1
|
Rasheed PA, Ankitha M, Pillai VK, Alwarappan S. Graphene quantum dots for biosensing and bioimaging. RSC Adv 2024; 14:16001-16023. [PMID: 38765479 PMCID: PMC11099990 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01431f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) are low dimensional carbon based materials with interesting physical, chemical and biological properties that enable their applications in numerous fields. GQDs possess unique electronic structures that impart special functional attributes such as tunable optical/electrical properties in addition to heteroatom-doping and more importantly a propensity for surface functionalization for applications in biosensing and bioimaging. Herein, we review the recent advancements in the top-down and bottom-up approaches for the synthesis of GQDs. Following this, we present a detailed review of the various surface properties of GQDs and their applications in bioimaging and biosensing. GQDs have been used for fluorescence imaging for visualizing tumours and monitoring the therapeutic responses in addition to magnetic resonance imaging applications. Similarly, the photoluminescence based biosensing applications of GQDs for the detection of hydrogen peroxide, micro RNA, DNA, horse radish peroxidase, heavy metal ions, negatively charged ions, cardiac troponin, etc. are discussed in this review. Finally, we conclude the review with a discussion on future prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Abdul Rasheed
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Palakkad Kerala 678 557 India
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Palakkad Kerala 678 557 India
| | - Menon Ankitha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Palakkad Kerala 678 557 India
| | - Vijayamohanan K Pillai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Rami Reddy Nagar Mangalam Tirupati AP 517507 India
| | - Subbiah Alwarappan
- Electrodics & Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute Karaikudi 630003 Tamilnadu India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kumar Verma V, Srivastava P, Sabbarwal S, Singh M, Koch B, Kumar M. White Light Emitting Gadolinium Oxide Nanoclusters for
In‐vitro
Bio‐imaging. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Verma
- Nano2Micro Material Design Lab IIT (BHU) Varanasi UP India
- School of Biomedical Engineering IIT (BHU) Varanasi 221005, UP India
| | - Prachi Srivastava
- Nano2Micro Material Design Lab IIT (BHU) Varanasi UP India
- School of Biomedical Engineering IIT (BHU) Varanasi 221005, UP India
| | - Shivesh Sabbarwal
- Nano2Micro Material Design Lab IIT (BHU) Varanasi UP India
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology IIT (BHU) Varanasi, 221005, UP India
| | - Mamata Singh
- Department of Zoology Banaras Hindu University Varanasi UP - 221005 India
| | - Biplob Koch
- Department of Zoology Banaras Hindu University Varanasi UP - 221005 India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Nano2Micro Material Design Lab IIT (BHU) Varanasi UP India
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Technology IIT (BHU) Varanasi, 221005, UP India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gaurav A, Jain A, Tripathi SK. Review on Fluorescent Carbon/Graphene Quantum Dots: Promising Material for Energy Storage and Next-Generation Light-Emitting Diodes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7888. [PMID: 36431372 PMCID: PMC9695987 DOI: 10.3390/ma15227888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon/graphene quantum dots are 0D fluorescent carbon materials with sizes ranging from 2 nm to around 50 nm, with some attractive properties and diverse applications. Different synthesis routes, bandgap variation, higher stability, low toxicity with tunable emission, and the variation of physical and chemical properties with change in size have drawn immense attention to its potential application in different optoelectronics-based materials, especially advanced light-emitting diodes and energy storage devices. WLEDs are a strong candidate for the future of solid-state lighting due to their higher luminance and luminous efficiency. High-performance batteries play an important part in terms of energy saving and storage. In this review article, the authors provide a comparative analysis of recent and ongoing advances in synthesis (top-down and bottom-up), properties, and wide applications in different kinds of next-generation light-emitting diodes such as WLEDs, and energy storage devices such as batteries (Li-B, Na-B) and supercapacitors. Furthermore, they discuss the potential applications and progress of carbon dots in battery applications such as electrode materials. The authors also summarise the developmental stages and challenges in the existing field, the state-of-the-art of carbon/graphene quantum dots, and the potential and possible solutions for the same.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Gaurav
- Graduate Institute of Photonics and Optoelectronics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Amrita Jain
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5B, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Santosh Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari 845401, Bihar, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu S, Deng B, Yang J, Liu J, Chen J, Zeng F, Wang H, Yu R, Zhang G. Multi-site occupancies and luminescence properties of cyan-emitting Ca9–NaGd2/3(PO4)7:Eu2+ phosphors for white light-emitting diodes. J RARE EARTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
5
|
Tabish TA, Hayat H, Abbas A, Narayan RJ. Graphene Quantum Dots-Based Electrochemical Biosensing Platform for Early Detection of Acute Myocardial Infarction. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:77. [PMID: 35200338 PMCID: PMC8869523 DOI: 10.3390/bios12020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure resulting from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is an important global health problem. Treatments of heart failure and AMI have improved significantly over the past two decades; however, the available diagnostic tests only give limited insights into these heterogeneous conditions at a reversible stage and are not precise enough to evaluate the status of the tissue at high risk. Innovative diagnostic tools for more accurate, more reliable, and early diagnosis of AMI are urgently needed. A promising solution is the timely identification of prognostic biomarkers, which is crucial for patients with AMI, as myocardial dysfunction and infarction lead to more severe and irreversible changes in the cardiovascular system over time. The currently available biomarkers for AMI detection include cardiac troponin I (cTnI), cardiac troponin T (cTnT), myoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein, and creatine kinase and myoglobin. Most recently, electrochemical biosensing technologies coupled with graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have emerged as a promising platform for the identification of troponin and myoglobin. The results suggest that GQDs-integrated electrochemical biosensors can provide useful prognostic information about AMI at an early, reversible, and potentially curable stage. GQDs offer several advantages over other nanomaterials that are used for the electrochemical detection of AMI such as strong interactions between cTnI and GQDs, low biomarker consumption, and reusability of the electrode; graphene-modified electrodes demonstrate excellent electrochemical responses due to the conductive nature of graphene and other features of GQDs (e.g., high specific surface area, π-π interactions with the analyte, facile electron-transfer mechanisms, size-dependent optical features, interplay between bandgap and photoluminescence, electrochemical luminescence emission capability, biocompatibility, and ease of functionalization). Other advantages include the presence of functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, and epoxide groups, which enhance the solubility and dispersibility of GQDs in a wide variety of solvents and biological media. In this perspective article, we consider the emerging knowledge regarding the early detection of AMI using GQDs-based electrochemical sensors and address the potential role of this sensing technology which might lead to more efficient care of patients with AMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer A. Tabish
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
| | - Hasan Hayat
- College of Engineering, Swansea University, Wales SA1 8EN, UK;
| | - Aumber Abbas
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;
| | - Roger J. Narayan
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7907, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ghaffarkhah A, Hosseini E, Kamkar M, Sehat AA, Dordanihaghighi S, Allahbakhsh A, van der Kuur C, Arjmand M. Synthesis, Applications, and Prospects of Graphene Quantum Dots: A Comprehensive Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2102683. [PMID: 34549513 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dot (GQD) is one of the youngest superstars of the carbon family. Since its emergence in 2008, GQD has attracted a great deal of attention due to its unique optoelectrical properties. Non-zero bandgap, the ability to accommodate functional groups and dopants, excellent dispersibility, highly tunable properties, and biocompatibility are among the most important characteristics of GQDs. To date, GQDs have displayed significant momentum in numerous fields such as energy devices, catalysis, sensing, photodynamic and photothermal therapy, drug delivery, and bioimaging. As this field is rapidly evolving, there is a strong need to identify the emerging challenges of GQDs in recent advances, mainly because some novel applications and numerous innovations on the ease of synthesis of GQDs are not systematically reviewed in earlier studies. This feature article provides a comparative and balanced discussion of recent advances in synthesis, properties, and applications of GQDs. Besides, current challenges and future prospects of these emerging carbon-based nanomaterials are also highlighted. The outlook provided in this review points out that the future of GQD research is boundless, particularly if upcoming studies focus on the ease of purification and eco-friendly synthesis along with improving the photoluminescence quantum yield and production yield of GQDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmadreza Ghaffarkhah
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ehsan Hosseini
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Milad Kamkar
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ali Akbari Sehat
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Sara Dordanihaghighi
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Ahmad Allahbakhsh
- Department of Materials and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Colin van der Kuur
- ZEN Graphene Solutions, 210-1205 Amber Dr., Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 6M4, Canada
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Nandi N, Gaurav S, Sarkar P, Kumar S, Sahu K. Hit Multiple Targets with One Arrow: Pb 2+ and ClO - Detection by Edge Functionalized Graphene Quantum Dots and Their Applications in Living Cells. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:7605-7614. [PMID: 35006709 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recently, multimodal detection of analytes through a single nanoprobe has become an eminent approach for researchers. Herein a fluorescent nanoprobe, functionalized-GQD (F-GQD), has been designed through edge functionalization of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) by 2,6-diaminopyridine molecules. The fluorescence of F-GQD is quite sensitive to medium pH, making it a suitable pH sensor within the pH range 2-6. Interestingly, F-GQD shows dual sensing of Pb2+ and ClO- by entirely different pathways; Pb2+ exhibits fluorescence turn-on performance while ClO- triggers turn-off fluorescence quenching. The fluorescence enhancement may originate from the Pb2+-induced aggregation of the nanodots. The limit of detection (LOD) was also impressive, 1.2 μM and 12.6 nM for Pb2+ and ClO-, respectively. The detailed mechanistic investigations reveal that both dynamic and static quenching effects operate together in the F-GQD-ClO- system. The dynamic quenching was attributed to the energy migration from F-GQD to ClO- through hydrogen bonding interaction (static quenching) between the amine group at the F-GQD surface and ClO-. The F-GQD nanodot reveals excellent sensitivity toward the detection of ClO- in real samples. Moreover, the F-GQDs also serve as multicolor fluorescent probes for cell imaging; the probe can easily penetrate the cell membrane and successfully detect intracellular ClO-.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjana Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Shubham Gaurav
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039 Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Priyanka Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039 Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Kalyanasis Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang HJ, Hou WY, Hao YW, Jiang WS, Chen HL, Zhang QQ. Novel yellow solid-state fluorescent-emitting carbon dots with high quantum yield for white light-emitting diodes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 250:119340. [PMID: 33422881 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence quenching of carbon dots (CDs) occurs in their aggregated state ascribed to direct π-π interactions or excessive resonance energy transfer (RET). Thus, CDs have been severely restricted for applications requiring phosphors that emit in the solid state, such as the fabrication of white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs). In this report, novel CDs with bright solid-state fluorescence (SSF) were synthesized by simple microwave-assisted synthesis method, using 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (cyclen) and citric acid as precursors. Under 365 nm UV light, these CDs emit bright yellow SSF, indicating they successfully overcome the aggregation-induced fluorescence quenching (ACQ) effect. When the excitation wavelength (λex) is fixed at 450 nm, the emission peak of the CDs is centered at 546 nm with the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage chromaticity (CIE) coordinates of (0.43, 0.55), which means that they can be combined with a blue-emitting chip in order to fabricate WLEDs. More importantly, the absolute quantum yield (QY) of these CDs powder reached 48% at λex of 450 nm, which was much higher than many previously reported SSF-emitting CDs and indicating their high light conversion ability in solid-state. Thanks to the excellent optical property of these CDs powder, they were successfully used in the preparation of high-performance WLEDs. This study not only enriches SSF-emitting CD-based nanomaterials with good prospects for application, but also provides valuable reference for subsequent research on the synthesis of solid-state fluorescent CDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jiao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material, School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Wan-Yi Hou
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material, School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yong-Wei Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material, School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Wen-Shuai Jiang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Hong-Li Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material, School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China.
| | - Qi-Qing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Material, School of Life Science and Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Permatasari FA, Nakul F, Mayangsari TR, Aimon AH, Nuryadin BW, Bisri SZ, Ogi T, Iskandar F. Solid-state nitrogen-doped carbon nanoparticles with tunable emission prepared by a microwave-assisted method. RSC Adv 2021; 11:39917-39923. [PMID: 35494130 PMCID: PMC9044554 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07290k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tunable emissive solid-state carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) have been successfully synthesized by a facile synthesis through microwave irradiation. Modulating microwave interaction with the sample to generate abrupt localized heating is a long-term challenge to tailor the photoluminescence properties of CNPs. This study systematically revealed that the sample temperature through microwave irradiation plays a crucial role in controlling the photoluminescence properties over other reaction conditions, such as irradiation time and microwave duty cycle. When the sample temperature reached 155 °C in less than three minutes, the CNP sample exhibited a green-yellowish emission with the highest quantum yield (QY) of 14.6%. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) study revealed that the tunable photoluminescence properties of the CNPs can possibly be ascribed to their nitrogen concentrations, which were dictated by the sample temperature during irradiation. This study opens up a promising route for the well-controlled synthesis of luminescent CNPs through microwave irradiation. Tunable emissive solid-state carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) have been successfully synthesized by a facile synthesis through microwave irradiation.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fitri Aulia Permatasari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Batam, Jalan Ahmad Yani, Batam, Riau 29461, Indonesia
| | - Fitriyanti Nakul
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Batam, Batam, Indonesia
| | | | - Akfiny Hasdi Aimon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Batam, Jalan Ahmad Yani, Batam, Riau 29461, Indonesia
| | - Bebeh Wahid Nuryadin
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, Jl. A. H. Nasution 105, Bandung, Indonesia 40614
| | | | - Takashi Ogi
- Chemical Engineering Program, Department of Advanced Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8527, Japan
| | - Ferry Iskandar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Batam, Jalan Ahmad Yani, Batam, Riau 29461, Indonesia
- Research Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung, Indonesia 40132
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Vu KB, Le Phuc Nhi T, Vu VV, Tung Ngo S. How do magnetic, structural, and electronic criteria of aromaticity relate to HOMO – LUMO gap? An evaluation for graphene quantum dot and its derivatives. Chem Phys 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2020.110951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
11
|
Gu S, Hsieh CT, Ashraf Gandomi Y, Li J, Yue XX, Chang JK. Tailoring fluorescence emissions, quantum yields, and white light emitting from nitrogen-doped graphene and carbon nitride quantum dots. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:16553-16561. [PMID: 31455955 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr05422g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Highly fluorescent N-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) and graphitic carbon nitride quantum dots (CNQDs, g-C3N4) were synthesized using a solid-phase microwave-assisted (SPMA) technique. The SPMA method, based on the pyrolysis of citric acid and urea with different recipes, is capable of producing quantum dots with coexisting NGQDs and CNQDs at 280 °C within only five minutes. The photoluminescence (PL) emissions from NGQD and CNQDs are strongly dependent on the excitation wavelength and the solvent type, i.e., water, ethanol, and N-methyl pyrrolidinone. The unique attribute of the quantum dots, possessing a multiple chromophoric band-gap structure, originates from the presence of g-C3N4, defect-related emissive traps, and grain boundaries. Thus, an appropriate excitation wavelength induces a conjugated π electron system to fulfill the most probable absorption band, resulting in wavelength-dependent emissions including ultraviolet, visible and infrared light. The quantum yield of the NGQD and CNQD samples can reach as high as 68.1%. Accordingly, a light-emitting device using the combination of the NGQD and CNQD powder embedded polymeric film can emit white-like light with ultra-high power-conversion efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyong Gu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, China
| | - Chien-Te Hsieh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 32003, Taiwan. and Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Yasser Ashraf Gandomi
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA and Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institude of Technology, Cambridge, MA02142, USA
| | - Jianlin Li
- Energy and Transportation Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN 37831, USA
| | - Xing Xing Yue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jeng-Kuei Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|