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AlMahri S, Grega I, Shaikeea AJD, Wadley HNG, Deshpande VS. Underexcitation prevents crystallization of granular assemblies subjected to high-frequency vibration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306209120. [PMID: 37428926 PMCID: PMC10629526 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306209120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Crystallization of dry particle assemblies via imposed vibrations is a scalable route to assemble micro/macro crystals. It is well understood that there exists an optimal frequency to maximize crystallization with broad acceptance that this optimal frequency emerges because high-frequency vibration results in overexcitation of the assembly. Using measurements that include interrupted X-ray computed tomography and high-speed photography combined with discrete-element simulations we show that, rather counterintuitively, high-frequency vibration underexcites the assembly. The large accelerations imposed by high-frequency vibrations create a fluidized boundary layer that prevents momentum transfer into the bulk of the granular assembly. This results in particle underexcitation which inhibits the rearrangements required for crystallization. This clear understanding of the mechanisms has allowed the development of a simple concept to inhibit fluidization which thereby allows crystallization under high-frequency vibrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara AlMahri
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
- Advanced Materials Research Centre, Technology Innovation Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ivan Grega
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Angkur J. D. Shaikeea
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
| | - Haydn N. G. Wadley
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22904
| | - Vikram S. Deshpande
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
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Arifuzzaman S, Dong K, Yu A. Process model of vibrating screen based on DEM and physics-informed machine learning. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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3
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Amirifar R, Dong K, Yu A. Ordered packing of uniform spheres via random packing protocol. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Jimidar ISM, Sotthewes K, Gardeniers H, Desmet G, van der Meer D. Self-organization of agitated microspheres on various substrates. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:3660-3677. [PMID: 35485633 PMCID: PMC9116155 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00432a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The vibration dynamics of relatively large granular grains is extensively treated in the literature, but comparable studies on the self-assembly of smaller agitated beads are lacking. In this work, we investigate how the particle properties and the properties of the underlying substrate surface affect the dynamics and self-organization of horizontally agitated monodisperse microspheres with diameters between 3 and 10 μm. Upon agitation, the agglomerated hydrophilic silica particles locally leave traces of particle monolayers as they move across the flat uncoated and fluorocarbon-coated silicon substrates. However, on the micromachined silicon tray with relatively large surface roughness, the agitated silica agglomerates form segregated bands reminiscent of earlier studies on granular suspensions or Faraday heaps. On the other hand, the less agglomerated hydrophobic polystyrene particles form densely occupied monolayer arrangements regardless of the underlying substrate. We explain the observations by considering the relevant adhesion and friction forces between particles and underlying substrates as well as those among the particles themselves. Interestingly, for both types of microspheres, large areas of the fluorocarbon-coated substrates are covered with densely occupied particle monolayers. By qualitatively examining the morphology of the self-organized particle monolayers using the Voronoi approach, it is understood that these monolayers are highly disordered, i.e., multiple symmetries coexist in the self-organized monolayers. However, more structured symmetries are identified in the monolayers of the agitated polystyrene microspheres on all the substrates, albeit not all precisely positioned on a hexagonal lattice. On the other hand, both the silica and polystyrene monolayers on the bare silicon substrates transition into less disordered structures as time progresses. Using Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements, we show that due to the tribocharging phenomenon, the formation of particle monolayers is promoted on the fluorocarbon surface, i.e., a local electrostatic attraction exists between the particle and the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignaas S M Jimidar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems group, MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P. O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Kai Sotthewes
- Physics of Interfaces and Nanomaterials group, MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P. O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Han Gardeniers
- Mesoscale Chemical Systems group, MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P. O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Devaraj van der Meer
- Physics of Fluids group, Max Plank Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics, J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, MESA+ Institute and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P. O. Box 217, The Netherlands
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Arifuzzaman S, Dong K, Zhu H, Zeng Q. DEM study and machine learning model of particle percolation under vibration. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2022.103551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Eristoff S, Kim SY, Sanchez-Botero L, Buckner T, Yirmibeşoğlu OD, Kramer-Bottiglio R. Soft Actuators Made of Discrete Grains. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109617. [PMID: 35170820 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated the potential of actuators consisting of bulk elastomers with phase-changing inclusions for generating high forces and large volumetric expansions. Simultaneously, granular assemblies have been shown to enable tunable properties via different packings, dynamic moduli via jamming, and compatibility with various printing methods via suspension in carrier fluids. Herein, granular actuators are introduced, which represent a new class of soft actuators made of discrete grains. The soft grains consist of a hyperelastic shell and multiple solvent cores. Upon heating, the encapsulated solvent cores undergo liquid-to-gas phase change, inducing rapid and strong volumetric expansion of the hyperelastic shell up to 700%. The grains can be used independently for micro-actuation, or in granular agglomerates for meso- and macroscale actuation, demonstrating the scalability of the granular actuators. Furthermore, the active grains can be suspended in a carrier resin or solvent to enable printable soft actuators via established granular material processing techniques. By combining the advantages of phase-change soft actuation and granularity, this work presents the opportunity to realize soft actuators with tunable bulk properties, compatibility with self-assembly techniques, and on-demand reconfigurability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Eristoff
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Sang Yup Kim
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Lina Sanchez-Botero
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Trevor Buckner
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Osman Doğan Yirmibeşoğlu
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Rebecca Kramer-Bottiglio
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Yale University, 9 Hillhouse Ave., New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
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Ding Y, Yang J, Ou Y, Zhao Y, Li J, Hu B, Xia C. Structural evolution of granular cubes packing during shear-induced ordering. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:224003. [PMID: 35263715 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac5c22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Packings of granular particles may transform into ordered structures under external agitation, which is a special type of out-of-equilibrium self-assembly. Here, evolution of the internal packing structures of granular cubes under cyclic rotating shearing has been analyzed using magnetic resonance imaging techniques. Various order parameters, different types of contacts and clusters composed of face-contacting cubes, as well as the free volume regions in which each cube can move freely have been analyzed systematically to quantify the ordering process and the underlying mechanism of this granular self-assembly. The compaction process is featured by a first rapid formation of orientationally ordered local structures with faceted contacts, followed by further densification driven by free-volume maximization with an almost saturated degree of order. The ordered structures are strongly anisotropic with contacting ordered layers in the vertical direction while remaining liquid-like in the horizontal directions. Therefore, the constraint of mechanical stability for granular packings and the thermodynamic principle of entropy maximization are both effective in this system, which we propose can be reconciled by considering different depths of supercooling associated with various degrees of freedom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Ou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianqi Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingwen Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengjie Xia
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, Institute of Materials, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
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DEM Study on the Segregation of a Non-Spherical Intruder in a Vibrated Granular Bed. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The segregation process of a single large intruder in a vibrated bed of small particles has been widely studied, but most previous studies focused on spherical intruders. In this work, the discrete element method was used to study the effects of vibration conditions and intruder shape on the dimensionless ascending velocity (va) of the intruder. The intruder was in a prolate shape with aspect ratio varied but its equivalent diameter fixed. Three equivalent diameters, namely volume-equivalent diameter, surface-area-equivalent diameter, and Sauter diameter, were used. It was found that va increases and then decreases with the rise of the dimensionless vibration amplitude (Ad) and the dimensionless vibration frequency (fd), and va increases with the decrease of the sphericity of the intruder (Φ). Moreover, the porosity variation in the vibrated bed and the granular temperature were analyzed, which can be linked to the change of va. It was further found that va can be uniformly correlated to Ad·fd0.5, while the critical change of the response of va to Ad and fd occurs at Γ = 4.83, where Γ is the vibration intensity. Based on these findings, a piecewise equation was proposed to predict va as a function of Ad, fd, and Φ.
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Amirifar R, Dong K, Zeng Q, An X, Yu A. Effect of vibration mode on self-assembly of granular spheres under three-dimensional vibration. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Lattice-Boltzmann computation of hydraulic pore-to-pore conductance in packed beds of uniform spheres. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.115798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wang S, Zhuravkov M, Ji S. Granular flow of cylinder-like particles in a cylindrical hopper under external pressure based on DEM simulations. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:7760-7777. [PMID: 32744286 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02435b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Granular flow is widely found in nature or industrial production. Although the external driving force significantly affects the dynamic behavior of a granular system, a large number of numerical simulations have been conducted to study granular flows driven by gravity. In this study, a superquadric equation was used to construct spherical and cylindrical elements, and the flow processes of granular materials under external pressure were simulated by the discrete element method. To examine the validity of the DEM model, the Janssen effect of spherical particles, the static packing of cylindrical particles and the flow process of spherical particles under external pressure are simulated and compared with the previous experimental and theoretical results. Subsequently, the effects of blockiness, orifice diameter, and particle friction on the flow characteristics are investigated. Results show that the flow rate of spherical particles increases as the external pressure and opening diameter increase or the particle friction decreases. However, the flow rate of cylindrical particles decreases as the blockiness parameter increases, and the external pressure has little effect on the flow rate of the cylindrical particles when the blockiness parameter is greater than 4. Furthermore, the external pressure causes a change in the flow pattern of granular systems. In a gravity-driven granular flow, cylindrical particles appear in funnel flow, and spherical particles in both mass and funnel flows. In a pressure-driven granular flow, spherical particles appear in mass flow, and cylindrical particles in both mass and funnel flows. The critical height of the transition between mass and funnel flows decreases with increasing external pressure and eventually reaches a steady state. Meanwhile, the critical height increases with the blockiness parameter, which indicates that more cylindrical than spherical particles appear in funnel flow. Finally, the basic flow characteristics of granular materials under external pressure are further analyzed by the velocity uniformity index, the normal contact force between particles, and the bottom pressure. Overall, the numerical results are useful for understanding the changes in the flow characteristics of spherical and cylindrical granular materials under external pressure, and further provide guidance for the appropriate design and optimization of cylindrical hoppers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China.
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Experimental study on 3D vibrated packing densification of mono-sized dodecahedral particles. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Barba Maggi D, Martino R, Rosen M, Piva M, Boschan A. Particulate patterns generated by liquid templates. POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Amirifar R, Dong K, Zeng Q, An X. Bimodal self-assembly of granular spheres under vertical vibration. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:5933-5944. [PMID: 31286134 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00657e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As granular particles in a packing are athermal, their self-assembly has to be realized with the input of energy via walls. But different manners of energy input, e.g., through tapping or shearing walls, have not been discriminated previously. We address this problem in the self-assembly of identical granular spheres in prism-like containers subjected to one-dimensional (1D) vertical vibration by numerical simulations. The edge lengths or diameter of the containers are the integer multiples of the particle diameter. When energy is input with the vibration, the particles can self-assemble into mainly mixed FCC (face-centred-cubic) and HCP (hexagonal-close-packed) structures from the bottom wall and/or the side walls. According to different movements of the walls, the shear-induced and tap-induced self-assemblies are distinguished. These two self-assembly modes can emerge solely or simultaneously, with different but overlapping regions in the vibration amplitude and frequency phase diagram. The structures of the self-assembly from the two modes also present different features, suggesting different formation mechanisms. Moreover, it is found that the close-packed planes of the ordered clusters formed from different walls are often misaligned, leading to conflicts in the self-assembly of the whole system. These findings are helpful for both the understanding and controlling of the self-assembly of granular particles and other similar athermal and low-thermal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Amirifar
- Centre for Infrastructure Engineering, School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia.
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