispersity PSS led to higher charge mobility (μ OECT ~ 4 cm2V-1s-1) and hence transconductance. These studies highlight the importance of considering molecular weight and size distribution in organic mixed ionic-electronic conductor, and could pave the way to designing high performance organic electronics for biological interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yuan Lo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - Yuhang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - Elorm Awuyah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - Dilara Meli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Dan My Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - Ruiheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Bohan Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Joseph Strzalka
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60611
| | - Jonathan Rivnay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - David C Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716
| | - Laure V Kayser
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716
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Kameyama R, Fujino T, Dekura S, Mori H. Conjugation Length Effect on the Conducting Behavior of Single-crystalline Oligo(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (nEDOT) Radical Cation Salts. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:9130-9134. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00250g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The conjugation length is a unique structural factor for oligomer-based π-conjugated conductors as it modulates their electronic structures. Herein, we demonstrated the conjugation length effects on conductivity by comparing a...
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Imae I, Goto T, Ooyama Y, Harima Y. Thermoelectric properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) with fluorine-containing polyanion as dopant. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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10
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Dong H, Zheng E, Niu Z, Zhang X, Lin YY, Jain P, Yu Q. Hydroxymethyl-Functionalized PEDOT-MeOH:PSS for Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:17571-17582. [PMID: 32204591 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Poly(hydroxymethylated-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT-MeOH:PSS) conducting polymers are synthesized and incorporated in inverted structured perovskite solar cells (PVSCs) as hole transport materials. The highest occupied molecular orbital of PEDOT-MeOH is lowered by adding a hydroxymethyl (-MeOH) functional group to ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), and thus, the work function of PEDOT-MeOH:PSS is increased. Additionally, hydrogen bonding can be formed among EDOT-MeOH monomers and between EDOT-MeOH monomers and sulfate groups on PSS, which promotes PEDOT-MeOH chain growth and enhances PSS doping. The electronic, microstructural, and surface morphological properties of PEDOT-MeOH:PSS are modified by changing the amounts of PSS and the ferric oxidizing agent used in the polymerization and by adding ethylene glycol in the postsynthesis treatment. The PVSCs based on ethylene-glycol-treated PEDOT-MeOH:PSS overperform the PVSCs based on commercial PEDOT:PSS because of the better energetic alignment and the enhancement of PEDOT-MeOH:PSS electrical conductivity. This work opens the way to develop new hole transport materials for highly efficient inverted PVSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Erjin Zheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Zhiyin Niu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Yi-Yu Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Priyesh Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Qiuming Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Lee H, Kim Y, Cho H, Lee JG, Kim JH. Improvement of PEDOT:PSS linearity via controlled addition process. RSC Adv 2019; 9:17318-17324. [PMID: 35519849 PMCID: PMC9064581 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra03040a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), which is a conductive polymer, has gained immense attention as a next-generation transparent electrode. However, in order to realize its practical application, it is imperative that its optical and electrical properties should be improved. Generally, acid dopants are added to improve optical and electrical properties. In this study, however, we replaced the batch process used for manufacturing PEDOT:PSS with a controlled addition process to improve its optical and electrical properties efficiently without additional additives and processes. In this process, the rate of polymerization and the structure of the product could be regulated by controlling the amount of monomer and catalyst. Moreover, we investigated the efficiency of the controlled addition process both theoretically and experimentally. The proposed approach was used to increase the linearity of PEDOT and the proportion of PEDOT attached to the PSS chain to improve transmittance by 6.2% (73 to 79.2% at 100 ohm) and conductivity by 39.68% (446 to 623 S cm−1). It was determined that the properties of PEDOT:PSS could be improved using the proposed method during the polymerization process. PEDOT:PSS linearity enhancement using controlled addition process.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjoo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
- South Korea
| | - Youngno Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
- South Korea
| | - Hangyeol Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
- South Korea
| | - Jin-geun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
- South Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- Yonsei University
- Seoul
- South Korea
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