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Hollstein S, von Delius M. The Dynamic Chemistry of Orthoesters and Trialkoxysilanes: Making Supramolecular Hosts Adaptive, Fluxional, and Degradable. Acc Chem Res 2024. [PMID: 38286767 PMCID: PMC10882968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusThe encapsulation of ions into macro(bi)cyclic hosts lies at the core of supramolecular chemistry. While chemically inert hosts such as crown ethers (synthesis) and cyclodextrins (Febreze) have enabled real-world applications, there is a wider and accelerating trend toward functional molecules and materials that are stimuli-responsive, degradable, or recyclable. To endow supramolecular hosts with these properties, a deviation from ether C-O bonds is required, and functional groups that engage in equilibrium reactions under relatively mild conditions are needed.In this Account, we describe our group's work on supramolecular hosts that comprise orthoester and trialkoxysilane bridgeheads. In their simplest structural realization, these compounds resemble both Cram's crown ethers (macrocycles with oxygen donor atoms) and Lehn's cryptands (macrobicycles with 3-fold symmetry). It is therefore not surprising that these new hosts were found to have a natural propensity to bind cations relatively strongly. In recent work, we were also able to create anion-binding hosts by placing disubstituted urea motifs at the center of the tripodal architecture. Structural modifications of either the terminal substituents (e.g., H vs CH3 on the bridgehead), the diol (e.g., chiral), or the bridgehead atom itself (Si vs C) were found to have profound implications on the guest-binding properties.What makes orthoester/trialkoxysilane hosts truly unique is their dynamic covalent chemistry. The ability to conduct exchange reactions with alcohols at the bridgehead carbon or silicon atom is first and foremost an opportunity to develop highly efficient syntheses. Indeed, all hosts presented in this Account were prepared via templated self-assembly in yields of up to 90%. This efficiency is remarkable because the macrobicyclic architecture is established in one single step from at least five components. A second opportunity presented by dynamic bridgeheads is that suitable mixtures of orthoester hosts or their subcomponents can be adaptive, i.e. they respond to the presence of guests such that the addition of a certain guest can dictate the formation of a preferred host. In an extreme example of dynamic adaptivity, we found that ammonium ions can fulfill the dual role of catalyst for orthoester exchange and cationic template for efficient host formation, representing an unprecedented example of a fluxional supramolecular complex. The third implication of dynamic bridgeheads is due to the reaction of orthoesters and trialkoxysilanes with water instead of alcohols. We describe in detail how the hydrolysis rate differs strongly between O,O,O-orthoesters, S,S,S-trithioorthoesters, and trialkoxysilanes and how it is tunable by the choice of substituents and pH.We expect that the fundamental insights into exchange and degradation kinetics described in this Account will be useful far beyond supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Hollstein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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2
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Hollstein S, Shyshov O, Hanževački M, Zhao J, Rudolf T, Jäger CM, von Delius M. Dynamic Covalent Self-Assembly of Chloride- and Ion-Pair-Templated Cryptates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201831. [PMID: 35384202 PMCID: PMC9400851 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
While supramolecular hosts capable of binding and transporting anions and ion pairs are now widely available, self‐assembled architectures are still rare, even though they offer an inherent mechanism for the release of the guest ion(s). In this work, we report the dynamic covalent self‐assembly of tripodal, urea‐based anion cryptates that are held together by two orthoester bridgeheads. These hosts exhibit affinity for anions such as Cl−, Br− or I− in the moderate range that is typically advantageous for applications in membrane transport. In unprecedented experiments, we were able to dissociate the Cs⋅Cl ion pair by simultaneously assembling suitably sized orthoester hosts around the Cs+ and the Cl− ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Hollstein
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Shyshov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marko Hanževački
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Jie Zhao
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tamara Rudolf
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christof M Jäger
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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3
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Hollstein S, Shyshov O, Hanževački M, Zhao J, Rudolf T, Jäger CM, Delius M. Dynamisch kovalente Selbstassemblierung von Chlorid‐ und Ionenpaar‐templierten Kryptaten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Selina Hollstein
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Oleksandr Shyshov
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Marko Hanževački
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD Großbritannien
| | - Jie Zhao
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Tamara Rudolf
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Christof M. Jäger
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering University of Nottingham University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD Großbritannien
| | - Max Delius
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
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4
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Li H, Chen W, Zhao Y, Zou Y, Zhao X, Song J, Ma P, Niu J, Wang J. Regulating the catalytic activity of multi-Ru-bridged polyoxometalates based on differential active site environments with six-coordinate geometry and five-coordinate geometry transitions. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:8077-8086. [PMID: 33899868 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01447a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Five-coordinate geometry around ruthenium with highly exposed active sites has attracted intensive scientific interest due to its superior properties and extensive applications. Herein, we report a series of structurally controllable multi-Ru-bridged polyoxometalates, K5NaH10[{Ru4(H2O)n}(WO2)4(AsW9O33)4]·mH2O {1, 1-dehyd-373K, 1-dehyd-473K, 1-dehyd-573K; n = 4, m = 36; n = 4, m = 6; n = 4, m = 0; n = 0, m = 0} fabricated through a feasible assembly strategy using arsenotungstate {2, KNa12H17Cl2(As4W40O140)·29H2O} as a structure-directing unit. Systematic characterization methods identified that the six-coordinate geometry can successfully transform into five-coordinate geometry about active sites (Ru) by removing aqua ligands under high reaction temperatures. All the multi-Ru-bridged polyoxometalates demonstrated strong stability and catalytic effectiveness in the transformation of 1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol to 4'-chloroacetophenone under very mild conditions. 1-dehyd-573K, specifically, achieves the best catalytic effectiveness with a turnover frequency (TOF) = 25 100·h-1 owing to its unique five-coordinate geometry on the Ru sites. To our knowledge, 1-dehyd-573K outperforms other POM-based catalysts in the oxidative catalysis of 1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanol. The heterogeneous polyoxometalates were also proven to be strongly reusable, with their structural integrities well maintained after multiple-cycle catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafeng Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China.
| | - Wenjing Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China.
| | - Yujie Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China.
| | - Yan Zou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China.
| | - Xue Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China.
| | - Junpeng Song
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China.
| | - Pengtao Ma
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China.
| | - Jingyang Niu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China.
| | - Jingping Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China.
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Schnitzer T, Vantomme G. Synthesis of Complex Molecular Systems-The Foreseen Role of Organic Chemists. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2020; 6:2060-2070. [PMID: 33274282 PMCID: PMC7706085 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.0c00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
How to control the self-assembly of complex molecular systems is unknown. Yet, these complex molecular systems are fundamental for advances in material and biomedical sciences. A step forward is to transform one-step self-assembly into multistep synthesis involving covalent and noncovalent reactions. Key to this approach is to explore the chemical space at the frontiers of advanced covalent synthesis and supramolecular chemistry. Herein, we describe a selection of such reported cases and provide a guide for current limitations and insights for future directions. This outlook is meant to trigger collaborations between synthetic organic and supramolecular chemists, to expand the repertoire of organic syntheses working with supramolecular assemblies and thereby join forces to achieve stepwise emergence of molecular complexity in supramolecular systems.
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Palmer U, Puchta R. Wirt-Gast-Komplexe von [bfu.bfu.bfu]: Vorhersage von Ionenselektivitäten mittels quantenchemischer Rechnungen XIII. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2020-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The CH2–O–C2H4–O–CH2 moieties in Lehn’s cryptand [2.2.2] have been substituted by 2,2′-bifurane groups to get the cryptand [bfu.bfu.bfu]. The ion selectivity of this new cryptand was investigated by DFT calculations (RB3LYP/LANL2DZp, RB3LYP/LACVP*, RBP86/LANL2DZp and RBP86/LACVP*) based on model equations and analysis of the [M ⊂ bfu.bfu.bfu]
n+ cryptate structures. The cryptand [bfu.bfu.bfu] is best suited for the alkali cations Na+ and K+, and the alkaline earth cation Sr2+ followed by Ca2+. The cavity of [bfu.bfu.bfu] is thus similar to that in [phen.phen.phen] or [bpy.bpy.bpy]. The selectivity of [bfu.bfu.bfu] is due to the flexibility of the OCCO und CN···NC dihedral angles. The results are independent of the selected DFT methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Palmer
- Anorganische Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie , Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Ralph Puchta
- Anorganische Chemie, Department Chemie und Pharmazie , Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen , Germany
- Computer Chemie Center, Department Chemie und Pharmazie , Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Nägelsbachstr. 25, 91052 Erlangen , Germany
- Zentralinstitut für Scientific Computing (ZISC) , Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Martensstr. 5a, 91058 Erlangen , Germany
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7
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Khademi Z, Nikoofar K. Applications of alkyl orthoesters as valuable substrates in organic transformations, focusing on reaction media. RSC Adv 2020; 10:30314-30397. [PMID: 35559005 PMCID: PMC9092620 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05276k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review we focus on applications of alkyl orthoesters as valuable and efficient substrates to perform various classes of two-component and multi-component organic reactions. The article has classified them according to two aspects, which are: (i) a focus on the reaction medium (solvent-free conditions, aqueous media, and organic solvents); and (ii) an examination of product structures. Reaction accomplishment under solvent-free conditions is an eco-friendly process with the absence of volatile toxic solvents, which puts it in line with green chemistry goals. Water is an interesting choice in organic transformations due to its inexpensiveness and safety. The authors hope their assessment will help chemists to attain new approaches for utilizing alkyl orthoesters in various organic synthetic methods. The review covers the corresponding literature up to the beginning of 2020. In this review we focus on applications of alkyl orthoesters as valuable and efficient substrates to perform various classes of two-component and multi-component organic reactions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Khademi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics & Chemistry, Alzahra University P.O. Box 1993891176 Tehran Iran +982188041344 +982188041344
| | - Kobra Nikoofar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics & Chemistry, Alzahra University P.O. Box 1993891176 Tehran Iran +982188041344 +982188041344
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8
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Ayme J, Dhers S, Lehn J. Triple Self-Sorting in Constitutional Dynamic Networks: Parallel Generation of Imine-Based Cu I , Fe II , and Zn II Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12484-12492. [PMID: 32286724 PMCID: PMC7383593 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Three imine-based metal complexes, having no overlap in terms of their compositions, have been simultaneously generated from the self-sorting of a constitutional dynamic library (CDL) containing three amines, three aldehydes, and three metal salts. The hierarchical ordering of the stability of the three metal complexes assembled and the leveraging of the antagonistic and agonistic relationships existing between the constituents within the constitutional dynamic network corresponding to the CDL were pivotal in achieving the sorting. Examination of the process by NMR spectroscopy showed that the self-sorting of the FeII and ZnII complexes depended on an interplay between the thermodynamic driving forces and a kinetic trap involved in their assembly. These results also exemplify the concept of "simplexity"-the fact that the output of a self-assembling system may be simplified by increasing its initial compositional complexity-as the two complexes could self-sort only in the presence of the third pair of organic components, those of the CuI complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐François Ayme
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology76344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Laboratoire de Chimie SupramoléculaireInstitut de Science et d'Ingénierie SupramoléculairesUniversité de Strasbourg8 allée Gaspard Monge67000StrasbourgFrance
| | - Sébastien Dhers
- Laboratoire de Chimie SupramoléculaireInstitut de Science et d'Ingénierie SupramoléculairesUniversité de Strasbourg8 allée Gaspard Monge67000StrasbourgFrance
| | - Jean‐Marie Lehn
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology76344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
- Laboratoire de Chimie SupramoléculaireInstitut de Science et d'Ingénierie SupramoléculairesUniversité de Strasbourg8 allée Gaspard Monge67000StrasbourgFrance
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9
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Ayme J, Dhers S, Lehn J. Triple Self‐Sorting in Constitutional Dynamic Networks: Parallel Generation of Imine‐Based Cu
I
, Fe
II
, and Zn
II
Complexes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean‐François Ayme
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Sébastien Dhers
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Jean‐Marie Lehn
- Institute of Nanotechnology Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
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10
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Hossain MM, Atkinson JL, Hartley CS. Dissipative Assembly of Macrocycles Comprising Multiple Transient Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13807-13813. [PMID: 32384209 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202001523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dissipative assembly has great potential for the creation of new adaptive chemical systems. However, while molecular assembly at equilibrium is routinely used to prepare complex architectures from polyfunctional monomers, species formed out of equilibrium have, to this point, been structurally very simple. In most examples the fuel simply effects the formation of a single short-lived covalent bond. Herein, we show that chemical fuels can assemble bifunctional components into macrocycles containing multiple transient bonds. Specifically, dicarboxylic acids give aqueous dianhydride macrocycles on treatment with a carbodiimide. The macrocycles are assembled efficiently as a consequence of both fuel-dependent and fuel-independent mechanisms; they undergo slower decomposition, building up as the fuel recycles the components, and are a favored product of the dynamic exchange of the anhydride bonds. These results create new possibilities for generating structurally sophisticated out-of-equilibrium species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua L Atkinson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - C Scott Hartley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
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11
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Hossain MM, Atkinson JL, Hartley CS. Dissipative Assembly of Macrocycles Comprising Multiple Transient Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202001523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua L. Atkinson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Miami University Oxford OH 45056 USA
| | - C. Scott Hartley
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry Miami University Oxford OH 45056 USA
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12
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Löw H, Mena-Osteritz E, Mullen KM, Jäger CM, von Delius M. Self-Assembly, Adaptive Response, and in,out-Stereoisomerism of Large Orthoformate Cryptands. Chempluschem 2020; 85:1008-1012. [PMID: 32347636 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report on triethylene glycol-based orthoformate cryptands, which adapt their bridgehead configurations in response to metal templates and intramolecular hydrogen bonding in a complex manner. In contrast to smaller 1.1.1-orthoformate cryptands, the inversion from out,out-2.2.2 to in,in-2.2.2 occurs spontaneously by thermal homeomorphic isomerization, i. e., without bond breakage. The global thermodynamic minimum of the entire network, which includes an unprecedented third isomer (in,out-2.2.2), could only be reached under conditions that facilitate dynamic covalent exchange. Both inversion processes were studied in detail, including DFT calculations and MD simulations, which were particularly helpful for explaining differences between equilibrium compositions in solvents chloroform and acetonitrile. Unexpectedly, the system could be driven to the in,out-2.2.2 state by using a metal template with a size mismatch with respect to the out,out-2.2.2 cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Löw
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elena Mena-Osteritz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kathleen M Mullen
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia
| | - Christof M Jäger
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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13
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Ayme JF, Lehn JM, Bailly C, Karmazin L. Simultaneous Generation of a [2 × 2] Grid-Like Complex and a Linear Double Helicate: a Three-Level Self-Sorting Process. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5819-5824. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Ayme
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d’Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, Université de Strasbourg, 8 allée Gaspard Monge, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Corinne Bailly
- Service de Radiocristallographie, Fédération de chimie Le Bel FR2010, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67008 Strasbourg, France
| | - Lydia Karmazin
- Service de Radiocristallographie, Fédération de chimie Le Bel FR2010, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67008 Strasbourg, France
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14
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Ayme JF, Lehn JM. Self-sorting of two imine-based metal complexes: balancing kinetics and thermodynamics in constitutional dynamic networks. Chem Sci 2019; 11:1114-1121. [PMID: 34084368 PMCID: PMC8146771 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04988f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A major hurdle in the development of complex constitutional dynamic networks (CDNs) is the lack of strategies to simultaneously control the output of two (or more) interconnected dynamic processes over several species, namely reversible covalent imine bond formation and dynamic metal-ligand coordination. We have studied in detail the self-sorting process of 11 constitutional dynamic libraries containing two different amines, aldehydes and metal salts into two imine-based metal complexes, having no overlap in terms of their compositions. This study allowed us to determine the factors influencing the fidelity of this process (concentration, electronic and steric parameters of the organic components, and nature of the metal cations). In all 11 systems, the outcome of the process was primarily determined by the ability of the octahedral metal ion to select its pair of components from the initial pool of components, with the composition of the weaker tetrahedral complex being imposed by the components rejected by the octahedral metal ions. Different octahedral metal ions required different levels of precision in the "assembling instructions" provided by the organic components of the CDN to guide it towards a sorted output. The concentration of the reaction mixture, and the electronic and steric properties of the initial components of the library were all found to influence the lifetime of unwanted metastable intermediates formed during the assembling of the two complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Ayme
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Laboratoire de Chimie Supramoléculaire, Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires, Université de Strasbourg 8 allée Gaspard Monge 67000 Strasbourg France
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15
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Collins MS, Shear TA, Smith EK, Strain SM, Zakharov LN, Johnson DW. Self-Assembly of a Trithioorthoformate-Capped Cyclophane and Its Endohedral Inclusion of a Methine Group. Chemistry 2019; 25:13290-13293. [PMID: 31456286 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
An unusual trithioorthoformate-capped cyclophane cage was assembled via antimony-activated iodine oxidation of thiols as confirmed by 1 H-NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The disulfide bridges can undergo desulfurization with hexamethylphosphorous triamide (HMPT) at ambient temperature to capture a trithioether cyclophane cage capped by the trithioorthoformate. In both cages a methine proton points directly into the small cavity. This unexpected structure is hypothesized to have formed as a result of haloform insertion during oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary S Collins
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, USA
| | - Trevor A Shear
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, USA
| | - Elizabeth K Smith
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, USA
| | - S Michael Strain
- CAMCOR-Center for Advanced Materials Characterization in Oregon, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1443, USA
| | - Lev N Zakharov
- CAMCOR-Center for Advanced Materials Characterization in Oregon, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1443, USA
| | - Darren W Johnson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403-1253, USA
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16
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Cao Z, Li W, Liu R, Li X, Li H, Liu L, Chen Y, Lv C, Liu Y. pH- and enzyme-triggered drug release as an important process in the design of anti-tumor drug delivery systems. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109340. [PMID: 31545284 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is necessary to design a reasonable drug delivery system(DDS) for targeted release to overcome the potential toxicity and poor selectivity of anti-tumor drug. How a drug is released from a DDS is a critical issue that determines whether the DDS is designed successfully. We all know that the microenvironment of tumors is quite different from normal tissues, such as its acidic environment, different expression levels of some enzymes, etc. These features are widely used in the design of DDSs and play an important role in the drug release process in vivo. Numerous DDSs have been designed and synthesized. This article attention to how drugs are released from DDSs. We summarizes and classify the characteristic enzymes and chemical bonds used in the drug release process by browsing a large number of papers, and describes how they are applied in DDSs with specific examples. By understanding these acid-sensitive chemical bonds and over-expressed enzymes in tumors, different DDSs can be designed for different drug structures to solve specific problems of anti-tumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwen Cao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wen Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Rui Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Linlin Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Youwen Chen
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Cheng Lv
- Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
| | - Yuanyan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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17
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Reaction of Glycerol with Trimethyl Orthoformate: Towards the Synthesis of New Glycerol Derivatives. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9060534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The reactivity of glycerol with trimethyl orthoformate is here described with an emphasis on developing a reliable synthetic approach for glycerol valorization. The glycerol based orthoester 4-(dimethoxymethoxy)methyl)-2-methoxy-1,3-dioxolane (3) was synthesized, under catalytic as well as catalyst-free conditions, by taking advantage of the thermodynamically controlled equilibrium between intermediates. Both Brønsted and Lewis acid catalysts accelerated the attainment of such an equilibrium, particularly Brønsted acidic ionic liquids BSMImHSO4 and BSMImBr were the most effective compounds for this reaction. The kinetic profiles allowed the proposal of a mechanism that accounts for the selectivity of the reaction.
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18
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Wang X, Shyshov O, Hanževački M, Jäger CM, von Delius M. Ammonium Complexes of Orthoester Cryptands Are Inherently Dynamic and Adaptive. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8868-8876. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Shyshov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Marko Hanževački
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Christof M. Jäger
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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19
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Haider T, Shyshov O, Suraeva O, Lieberwirth I, von Delius M, Wurm FR. Long-Chain Polyorthoesters as Degradable Polyethylene Mimics. Macromolecules 2019; 52:2411-2420. [PMID: 31496544 PMCID: PMC6727593 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The persistence of commodity polymers makes the research for degradable alternatives with similar properties necessary. Degradable polyethylene mimics containing orthoester groups were synthesized by olefin metathesis polymerization for the first time. Ring-opening metathesis copolymerization (ROMP) of 1,5-cyclooctadiene with four different cyclic orthoester monomers gave linear copolymers with molecular weights up to 38000 g mol-1. Hydrogenation of such copolymers produced semicrystalline polyethylene-like materials, which were only soluble in hot organic solvents. The crystallinity and melting points of the materials were controlled by the orthoester content of the copolymers. The polymers crystallized similar to polyethylene, but the relatively bulky orthoester groups were expelled from the crystal lattice. The lamellar thickness of the crystals was dependent on the amount of the orthoester groups. In addition, the orthoester substituents influenced the hydrolysis rate of the polymers in solution. Additionally, we were able to prove that non-hydrogenated copolymers with a high orthoester content were biodegraded by microorganisms from activated sludge from a local sewage plant. In general, all copolymers hydrolyzed under ambient conditions over a period of several months. This study represents the first report of hydrolysis-labile and potentially biodegradable PE mimics based on orthoester linkages. These materials may find use in applications that require the relatively rapid release of cargo, e.g., in biomedicine or nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Haider
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Shyshov
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Oksana Suraeva
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ingo Lieberwirth
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max Planck Institute
for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg
10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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20
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Löw H, Mena-Osteritz E, von Delius M. Self-templated synthesis of an orthoformate in,in-cryptand and its bridgehead inversion by dynamic covalent exchange. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11434-11437. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05968g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We report the template-free dynamic covalent self-assembly of a small orthoformate cryptand, which appears to be driven by the formation of two sets of intramolecular, four-centre hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Löw
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Ulm
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
| | | | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- University of Ulm
- 89081 Ulm
- Germany
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21
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Zhang S, Grimm L, Miskolczy Z, Biczók L, Biedermann F, Nau WM. Binding affinities of cucurbit[n]urils with cations. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:14131-14134. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc07687e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High binding constants of 19 inorganic cations with the cucurbit[n]uril homologues (CBn, n = 5, 6, 7, 8) in water were determined and the far-reaching consequences and interferences of the high affinities (millimolar to micromolar) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry
- Jacobs University
- Bremen
- Germany
| | - Laura Grimm
- Institute of Nanotechnology
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Zsombor Miskolczy
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- 1519 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - László Biczók
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- 1519 Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Frank Biedermann
- Institute of Nanotechnology
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen
- Germany
| | - Werner M. Nau
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry
- Jacobs University
- Bremen
- Germany
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22
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Percástegui EG, Mosquera J, Ronson TK, Plajer AJ, Kieffer M, Nitschke JR. Waterproof architectures through subcomponent self-assembly. Chem Sci 2018; 10:2006-2018. [PMID: 30881630 PMCID: PMC6385555 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05085f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Construction of metal–organic containers that are soluble and stable in water can be challenging – we present diverse strategies that allow the synthesis of kinetically robust water-soluble architectures via subcomponent self-assembly.
Metal–organic containers are readily prepared through self-assembly, but achieving solubility and stability in water remains challenging due to ligand insolubility and the reversible nature of the self-assembly process. Here we have developed conditions for preparing a broad range of architectures that are both soluble and kinetically stable in water through metal(ii)-templated (MII = CoII, NiII, ZnII, CdII) subcomponent self-assembly. Although these structures are composed of hydrophobic and poorly-soluble subcomponents, sulfate counterions render them water-soluble, and they remain intact indefinitely in aqueous solution. Two strategies are presented. Firstly, stability increased with metal–ligand bond strength, maximising when NiII was used as a template. Architectures that disassembled when CoII, ZnII and CdII templates were employed could be directly prepared from NiSO4 in water. Secondly, a higher density of connections between metals and ligands within a structure, considering both ligand topicity and degree of metal chelation, led to increased stability. When tritopic amines were used to build highly chelating ligands around ZnII and CdII templates, cryptate-like water-soluble structures were formed using these labile ions. Our synthetic platform provides a unified understanding of the elements of aqueous stability, allowing predictions of the stability of metal–organic cages that have not yet been prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesús Mosquera
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Tanya K Ronson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Alex J Plajer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Marion Kieffer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Jonathan R Nitschke
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , CB2 1EW , UK .
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23
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Orrillo AG, Escalante AM, Martinez-Amezaga M, Cabezudo I, Furlan RLE. Molecular Networks in Dynamic Multilevel Systems. Chemistry 2018; 25:1118-1127. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Gastón Orrillo
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET; S2002LRK Rosario Argentina
| | - Andrea M. Escalante
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET; S2002LRK Rosario Argentina
| | - Maitena Martinez-Amezaga
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET; S2002LRK Rosario Argentina
| | - Ignacio Cabezudo
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET; S2002LRK Rosario Argentina
| | - Ricardo L. E. Furlan
- Farmacognosia, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas; Universidad Nacional de Rosario-CONICET; S2002LRK Rosario Argentina
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24
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Roberts DA, Pilgrim BS, Sirvinskaite G, Ronson TK, Nitschke JR. Covalent Post-assembly Modification Triggers Multiple Structural Transformations of a Tetrazine-Edged Fe4L6 Tetrahedron. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9616-9623. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b05082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Derrick A. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ben S. Pilgrim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Giedre Sirvinskaite
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya K. Ronson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. Nitschke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom
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