1
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Amit E, Mondal R, Berg I, Nairoukh Z, Gross E. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Monolayers on Metal-Oxide Films: Correlations between Adsorption Mode and Surface Functionality. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:10374-10383. [PMID: 38701356 PMCID: PMC11100006 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands have been self-assembled on various metal and semimetal surfaces, creating a covalent bond with surface metal atoms that led to high thermal and chemical stability of the self-assembled monolayer. This study explores the self-assembly of NHCs on metal-oxide films (CuOx, FeOx, and TiOx) and reveals that the properties of these metal-oxide substrates play a pivotal role in dictating the adsorption behavior of NHCs, influencing the decomposition route of the monolayer and its impact on work function values. While the attachment of NHCs onto CuOx is via coordination with surface oxygen atoms, NHCs interact with TiOx through coordination with surface metal atoms and with FeOx via coordination with both metal and oxygen surface atoms. These distinct binding modes arise due to variances in the electronic properties of the metal atoms within the investigated metal-oxide films. Contact angle and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy measurements have shown a significantly higher impact of F-NHC adsorption on CuOx than on TiOx and FeOx , correlated to a preferred, averaged upright orientation of F-NHC on CuOx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einav Amit
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- The
Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Rajarshi Mondal
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Iris Berg
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- The
Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute
of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- The
Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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2
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Amit E, Berg I, Zhang W, Mondal R, Shema H, Gutkin V, Kravchuk T, Toste FD, Nairoukh Z, Gross E. Selective Deposition of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Monolayers on Designated Au Microelectrodes within an Electrode Array. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2302317. [PMID: 37667447 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of organic self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) in microelectronic devices requires precise spatial control over the self-assembly process. In this work, selective deposition of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) on specific electrodes within a two-microelectrode array is achieved by using pulsed electrodeposition. Spectroscopic analysis of the NHC-coated electrode arrays reveals that each electrode is selectively coated with a designated NHC. The impact of NHC monolayers on the electrodes' work function is quantified using Kelvin probe force microscopy. These measurements demonstrate that the work function values of each electrode can be independently tuned by the adsorption of a specific NHC. The presented deposition method enables to selectively coat designated microelectrodes in an electrode array with chosen NHC monolayers for tuning their chemical and electronic functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einav Amit
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Iris Berg
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Rajarshi Mondal
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Hadar Shema
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Vitaly Gutkin
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Tatyana Kravchuk
- Surface Science Laboratory of Solid-State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Zackaria Nairoukh
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel
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3
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Li J, Liang J, Lan MH, Xia XH. Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Nanoscale Infrared Techniques for Catalysis. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:11318-11323. [PMID: 38064367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanoscale infrared (nano-IR) techniques have found extensive application in the fields of chemistry, physics, and materials science, enabling the visualization of nanoscale features that surpass the optical diffraction limit. More recently, tentative investigations have been conducted into the use of these techniques in the field of catalysis, particularly in studying interfacial processes involving molecular monolayer samples. IR nanoimaging and nanospectroscopy offer unique perspectives on catalytic processes. Considering the specific characteristics of catalytic processes, this Perspective highlights the need for and reviews the current status of AFM-based nano-IR techniques for catalysis investigations, which aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the nanoscale mechanisms underlying the catalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mu-Hao Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xing-Hua Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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4
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Berg I, Schio L, Reitz J, Molteni E, Lahav L, Bolaños CG, Goldoni A, Grazioli C, Fratesi G, Hansmann MM, Floreano L, Gross E. Self-Assembled Monolayers of N-Heterocyclic Olefins on Au(111). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311832. [PMID: 37743324 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of N-heterocyclic olefins (NHOs) have been prepared on Au(111) and their thermal stability, adsorption geometry, and molecular order were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, polarized X-ray absorption spectroscopy, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The strong σ-bond character of NHO anchoring to Au induced high geometrical flexibility that enabled a flat-lying adsorption geometry via coordination to a gold adatom. The flat-lying adsorption geometry was utilized to further increase the surface interaction of the NHO monolayer by backbone functionalization with methyl groups that induced high thermal stability and a large impact on work-function values, which outperformed that of N-heterocyclic carbenes. STM measurements, supported by DFT modeling, identified that the NHOs were self-assembled in dimers, trimers, and tetramers constructed of two, three, and four complexes of NHO-Au-adatom. This self-assembly pattern was correlated to strong NHO-Au interactions and steric hindrance between adsorbates, demonstrating the crucial influence of the carbon-metal σ-bond on monolayer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Berg
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Luca Schio
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, Trieste, 34012, Italy
| | - Justus Reitz
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Elena Molteni
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli'' Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Linoy Lahav
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | | | - Andrea Goldoni
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Cesare Grazioli
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, Trieste, 34012, Italy
| | - Guido Fratesi
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli'' Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Max M Hansmann
- Technische Universität Dortmund, Fakultät für Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luca Floreano
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Km 163.5, Trieste, 34012, Italy
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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5
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Rikanati L, Shema H, Ben-Tzvi T, Gross E. Nanoimaging of Facet-Dependent Adsorption, Diffusion, and Reactivity of Surface Ligands on Au Nanocrystals. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37327381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the influence of dissimilar facets on the adsorption, stability, mobility, and reactivity of surface ligands is essential for designing ligand-coated nanocrystals with optimal functionality. Herein, para-nitrothiophenol and nitronaphthalene were chemisorbed and physisorbed, respectively, on Au nanocrystals, and the influence of different facets within a single Au nanocrystal on ligands properties were identified by IR nanospectroscopy measurements. Preferred adsorption was probed on (001) facets for both ligands, with a lower density on (111) facets. Exposure to reducing conditions led to nitro reduction and diffusion of both ligands toward the top (111) facet. Nitrothiophenol was characterized with a diffusivity higher than that of nitronaphthalene. Moreover, the strong thiol-Au interaction led to the diffusion of Au atoms and the formation of thiol-coated Au nanoparticles on the silicon surface. It is identified that the adsorption and reactivity of surface ligands were mainly influenced by the atomic properties of each facet, while diffusion was controlled by ligand-metal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihi Rikanati
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Hadar Shema
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Tzipora Ben-Tzvi
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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6
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Wan X, Shi K, Li H, Shen F, Gao S, Duan X, Zhang S, Zhao C, Yu M, Hao R, Li W, Wang G, Peressi M, Feng Y, Wang W. Catalytic Ozonation of Polluter Benzene from -20 to >50 °C with High Conversion Efficiency and Selectivity on Mullite YMn 2O 5. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37225661 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic decomposition of aromatic polluters at room temperature represents a green route for air purification but is currently challenged by the difficulty of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) on catalysts. Herein, we develop a mullite catalyst YMn2O5 (YMO) with dual active sites of Mn3+ and Mn4+ and use ozone to produce a highly reactive O* upon YMO. Such a strong oxidant species on YMO shows complete removal of benzene from -20 to >50 °C with a high COx selectivity (>90%) through the generated reactive species O* on the catalyst surface (60 000 mL g-1 h-1). Although the accumulation of water and intermediates gradually lowers the reaction rate after 8 h at 25 °C, a simple treatment by ozone purging or drying in the ambient environment regenerates the catalyst. Importantly, when the temperature increases to 50 °C, the catalytic performance remains 100% conversion without any degradation for 30 h. Experiments and theoretical calculations show that such a superior performance stems from the unique coordination environment, which ensures high generation of ROS and adsorption of aromatics. Mullite's catalytic ozonation degradation of total volatile organic compounds (TVOC) is applied in a home-developed air cleaner, resulting in high efficiency of benzene removal. This work provides insights into the design of catalysts to decompose highly stable organic polluters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wan
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Kai Shi
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Huan Li
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fangxie Shen
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Physics Department, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangmei Duan
- Physics Department, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shen Zhang
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chunning Zhao
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Meng Yu
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ruiting Hao
- School of Energy and Environment Science, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Weifang Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Odor Pollution Control, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Gen Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Odor Pollution Control, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Maria Peressi
- Department of Physics, University of Trieste, Trieste 34151, Italy
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Weichao Wang
- College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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7
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Dery S, Friedman B, Shema H, Gross E. Mechanistic Insights Gained by High Spatial Resolution Reactivity Mapping of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous (Electro)Catalysts. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6003-6038. [PMID: 37037476 PMCID: PMC10176474 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of high spatial resolution microscopy and spectroscopy tools enabled reactivity analysis of homogeneous and heterogeneous (electro)catalysts at previously unattainable resolution and sensitivity. These techniques revealed that catalytic entities are more heterogeneous than expected and local variations in reaction mechanism due to divergences in the nature of active sites, such as their atomic properties, distribution, and accessibility, occur both in homogeneous and heterogeneous (electro)catalysts. In this review, we highlight recent insights in catalysis research that were attained by conducting high spatial resolution studies. The discussed case studies range from reactivity detection of single particles or single molecular catalysts, inter- and intraparticle communication analysis, and probing the influence of catalysts distribution and accessibility on the resulting reactivity. It is demonstrated that multiparticle and multisite reactivity analyses provide unique knowledge about reaction mechanism that could not have been attained by conducting ensemble-based, averaging, spectroscopy measurements. It is highlighted that the integration of spectroscopy and microscopy measurements under realistic reaction conditions will be essential to bridge the gap between model-system studies and real-world high spatial resolution reactivity analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Dery
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Barak Friedman
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Hadar Shema
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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8
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Ikemoto S, Muratsugu S, Koitaya T, Tsuji Y, Das M, Yoshizawa K, Glorius F, Tada M. Coordination-Induced Trigger for Activity: N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Decorated Ceria Catalysts Incorporating Cr and Rh with Activity Induction by Surface Adsorption Site Control. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1497-1504. [PMID: 36511728 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A coordination-induced trigger for catalytic activity is proposed on an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-decorated ceria catalyst incorporating Cr and Rh (ICy-r-Cr0.19Rh0.06CeOz). ICy-r-Cr0.19Rh0.06CeOz was prepared by grafting 1,3-dicyclohexylimidazol-2-ylidene (ICy) onto H2-reduced Cr0.19Rh0.06CeOz (r-Cr0.19Rh0.06CeOz) surfaces, which went on to exhibit substantial catalytic activity for the 1,4-arylation of cyclohexenone with phenylboronic acid, whereas r-Cr0.19Rh0.06CeOz without ICy was inactive. FT-IR, Rh K-edge XAFS, XPS, and photoluminescence spectroscopy showed that the ICy carbene-coordinated Rh nanoclusters were the key active species. The coordination-induced trigger for catalytic activity on the ICy-bearing Rh nanoclusters could not be attributed to electronic donation from ICy to the Rh nanoclusters. DFT calculations suggested that ICy controlled the adsorption sites of the phenyl group on the Rh nanocluster to promote the C-C bond formation of the phenyl group and cyclohexenone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Ikemoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Satoshi Muratsugu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Takanori Koitaya
- Department of Materials Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yuta Tsuji
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and International Research Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Mowpriya Das
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kazunari Yoshizawa
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering and International Research Center for Molecular Systems, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mizuki Tada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan.,Research Center for Materials Science (RCMS), Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS), and Institute for Advanced Study, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
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9
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Berg I, Eisenberg H, Dery S, Shahar T, Cossaro A, Verdini A, Floreano L, Stein T, Gross E. The influence of adsorption geometry on the reduction affinity of nitroaromatics on Au(111). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:22960-22970. [PMID: 36125248 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02832h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemoselective reduction of nitro groups in multifunctional nitroaromatics is a challenging catalytic process with high interest due to the importance of the resulting anilines for the chemical industry. Molecular-level understanding of the ways by which adsorption geometry of nitroaromatics influence their affinity toward nitro reduction will enable the development of highly selective reactions. Herein, taking advantage of the well-ordered self-assembly of para- and ortho-nitrothiophenol (p-NTP and o-NTP, respectively) monolayers on Au(111), we examined the correlation between adsorption geometry and nitro reduction affinity. The anchoring geometry of NTPs and their nitro reduction affinity were determined by conducting polarized X-ray absorption spectroscopy while the influence of NTPs' adsorption geometry on the interaction with the Au surface was analyzed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Exposure of surface anchored p-NTPs to reducing conditions led to their reorientation from a tilt angle of 52° to 25°, which enabled strong interactions between the π system of the molecules and the Au surface. Direct correlation was identified between the surface proximity of the nitro group, its parallel position to the surface and the resulting reduction yield. The asymmetric structure of o-NTP led to a tilted adsorption geometry in which the nitro group was rotated away from the plane of the aromatic ring and therefore was positioned parallel and in high proximity to the Au surface. This positioning led to surface-bonding that involved the oxygen atoms of o-NTP. The higher surface proximity and stronger surface interactions of the nitro group in o-NTP enabled nitro reduction already at 180 °C, while in p-NTP nitro reduction was achieved only at 230 °C, due to the longer distance between the NO2 group and the Au surface that led to weaker adsorbate-surface interactions. Thus, parallel positioning of the nitro group and high surface proximity were found as essential descriptors for nitro reduction affinity in both p-NTP and o-NTP on the Au surface. These findings provide explicit guidelines for tuning the reactant and surface properties in order to control the reactant's adsorption geometry for selective nitro reduction in multifunctional nitroaromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Berg
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel. .,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Helen Eisenberg
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel. .,The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Shahar Dery
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel. .,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Tehila Shahar
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel. .,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Albano Cossaro
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Trieste 34012, Italy
| | - Alberto Verdini
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Trieste 34012, Italy
| | - Luca Floreano
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Trieste 34012, Italy
| | - Tamar Stein
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel. .,The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel. .,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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10
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Rikanati L, Dery S, Gross E. AFM-IR and s-SNOM-IR measurements of chemically addressable monolayers on Au nanoparticles. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:204704. [PMID: 34852499 DOI: 10.1063/5.0072079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The performance of catalysts depends on their nanoscale properties, and local variations in structure and composition can have a dramatic impact on the catalytic reactivity. Therefore, probing the localized reactivity of catalytic surfaces using high spatial resolution vibrational spectroscopy, such as infrared (IR) nanospectroscopy and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, is essential for mapping their reactivity pattern. Two fundamentally different scanning probe IR nanospectroscopy techniques, namely, scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) and atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR), provide the capabilities for mapping the reactivity pattern of catalytic surfaces with a spatial resolution of ∼20 nm. Herein, we compare these two techniques with regard to their applicability for probing the vibrational signature of reactive molecules on catalytic nanoparticles. For this purpose, we use chemically addressable self-assembled molecules on Au nanoparticles as model systems. We identified significant spectral differences depending on the measurement technique, which originate from the fundamentally different working principles of the applied methods. While AFM-IR spectra provided information from all the molecules that were positioned underneath the tip, the s-SNOM spectra were more orientation-sensitive. Due to its field-enhancement factor, the s-SNOM spectra showed higher vibrational signals for dipoles that were perpendicularly oriented to the surface. The s-SNOM sensitivity to the molecular orientation influenced the amplitude, position, and signal-to-noise ratio of the collected spectra. Ensemble-based IR measurements verified that differences in the localized IR spectra stem from the enhanced sensitivity of s-SNOM measurements to the adsorption geometry of the probed molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihi Rikanati
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Shahar Dery
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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11
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Dery S, Bellotti P, Ben-Tzvi T, Freitag M, Shahar T, Cossaro A, Verdini A, Floreano L, Glorius F, Gross E. Influence of N-Substituents on the Adsorption Geometry of OH-Functionalized Chiral N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:10029-10035. [PMID: 34370475 PMCID: PMC9234974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption of chiral molecules on heterogeneous catalysts is a simple approach for inducing an asymmetric environment to enable enantioselective reactivity. Although the concept of chiral induction is straightforward, its practical utilization is far from simple, and only a few examples toward the successful chiral induction by surface anchoring of asymmetric modifiers have been demonstrated so far. Elucidating the factors that lead to successful chiral induction is therefore a crucial step for understanding the mechanism by which chirality is transferred. Herein, we identify the adsorption geometry of OH-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), which are chemical analogues to chiral modifiers that successfully promoted α-arylation reactions once anchored on Pd nanoparticles. Polarized near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) measurements on Pd(111) revealed that NHCs that were associated with low enantioselectivity were characterized with a well-ordered structure, in which the imidazole ring was vertically positioned and the OH-functionalized side arms were flat-lying. OH-functionalized NHCs that were associated with high enantioselectivity revealed a disordered/flexible adsorption geometry, which potentially enabled better interaction between the OH group and the prochiral reactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Dery
- Institute
of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Peter Bellotti
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Tzipora Ben-Tzvi
- Institute
of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Matthias Freitag
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Tehila Shahar
- Institute
of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Albano Cossaro
- CNR-IOM,
Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Trieste 34012, Italy
| | - Alberto Verdini
- CNR-IOM,
Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Trieste 34012, Italy
| | - Luca Floreano
- CNR-IOM,
Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Trieste 34012, Italy
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches
Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität
Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute
of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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12
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Dery S, Mehlman H, Hale L, Carmiel-Kostan M, Yemini R, Ben-Tzvi T, Noked M, Toste FD, Gross E. Site-Independent Hydrogenation Reactions on Oxide-Supported Au Nanoparticles Facilitated by Intraparticle Hydrogen Atom Diffusion. ACS Catal 2021; 11:9875-9884. [PMID: 35756326 PMCID: PMC9223368 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Dery
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Hillel Mehlman
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Lillian Hale
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mazal Carmiel-Kostan
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Reut Yemini
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
- Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Tzipora Ben-Tzvi
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Malachi Noked
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
- Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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13
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Dery S, Alshanski I, Mervinetsky E, Feferman D, Yitzchaik S, Hurevich M, Gross E. The influence of surface proximity on photoswitching activity of stilbene-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene monolayers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:6233-6236. [PMID: 34095904 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02491d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of photo-responsive molecules is a robust technology for reversibly tuning the properties of functional materials. Herein, we probed the crucial role of surface-adsorbate interactions on the adsorption geometry of stilbene-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbenes (stilbene-NHCs) monolayers and its impact on surface potential. Stilbene-NHCs on Au film accumulated in a vertical orientation that enabled high photoisomerization efficiency and reversible changes in surface potential. Strong metal-adsorbate interactions led to flat-lying adsorption geometry of stilbene-NHCs on Pt film, which quenched the photo-isomerization influence on surface potential. It is identified that photo-induced response can be optimized by positioning the photo-active group in proximity to weakly-interacting surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Dery
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Israel Alshanski
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Evgeniy Mervinetsky
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Daniel Feferman
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Shlomo Yitzchaik
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Mattan Hurevich
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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14
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15
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Berg I, Hale L, Carmiel-Kostan M, Toste FD, Gross E. Using silyl protecting group to enable post-deposition C–C coupling reactions of alkyne-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene monolayers on Au surfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:5342-5345. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01271a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alkyne-functionalized NHC ligands were protected by TIPS group that enabled surface-anchoring of NHCs with chemically-sensitive functionality and providing access, following TIPS removal, to on-surface Sonogashira cross–coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Berg
- Institute of Chemistry and The Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- The Hebrew University
- Jerusalem 91904
- Israel
| | - Lillian Hale
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Berkeley
- California 94720
- USA
| | - Mazal Carmiel-Kostan
- Institute of Chemistry and The Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- The Hebrew University
- Jerusalem 91904
- Israel
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Berkeley
- California 94720
- USA
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and The Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- The Hebrew University
- Jerusalem 91904
- Israel
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16
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Amit E, Dery L, Dery S, Kim S, Roy A, Hu Q, Gutkin V, Eisenberg H, Stein T, Mandler D, Dean Toste F, Gross E. Electrochemical deposition of N-heterocyclic carbene monolayers on metal surfaces. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5714. [PMID: 33177496 PMCID: PMC7658200 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have been widely utilized for the formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various surfaces. The main methodologies for preparation of NHCs-based SAMs either requires inert atmosphere and strong base for deprotonation of imidazolium precursors or the use of specifically-synthesized precursors such as NHC(H)[HCO3] salts or NHC–CO2 adducts. Herein, we demonstrate an electrochemical approach for surface-anchoring of NHCs which overcomes the need for dry environment, addition of exogenous strong base or restricting synthetic steps. In the electrochemical deposition, water reduction reaction is used to generate high concentration of hydroxide ions in proximity to a metal electrode. Imidazolium cations were deprotonated by hydroxide ions, leading to carbenes formation that self-assembled on the electrode’s surface. SAMs of NO2-functionalized NHCs and dimethyl-benzimidazole were electrochemically deposited on Au films. SAMs of NHCs were also electrochemically deposited on Pt, Pd and Ag films, demonstrating the wide metal scope of this deposition technique. N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have been widely used for the formation of monolayers but self-assembly methods come with drawbacks such as need for dry environment or using specifically-synthesized precursors. Here, the authors demonstrate an approach for surface-anchoring of NHCs which overcomes these limitations by using electrochemically-assisted deprotonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einav Amit
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Linoy Dery
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Shahar Dery
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Suhong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Anirban Roy
- Bruker Nano Surfaces Division, 112 Robin Hill Road, Santa Barbara, CA, 93117, USA
| | - Qichi Hu
- Bruker Nano Surfaces Division, 112 Robin Hill Road, Santa Barbara, CA, 93117, USA
| | - Vitaly Gutkin
- The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Helen Eisenberg
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.,The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Tamar Stein
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.,The Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics Research, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Daniel Mandler
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel. .,The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel.
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17
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Porous polymeric ligand promoted copper-catalyzed C-N coupling of (hetero)aryl chlorides under visible-light irradiation. Sci China Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9859-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Amit E, Berg I, Gross E. Self-Assembled Monolayers of Nitron: Self-Activated and Chemically Addressable N-Heterocyclic Carbene Monolayers with Triazolone Structural Motif. Chemistry 2020; 26:13046-13052. [PMID: 32343452 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have emerged as a unique molecular platform for the formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on various surfaces. However, active carbene formation requires deprotonation of imidazolium salt precursors, which is mostly facilitated by exposure of the salt to exogenous base. Base residues were found to be adsorbed on the metal surface and hindered the formation of well-ordered carbene-based monolayers. Herein, we show that nitron, a triazolone-based compound that freely tautomerizes to a carbene, can spontaneously self-assemble into monolayers on Pt and Au surfaces, which obviates the necessity for base-induced deprotonation for active carbene formation. SAMs of nitron were found to be thermally stable and could not be displaced by thiols, and thus their high chemical stability was demonstrated. The amino group in surface-anchored nitron was shown to be chemically available for SN 2 reactions, and makes surface-anchored nitron a chemically addressable cross-linking reagent for surface modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einav Amit
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Iris Berg
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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19
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Dery S, Berg I, Kim S, Cossaro A, Verdini A, Floreano L, Toste FD, Gross E. Strong Metal-Adsorbate Interactions Increase the Reactivity and Decrease the Orientational Order of OH-Functionalized N-Heterocyclic Carbene Monolayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:697-703. [PMID: 31762273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental understanding of the correlation between the structure and reactivity of chemically addressable N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) molecules on various surfaces is essential for the design of functional NHC-based self-assembled monolayers. In this work, we identified the ways by which the deposition of chemically addressable OH-NHCs on Au(111) or Pt(111) surfaces modified the anchoring geometry and chemical reactivity of surface-anchored NHCs. The properties of surface-anchored NHCs were probed by conducting X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and polarized near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure measurements. While no preferred orientation was identified for OH-NHCs on Pt(111), the anchored molecules adopted a preferred flat-lying position on Au(111). Dehydrogenation and aromatization of the imidazoline ring along with partial hydroxyl oxidation were detected in OH-NHCs that were anchored on Au(111). The dehydrogenation and aromatization reactions were facilitated, along with partial decomposition, for OH-NHCs that were anchored on Pt(111). The spectroscopic results reveal that stronger metal-adsorbate interactions increase the reactivity of surface-anchored OH-NHCs while decreasing their molecular orientational order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Dery
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
| | - Iris Berg
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
| | - Suhong Kim
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Albano Cossaro
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio Nazionale TASC , Basovizza SS-14 , Trieste 34012 , Italy
| | - Alberto Verdini
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio Nazionale TASC , Basovizza SS-14 , Trieste 34012 , Italy
| | - Luca Floreano
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio Nazionale TASC , Basovizza SS-14 , Trieste 34012 , Italy
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
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20
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Dery S, Kim S, Feferman D, Mehlman H, Toste FD, Gross E. Site-dependent selectivity in oxidation reactions on single Pt nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:18765-18769. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00642d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Site-dependent selectivity in oxidation reactions on Pt nanoparticles was identified by conducting IR nanospectroscopy measurements while using allyl-functionalized N-heterocyclic carbenes (allyl-NHCs) as probe molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Dery
- Institute of Chemistry and The Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- The Hebrew University
- Jerusalem 91904
- Israel
| | - Suhong Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Daniel Feferman
- Institute of Chemistry and The Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- The Hebrew University
- Jerusalem 91904
- Israel
| | - Hillel Mehlman
- Institute of Chemistry and The Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- The Hebrew University
- Jerusalem 91904
- Israel
| | - F. Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Berkeley
- USA
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and The Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
- The Hebrew University
- Jerusalem 91904
- Israel
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21
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Dery S, Kim S, Tomaschun G, Haddad D, Cossaro A, Verdini A, Floreano L, Klüner T, Toste FD, Gross E. Flexible NO 2 -Functionalized N-Heterocyclic Carbene Monolayers on Au (111) Surface. Chemistry 2019; 25:15067-15072. [PMID: 31394002 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The formation of flexible self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) in which an external trigger modifies the geometry of surface-anchored molecules is essential for the development of functional materials with tunable properties. In this work, it is demonstrated that NO2 -functionalized N-heterocyclic carbene molecules (NHCs), which were anchored on Au (111) surface, change their orientation from tilted into flat-lying position following trigger-induced reduction of their nitro groups. DFT calculations identified that the energetic driving force for reorientation was the lower steric hindrance and stronger interactions between the chemically reduced NHCs and the Au surface. The trigger-induced changes in the NHCs' anchoring geometry and chemical functionality modified the work function and the hydrophobicity of the NHC-decorated Au surface, demonstrating the impact of a chemically tunable NHC-based SAM on the properties of the metal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Dery
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Suhong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Gabriele Tomaschun
- Department of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - David Haddad
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Albano Cossaro
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Trieste, 34012, Italy
| | - Alberto Verdini
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Trieste, 34012, Italy
| | - Luca Floreano
- CNR-IOM, Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, Basovizza SS-14, Trieste, 34012, Italy
| | - Thorsten Klüner
- Department of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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22
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Dery S, Kim S, Tomaschun G, Berg I, Feferman D, Cossaro A, Verdini A, Floreano L, Klüner T, Toste FD, Gross E. Elucidating the Influence of Anchoring Geometry on the Reactivity of NO 2-Functionalized N-Heterocyclic Carbene Monolayers. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:5099-5104. [PMID: 31386382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b01808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The development of chemically addressable N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) based self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) requires in-depth understanding of the influence of NHC's anchoring geometry on its chemical functionality. Herein, it is demonstrated that the chemical reactivity of surface-anchored NO2-functionalized NHCs (NO2-NHCs) can be tuned by modifying the distance between the functional group and the reactive surface, which is governed by the deposition technique. Liquid deposition of NO2-NHCs on Pt(111) induced a SAM in which the NO2-aryl groups were flat-lying on the surface. The high proximity between the NO2 groups and the Pt surface led to high reactivity, and 85% of the NO2 groups were reduced at room temperature. Lower reactivity was obtained with vapor-deposited NO2-NHCs that assumed a preferred upright geometry. The separation between the NO2 groups in the vapor-deposited NO2-NHCs and the reactive surface circumvented their surface-induced reduction, which was facilitated only after exposure to harsher reducing conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahar Dery
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Suhong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gabriele Tomaschun
- Department of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Iris Berg
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Daniel Feferman
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Albano Cossaro
- Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, CNR-IOM, Basovizza SS-14, Trieste 34012, Italy
| | - Alberto Verdini
- Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, CNR-IOM, Basovizza SS-14, Trieste 34012, Italy
| | - Luca Floreano
- Laboratorio Nazionale TASC, CNR-IOM, Basovizza SS-14, Trieste 34012, Italy
| | - Thorsten Klüner
- Department of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - F Dean Toste
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Elad Gross
- Institute of Chemistry and The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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23
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An Y, Yu J, Han Y. Recent Advances in the Chemistry of
N
‐Heterocyclic‐Carbene‐Functionalized Metal‐Nanoparticles and Their Applications. CHINESE J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201800450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan‐Yuan An
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710127 China
| | - Jian‐Gang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710127 China
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000 China
| | - Ying‐Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University Xi'an Shaanxi 710127 China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
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24
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Zeng Y, Zhang T, Narouz MR, Crudden CM, McBreen PH. Generation and conversion of an N-heterocyclic carbene on Pt(111). Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:12527-12530. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc06894a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conversion of the surface NHC to another surface carbene through isopropyl C–H bond activation ca. 400 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Laval University
- Québec
- Canada
| | - Tianchi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Laval University
- Québec
- Canada
| | - Mina R. Narouz
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
| | - Cathleen M. Crudden
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University
- Kingston
- Canada
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules, ITbM-WPI, Nagoya University
- Nagoya
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