Efficient remediation of crude oil-contaminated soil using a solvent/surfactant system

Optimum conditions of zero-valent iron nanoparticle stabilized foam application for diesel-contaminated soil remediation involving three major soil types

Stability of foam, enhanced by nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) and its optimized constituents, may have significant potential for effective treatment of soil contaminated with diesel oil-a major environmental problem. The optimum diesel removal efficiency from distinct types of soil accomplished by the unique application of such foams as well as the optimum conditions of the foaming constituents have not been reported in literature so far. Hence, in this work, the removal of diesel contaminant from different soil types (desert, coastal, clay soil) is optimized, and the optimized results are reported for the first time, using response surface methodology (RSM), for alkylpolyglucoside phosphate (APG-Ph) foam, stabilized by nZVI. The effect of concentrations of APG-Ph (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.1 volume %) and nZVI (2, 3, and 3.5 mg/l) on diesel removal efficacy from soil is studied using Box-Behnken design (BBD) of response surface methodology (RSM). Maximum diesel removal efficiency obtained at a concentration of 0.1 volume % APG-Ph foam with 3.5 mg/l nZVI for desert, coastal, and clay soil is 94.6, 95.3, and 57.5%, respectively. The optimum concentrations of APG-Ph and nZVI are found to be 0.98 volume % and 0.8 mg/l, respectively. Validation of this optimal condition experimentally results in highest removal efficiency of 98.3, 97.2, and 75.9% for desert, coastal, and clay soil respectively. This is in good agreement with the predicted values by RSM (98.67, 97.57, and 76.85%). The maximum diesel removal efficiency predicted at optimal concentration of APG-Ph and nZVI is significantly larger than the results reported in literature in last three years.