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Akarsu P, Reinicke S, Lehnen AC, Bekir M, Böker A, Hartlieb M, Reifarth M. Fabrication of Patchy Silica Microspheres with Tailor-Made Patch Functionality using Photo-Iniferter Reversible-Addition-Fragmentation Chain-Transfer (PI-RAFT) Polymerization. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301761. [PMID: 37381652 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Their inherent directional information renders patchy particles interesting building blocks for advanced applications in materials science. In this study, a feasible method to fabricate patchy silicon dioxide microspheres is demonstrated, which they are able to equip with tailor-made polymeric materials as patches. Their fabrication method relies on a solid-state supported microcontact printing (µCP) routine optimized for the transfer of functional groups to capillary-active substrates, which is used to introduce amino functionalities as patches to a monolayer of particles. Acting as anchor groups for polymerization, photo-iniferter reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) is used to graft polymer from the patch areas. Accordingly, particles with poly(N-acryloyl morpholine), poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide), and poly(n-butyl acrylate) are prepared as representative acrylic acid-derived functional patch materials. To facilitate their handling in water, a passivation strategy of the particles for aqueous systems is introduced. The protocol introduced here, therefore, promises a vast degree of freedom in engineering the surface properties of highly functional patchy particles. This feature is unmatched by other techniques to fabricate anisotropic colloids. The method, thus, can be considered a platform technology, culminating in the fabrication of particles that possess locally precisely formed patches on particles at a low µm scale with a high material functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Akarsu
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Stefan Reinicke
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Anne-Catherine Lehnen
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marek Bekir
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matthias Hartlieb
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin Reifarth
- University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP), Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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2
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Virk MM, Beitl KN, van Oostrum PDJ. Synthesis of patchy particles using gaseous ligands. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2023; 35:174003. [PMID: 36808919 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/acbddc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The collective self-assembly of colloidal particles can be influenced by the composition of the suspending medium, the bulk material of the particles themselves and, importantly, by their surface chemistry. This can be inhomogeneous or patchy to give an orientational dependence to the interaction potential between the particles. These additional constraints to the energy landscape then steer the self-assembly towards configurations of fundamental or applicational interest. We present a novel approach to modify the surface chemistry of colloidal particles to give them two polar patches, using gaseous ligands. In particular, we synthesize polar inverse patchy colloids, i.e., charged particles with two (fluorescent) patches of the opposite charge on their poles. We characterize the dependence of these charges on the pH of the suspending solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mudassar Mumtaz Virk
- Institute of Biologically Inspired Materials, Department of Bionanosciences, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, Stg.1, Stk.2, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Konstantin Nikolaus Beitl
- Institute of Biologically Inspired Materials, Department of Bionanosciences, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, Stg.1, Stk.2, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Peter D J van Oostrum
- Institute of Biologically Inspired Materials, Department of Bionanosciences, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, Stg.1, Stk.2, Vienna 1190, Austria
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3
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Akarsu P, Grobe R, Nowaczyk J, Hartlieb M, Reinicke S, Böker A, Sperling M, Reifarth M. Solid-Phase Microcontact Printing for Precise Patterning of Rough Surfaces: Using Polymer-Tethered Elastomeric Stamps for the Transfer of Reactive Silanes. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2021; 3:2420-2431. [PMID: 34056615 PMCID: PMC8154209 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We present a microcontact printing (μCP) routine suitable to introduce defined (sub-) microscale patterns on surface substrates exhibiting a high capillary activity and receptive to a silane-based chemistry. This is achieved by transferring functional trivalent alkoxysilanes, such as (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES) as a low-molecular weight ink via reversible covalent attachment to polymer brushes grafted from elastomeric polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamps. The brushes consist of poly{N-[tris(hydroxymethyl)-methyl]acrylamide} (PTrisAAm) synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT)-polymerization and used for immobilization of the alkoxysilane-based ink by substituting the alkoxy moieties with polymer-bound hydroxyl groups. Upon physical contact of the silane-carrying polymers with surfaces, the conjugated silane transfers to the substrate, thus completely suppressing ink-flow and, in turn, maximizing printing accuracy even for otherwise not addressable substrate topographies. We provide a concisely conducted investigation on polymer brush formation using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and ellipsometry as well as ink immobilization utilizing two-dimensional proton nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (1H-1H-NOESY-NMR). We analyze the μCP process by printing onto Si-wafers and show how even distinctively rough surfaces can be addressed, which otherwise represent particularly challenging substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinar Akarsu
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP) Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Chair
of Polymer Materials and Polymer Technologies, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Richard Grobe
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP) Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Julius Nowaczyk
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP) Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Chair
of Polymer Materials and Polymer Technologies, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Matthias Hartlieb
- Chair
of Polymer Materials and Polymer Technologies, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Stefan Reinicke
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP) Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP) Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Chair
of Polymer Materials and Polymer Technologies, University of Potsdam, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Marcel Sperling
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP) Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Martin Reifarth
- Fraunhofer
Institute for Applied Polymer Research (IAP) Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Naderi Mehr F, Grigoriev D, Heaton R, Baptiste J, Stace AJ, Puretskiy N, Besley E, Böker A. Self-Assembly Behavior of Oppositely Charged Inverse Bipatchy Microcolloids. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000442. [PMID: 32181972 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A directed attractive interaction between predefined "patchy" sites on the surfaces of anisotropic microcolloids can provide them with the ability to self-assemble in a controlled manner to build target structures of increased complexity. An important step toward the controlled formation of a desired superstructure is to identify reversible electrostatic interactions between patches which allow them to align with one another. The formation of bipatchy particles with two oppositely charged patches fabricated using sandwich microcontact printing is reported. These particles spontaneously self-aggregate in solution, where a diversity of short and long chains of bipatchy particles with different shapes, such as branched, bent, and linear, are formed. Calculations show that chain formation is driven by a combination of attractive electrostatic interactions between oppositely charged patches and the charge-induced polarization of interacting particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Naderi Mehr
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Dmitry Grigoriev
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Rebecca Heaton
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Joshua Baptiste
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Anthony J Stace
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Nikolay Puretskiy
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Elena Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Alexander Böker
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
- Chair of Polymer Materials and Polymer Technologies, University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
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5
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Wang X, Sperling M, Reifarth M, Böker A. Shaping Metallic Nanolattices: Design by Microcontact Printing from Wrinkled Stamps. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1906721. [PMID: 32091182 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201906721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A method for the fabrication of well-defined metallic nanostructures is presented here in a simple and straightforward fashion. As an alternative to lithographic techniques, this routine employs microcontact printing utilizing wrinkled stamps, which are prepared from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and includes the formation of hydrophobic stripe patterns on a substrate via the transfer of oligomeric PDMS. Subsequent backfilling of the interspaces between these stripes with a hydroxyl-functional poly(2-vinyl pyridine) then provides the basic pattern for the deposition of citrate-stabilized gold nanoparticles promoted by electrostatic interaction. The resulting metallic nanostripes can be further customized by peeling off particles in a second microcontact printing step, which employs poly(ethylene imine) surface-decorated wrinkled stamps, to form nanolattices. Due to the independent adjustability of the period dimensions of the wrinkled stamps and stamp orientation with respect to the substrate, particle arrays on the (sub)micro-scale with various kinds of geometries are accessible in a straightforward fashion. This work provides an alternative, cost-effective, and scalable surface-patterning technique to fabricate nanolattice structures applicable to multiple types of functional nanoparticles. Being a top-down method, this process could be readily implemented into, e.g., the fabrication of optical and sensing devices on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuepu Wang
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Chair of Polymer Materials and Polymer Technologies, University of Potsdam, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Marcel Sperling
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Martin Reifarth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Alexander Böker
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Chair of Polymer Materials and Polymer Technologies, University of Potsdam, D-14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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6
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Mehr FN, Grigoriev D, Puretskiy N, Böker A. Mono-patchy zwitterionic microcolloids as building blocks for pH-controlled self-assembly. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:2430-2438. [PMID: 30788469 PMCID: PMC6430096 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02151a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A directional molecular interaction between microcolloids can be achieved through pre-defined sites on their surface, "patches", which might make them follow each other in a controlled way and assemble into target structures of more complexity. In this article, we report the successful generation and characterization of mono-patchy melamine-formaldehyde microparticles with oppositely charged patches made of poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid) or polyethyleneimine via microcontact printing. The study of their self-aggregation behavior in solution shows that by change of pH, particle dimers are formed via attractive electrostatic force between the patchy and non-patchy surface of the particles, which reaches its optimum at a specific pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Naderi Mehr
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP
,
D-14476 Potsdam-Golm
, Germany
.
;
- Chair of Polymer Materials and Polymer Technologies
, University Potsdam
,
D-14476 Potsdam-Golm
, Germany
| | - Dmitry Grigoriev
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP
,
D-14476 Potsdam-Golm
, Germany
.
;
| | - Nikolay Puretskiy
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP
,
D-14476 Potsdam-Golm
, Germany
.
;
| | - Alexander Böker
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP
,
D-14476 Potsdam-Golm
, Germany
.
;
- Chair of Polymer Materials and Polymer Technologies
, University Potsdam
,
D-14476 Potsdam-Golm
, Germany
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7
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Sperling M, Reifarth M, Grobe R, Böker A. Tailoring patches on particles: a modified microcontact printing routine using polymer-functionalised stamps. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10104-10107. [PMID: 31384853 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03903a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a modified microcontact printing (μCP) routine suitable to introduce particle patches of a low molecular weight ink (LMWI) on porous SiO2 microparticles. Thereby, patch precision could be significantly improved by utilising stamps which have been surface-functionalised with grafted polymers. This improvement was evaluated by a profound software-assisted statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Sperling
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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8
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Zimmermann M, Grigoriev D, Puretskiy N, Böker A. Characteristics of microcontact printing with polyelectrolyte ink for the precise preparation of patches on silica particles. RSC Adv 2018; 8:39241-39247. [PMID: 30713686 PMCID: PMC6333231 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07955b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This publication demonstrates the abilities of a precise and straightforward microcontact printing approach for the preparation of patchy silica particles. In a broad particle size range, it is possible to finely tune the number and parameters of three-dimensional patches like diameter and thickness using only polyethyleneimine ink, poly(dimethoxysilane) as stamp material and a suitable release solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Zimmermann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany. .,Chair of Polymer Materials and Polymer Technologies, University Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Dmitry Grigoriev
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Nikolay Puretskiy
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Alexander Böker
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany. .,Chair of Polymer Materials and Polymer Technologies, University Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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