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Tanjeem N, Minnis MB, Hayward RC, Shields CW. Shape-Changing Particles: From Materials Design and Mechanisms to Implementation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2105758. [PMID: 34741359 PMCID: PMC9579005 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Demands for next-generation soft and responsive materials have sparked recent interest in the development of shape-changing particles and particle assemblies. Over the last two decades, a variety of mechanisms that drive shape change have been explored and integrated into particulate systems. Through a combination of top-down fabrication and bottom-up synthesis techniques, shape-morphing capabilities extend from the microscale to the nanoscale. Consequently, shape-morphing particles are rapidly emerging in a variety of contexts, including photonics, microfluidics, microrobotics, and biomedicine. Herein, the key mechanisms and materials that facilitate shape changes of microscale and nanoscale particles are discussed. Recent progress in the applications made possible by these particles is summarized, and perspectives on their promise and key open challenges in the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Tanjeem
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Montana B Minnis
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Ryan C Hayward
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Charles Wyatt Shields
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, 3415 Colorado Avenue, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
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Huang H, Wang Z, Li X, Yang F, Su Y, Xu J, Wang X. Directional mass transfer of azo molecular glass microsphere induced by polarized light in aqueous immersion media. RSC Adv 2021; 11:15387-15399. [PMID: 35424066 PMCID: PMC8698237 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01904j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoinduced mass transfer of azo polymer and azo molecular glass has been intensively investigated under various light irradiation conditions simply using air as the ambient environment. In this work, in order to understand the effects of the surrounding medium on the light-induced process, azo molecular glass microspheres adhered on a substrate were immersed in water and different aqueous solutions, and their mass transfer behavior was investigated by irradiation with linearly polarized light. The microspheres in the aqueous media showed significant deformation through directional mass transfer upon light irradiation and transformed into a series of shape-anisotropic particles as revealed by microscopic observations. Compared with their counterparts upon light irradiation in air, the particles immersed in the aqueous media exhibited larger elongation parallel to the substrate and higher shape anisotropy. Optical simulation showed that this was caused by the alteration of the direction of the electric vibration of the refracted light at the medium–microsphere interface, which controlled the mass transfer behavior. On the other hand, the viscosity of the aqueous media showed no effect on the mass transfer process induced by the irradiation. The photo-thermal effect on the mass transfer behavior was ruled out as the thermal dissipation through a liquid is much more efficient than that through air. On the basis of this, this methodology was also successfully employed in the photo-fabrication of anisotropic submicron-sized periodic structures in aqueous medium. These observations can supply deep understanding of this fascinating process induced by polarized light and extend the scope of its applications. Directional mass transfer of azo molecular glass microspheres is comprehensively investigated upon polarized light irradiation in various aqueous immersion media, and the key factors to influence mass transfer and shape deformation are elucidated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE)
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zenan Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE)
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE)
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Physics
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yechao Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhong Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaogong Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE)
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- People's Republic of China
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Liao C, Hsu C, Wang X. Mussel-like Surface Adhesion and Photoinduced Cooperative Deformation of Janus Particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:14372-14385. [PMID: 33197317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on mussel-like surface adhesion and photoinduced cooperative deformation of a unique type of Janus particles (JPs), composed of an isosorbide-based molecular glass bearing push-pull type azo chromophore (IAC-4) and a 2,6-pyridinedicarboxamide-containing poly(dimethylsiloxane) oligomer (H2pdca-PDMS). The JPs were obtained by the solvent evaporation method in an aqueous medium with the dispersed phase of a solution of IAC-4 and H2pdca-PDMS in dichloromethane (DCM). The JP formation and its mechanism were investigated by electron microscopy, in situ optical microscopy, and theoretical analysis. The results showed that the Janus structures form through gradual segregation between the two components in the droplets induced by the evaporation of DCM, which follows the ternary phase diagrams calculated according to Flory-Huggins theory. In the following stage, the gradual coalescence of small domains in droplets is controlled by dynamic factors. After being deposited on a substrate, the JPs exhibit unidirectional adhesion with the H2pdca-PDMS parts spreading on the substrate, while the IAC-4 parts orientate away from the substrate. The mussel-like adhesion is caused by the interfacial interaction of H2pdca-PDMS with the hard surfaces (i.e., glass and silicon substrates) and its strong ability to spread and wet the surfaces to increase the contact area with the surfaces. Upon irradiation with linearly and circularly polarized laser beams at 488 nm, respectively, a series of unique surface morphologies are observed because of the photoinduced deformation of the IAC-4 parts along the electric vibration direction of the polarized light and the cooperative deformation of the H2pdca-PDMS parts of the JPs. The cooperative deformation reveals the strong interfacial interaction and cohesiveness between the IAC-4 and the H2pdca-PDMS phases in JPs. No peeling-off from the substrate is observed after the large-scale deformation, which also indicates the strong adhesion of the JPs on the substrate surfaces. This study not only demonstrates the mussel-like adhesion and unique cooperative deformation behavior but also supplies new insights into the interfacial interaction in JPs as well as that with hard surfaces, thus opening a new avenue for surface modification and functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyi Liao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Chungen Hsu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiaogong Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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Huang H, Zhang C, Lan J, Wang Z, Wang X. Photoinduced mass transfer of azo polymers from micrometer to submillimeter studied by a real-time single particle strategy. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:9746-9757. [PMID: 33000858 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01260b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced mass transfer of azo polymers is a fascinating function with potential applications in areas ranging from photonics and nanofabrication to cell biology. However, the true nature of this unique effect still remains elusive in many aspects due to its puzzling mechanism and lack of a way for real-time observation. This work presents a new strategy to study the photoinduced mass transfer through in situ optical microscopic observation and videoing on single particles under laser irradiation. By inspecting the shape evolution processes of the particles from the side view, both the scale and direction of the mass transfer can be well characterized in a real-time manner, which shows great advantages for carrying out the systematic investigation. The mass transfer behaviour was thus investigated using the microspheres with diameters (D) ranging from micrometer to submillimeter. The mass transfer in the direction of the electric vibration was observed to occur in different scales for azo polymers with different degrees of functionalization (DFs) controlled by the light penetration depths. With the varied combinations of particle sizes and DFs, the particles with diversified shape-anisotropy and complex morphologies were generated by the mass transfer. For the microspheres with sizes in micrometer and submillimeter scales, those formed from the azo polymers with extremely high DF (100%) and extremely low DF (1%) respectively exhibited the most efficient mass transfer to cause significant shape deformations. With the optical and thermal simulations, these observations are well rationalized by considering the optical power distribution, energy utilization efficiency and heat dissipation route. This study not only provides deep insight into the photoinduced mass transfer behavior, but also extends the mass transfer scale of the particles from micrometer to submillimeter for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
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Geng Y, Ling S, Huang J, Xu J. Multiphase Microfluidics: Fundamentals, Fabrication, and Functions. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1906357. [PMID: 31913575 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201906357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiphase microfluidics enables an alternative approach with many possibilities in studying, analyzing, and manufacturing functional materials due to its numerous benefits over macroscale methods, such as its ultimate controllability, stability, heat and mass transfer capacity, etc. In addition to its immense potential in biomedical applications, multiphase microfluidics also offers new opportunities in various industrial practices including extraction, catalysis loading, and fabrication of ultralight materials. Herein, aiming to give preliminary guidance for researchers from different backgrounds, a comprehensive overview of the formation mechanism, fabrication methods, and emerging applications of multiphase microfluidics using different systems is provided. Finally, major challenges facing the field are illustrated while discussing potential prospects for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Geng
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - SiDa Ling
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinpei Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jianhong Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Dattler D, Fuks G, Heiser J, Moulin E, Perrot A, Yao X, Giuseppone N. Design of Collective Motions from Synthetic Molecular Switches, Rotors, and Motors. Chem Rev 2019; 120:310-433. [PMID: 31869214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Precise control over molecular movement is of fundamental and practical importance in physics, biology, and chemistry. At nanoscale, the peculiar functioning principles and the synthesis of individual molecular actuators and machines has been the subject of intense investigations and debates over the past 60 years. In this review, we focus on the design of collective motions that are achieved by integrating, in space and time, several or many of these individual mechanical units together. In particular, we provide an in-depth look at the intermolecular couplings used to physically connect a number of artificial mechanically active molecular units such as photochromic molecular switches, nanomachines based on mechanical bonds, molecular rotors, and light-powered rotary motors. We highlight the various functioning principles that can lead to their collective motion at various length scales. We also emphasize how their synchronized, or desynchronized, mechanical behavior can lead to emerging functional properties and to their implementation into new active devices and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Dattler
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Gad Fuks
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Joakim Heiser
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Emilie Moulin
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Alexis Perrot
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Xuyang Yao
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
| | - Nicolas Giuseppone
- SAMS Research Group, Institute Charles Sadron, CNRS , University of Strasbourg , 23 rue du Loess , BP 84047, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 , France
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Huang H, Su Y, Xu J, Wang X. Asymmetric Morphology Transformation of Azo Molecular Glass Microspheres Induced by Polarized Light. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:15295-15305. [PMID: 31661623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, photoinduced asymmetric morphology transformation of a type of azo molecular glass microspheres was thoroughly investigated to understand the effects of controlling factors on the process, related mechanism and unique functions. The monodispersed microspheres with their sizes over ten microns were fabricated from an isosorbide-based azo compound (IAC-4) by microfluidics. Under irradiation with linearly polarized light, the ten-micron-scale microspheres were transformed into three-dimensional (3D) asymmetric particles through directional mass transfer. Microscopic observations and optics simulation were employed to investigate the morphology transformations. The results show that the penetration depth of light at different wavelengths plays an extremely important role to affect the asymmetric deformation behavior of the IAC-4 microspheres, which determines deformation region, deformation degree and final shapes of the particles. The light intensity (50-200 mW/cm2) is a less important factor, while the deformation rate of the light-penetrated part linearly increases with the intensity. When the light intensity varies in this range, the deformation degree and the final asymmetric morphology are determined by exposure energy (light intensity × irradiation time). The IAC-4 microspheres with different sizes show distinct morphology transformation behavior and the deformed particles possess different shapes, caused by the variation of volume fraction of the light-penetrated part in the microspheres. The increase in the ratio of the light-penetrated part to the total volume of the microspheres results in larger scale deformations. Based on the above understanding, asymmetric particles with various morphologies can be fabricated through a precisely controllable way. The asymmetric particles loaded on various surfaces show ability to render remarkable wetting anisotropy of water droplets on the substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yechao Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhong Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The State Key Lab of Chemical Engineering , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaogong Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Advanced Materials (MOE) , Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084 , People's Republic of China
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