1
|
Xiong Y, Xia Z, Lu A, Chen W. Time-Resolved Extensional Rheo-NMR Spectroscopy for Investigating Polymer Nanocomposites under Deformation. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7545-7551. [PMID: 37145968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the microstructure change of polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) under elongation deformation at the molecular level is the key to coupling structure-property relationships of PNCs. In this study, we developed our recently proposed in situ extensional rheology NMR device, Rheo-spin NMR, which can simultaneously obtain both the macroscopic stress-strain curves and the microscopic molecular information with the total sample weight of ∼6 mg. This enables us to conduct a detailed investigation of the evolution of the interfacial layer and polymer matrix in nonlinear elongational strain softening behaviors. A quantitative method is established for in situ analysis of (1) the fraction of the interfacial layer and (2) the network strand orientation distribution of the polymer matrix based on the molecular stress function model under active deformation. The results show that for the current highly filled silicone nanocomposite system, the influence of the interfacial layer fraction on mechanical property change during small amplitude deformation is quite minor, while the main role is reflected in rubber network strand reorientation. The Rheo-spin NMR device and the established analysis method are expected to facilitate the understanding of the reinforcement mechanism of PNC, which can be further applied to understand the deformation mechanism of other systems, i.e., glassy and semicrystalline polymers and the vascular tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Xiong
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhijie Xia
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ai Lu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, Sichuan, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yuan H, Li P, Wang X, Zhao H, Sun J. Rod-like Cellulose Regenerated by Bottom-Up Assembly in Natural Rubber Latex and Its Reinforcement. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076457. [PMID: 37047430 PMCID: PMC10094888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
As a renewable biomass material, nano-cellulose has been investigated as a reinforcing filler in rubber composites but has seen little success because of its strong inclination towards aggregating. Here, a bottom-up self-assembly approach was proposed by regenerating cellulose crystals from a mixture of cellulose solution and natural rubber (NR) latex. Different co-coagulants of both cellulose solution and natural rubber latex were added to break the dissolution equilibrium and in-situ regenerate cellulose in the NR matrix. The SEM images showed that the sizes and morphologies of regenerated cellulose (RC) varied greatly with the addition of different co-coagulants. Only when a 5 wt% acetic acid aqueous solution was used, the RC particles showed an ideal rod-like structure with small sizes of about 100 nm in diameter and 1.0 μm in length. The tensile test showed that rod-like RC (RRC)-endowed NR vulcanizates with pronounced reinforcement had a drastic upturn in stress after stretching to 200% strain. The results of XRD and the Mullins effect showed that this drastic upturn in stress was mainly attributed to the formation of rigid RRC-RRC networks during stretching instead of the strain-induced crystallization of NR. This bottom-up approach provided a simple way to ensure the effective utilization of cellulosic materials in the rubber industry.
Collapse
|
3
|
Tsunoda K, Kitamura Y, Urayama K. Transition of rupture mode of strain crystallizing elastomers in tensile edge-crack tests. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:1966-1976. [PMID: 36810918 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00060e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We revisit the classical results that the fracture energy density (Wb) of strain crystallizing (SC) elastomers exhibits an abrupt change at a characteristic value () of initial notch length (c0) in tensile edge-crack tests. We elucidate that the abrupt change of Wb reflects the transition in rupture mode between the catastrophic crack growth without a significant SIC effect at c0 > and the crack growth like that under cyclic loading (dc/dn mode) at c0 < as a result of a pronounced SIC effect near the crack tip. At c0 < , the tearing energy (G) was considerably enhanced by hardening via SIC near the crack tip, preventing and postponing catastrophic crack growth. The fracture dominated by the dc/dn mode at c0 < was validated by the c0-dependent G characterized by G = (c0/B)1/2/2 and the specific striations on the fracture surface. As the theory expects, coefficient B quantitatively agreed with the result of a separate cyclic loading test using the same specimen. We propose the methodology to quantify the tearing energy enhanced via SIC (GSIC) and to evaluate the dependence of GSIC on ambient temperature (T) and strain rate (). The disappearance of the transition feature in the Wb-c0 relationships enables us to estimate definitely the upper limits of the SIC effects for T (T*) and (*). Comparisons of the GSIC, T*, and * values between natural rubber (NR) and its synthetic analog reveal the superior reinforcement effect via SIC in NR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Tsunoda
- Sustainable and Advanced Materials Division, Bridgestone Corporation, Tokyo 187-8531, Japan.
| | - Yuji Kitamura
- Sustainable and Advanced Materials Division, Bridgestone Corporation, Tokyo 187-8531, Japan
| | - Kenji Urayama
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Femina G, de Ballesteros OR, Urciuoli G, van Duin M, Gögelein C, Tammaro D, Sotta P, Auriemma F. X-ray diffraction study of strain-induced crystallization of hydrogenated nitrile-butadiene rubbers: Effect of crosslink density. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
|
5
|
Segiet D, Weckes S, Austermuehl J, Tiller JC, Katzenberg F. On the influence of the amorphous phase on the stability of crystals in poly(cis‐1,4‐isoprene) networks. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Segiet
- Biomaterials & Polymer Science, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Technische Universitat Dortmund Dortmund Germany
| | - Sebastian Weckes
- Biomaterials & Polymer Science, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Technische Universitat Dortmund Dortmund Germany
| | - Juergen Austermuehl
- Biomaterials & Polymer Science, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Technische Universitat Dortmund Dortmund Germany
| | - Joerg C. Tiller
- Biomaterials & Polymer Science, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Technische Universitat Dortmund Dortmund Germany
| | - Frank Katzenberg
- Biomaterials & Polymer Science, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Technische Universitat Dortmund Dortmund Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu Z, Li S, Lin S, Shi Y, Yang P, Chen X, Wang ZL. Crystallization-Induced Shift in a Triboelectric Series and Even Polarity Reversal for Elastic Triboelectric Materials. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4074-4082. [PMID: 35522039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A stretchable triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) can be a promising solution for the power supply of various flexible electronics. However, the detailed electrification mechanism of elastic triboelectric materials still needs to be clarified. In this work, we found crystallization behavior induced by strain and low temperature can lead to a shift in a triboelectric series for commonly used triboelectric elastomers and even reverse the triboelectric polarity. This effect is attributed to the notable rearrangement of surface electron cloud density happening along with the crystallization process of the molecular chain. This effect is significant with natural rubber, and silicone rubber can experience this effect at low temperature, which also leads to a shift in a triboelectric series, and an applied strain at low temperature can further enhance this shift. This study demonstrated that the electrification polarity of triboelectric materials should be re-evaluated under different strains and different temperatures, which provides a mechanism distinct from the general understanding of elastic triboelectric materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqi Liu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyao Li
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiquan Lin
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Shi
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Yang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100083 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen P, Xia Z, Luo Y, Chen W. A cryo-bulge apparatus for in situ weather balloon crystallization capturing during blowing by synchrotron radiation x-ray scattering. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:053901. [PMID: 35649752 DOI: 10.1063/5.0071132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A cryo-bulge apparatus, which can be directly installed in the synchrotron radiation x-ray scattering beamline, is designed and manufactured. Using the cryo-bulge apparatus, the crystallization of natural rubber during blowing can be captured in situ. For mechanical measurements, the rubber film is tightly clamped at the periphery of a circular window. A low temperature measurement is achieved by the presence of a large iron block, which ensures low temperature variation (<±2 °C in 1 h) during x-ray data acquisition. Since the incident x-ray beam passes through the top-most position of the rubber film, the information obtained by the current equipment is essentially under an equibiaxial deformation mode. Owing to precisely controlled internal pressure and temperature, the crystallization of rubber can be observed in situ by wide-angle x-ray scattering. The onset of crystallization is observed at a temperature T < 0 °C with an internal pressure P > 21 kPa. This suggests that the crystallization of rubber during blowing can occur under the equibiaxial deformation condition at low temperatures. The power scaling law is found to be 0.52%/kPa. The cryo-bulge apparatus is capable of clarifying the microstructural evolution of rubber during multi-dimensional deformation, which can provide guidance for the optimization of a weather balloon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinzhang Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhijie Xia
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yongyue Luo
- Agricultural Products Processing Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical, Agricultural Sciences (CATAS), Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Y, Liu H, Yu H, Zhao P, Wang Q, Liao L, Luo M, Zheng T, Liao S, Peng Z. New insight into naturally occurring network and entanglements induced strain behavior of vulcanized natural rubber. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
9
|
Chen X, Zhang HF, Zhang L, Wei YC, Hu B, Luo MC, Liao S. Insight on natural rubber’s relationship with coagulation methods and some of its properties during storage. J RUBBER RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42464-021-00139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
10
|
Seidi F, Yazdi MK, Jouyandeh M, Habibzadeh S, Munir MT, Vahabi H, Bagheri B, Rabiee N, Zarrintaj P, Saeb MR. Crystalline polysaccharides: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 275:118624. [PMID: 34742405 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The biodegradability and mechanical properties of polysaccharides are dependent on their architecture (linear or branched) as well as their crystallinity (size of crystals and crystallinity percent). The amount of crystalline zones in the polysaccharide significantly governs their ultimate properties and applications (from packaging to biomedicine). Although synthesis, characterization, and properties of polysaccharides have been the subject of several review papers, the effects of crystallization kinetics and crystalline domains on the properties and application have not been comprehensively addressed. This review places focus on different aspects of crystallization of polysaccharides as well as applications of crystalline polysaccharides. Crystallization of cellulose, chitin, chitosan, and starch, as the main members of this family, were discussed. Then, application of the aforementioned crystalline polysaccharides and nano-polysaccharides as well as their physical and chemical interactions were overviewed. This review attempts to provide a complete picture of crystallization-property relationship in polysaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farzad Seidi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mohsen Khodadadi Yazdi
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Jouyandeh
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajjad Habibzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France
| | - Babak Bagheri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Payam Zarrintaj
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, 420 Engineering North, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhao J, Feng S, Zhang W, Chen W, Sheng J, Yu W, Li L. Strain Rate Dependence of Stretch-Induced Crystallization and Crystal Transition of Poly(dimethylsiloxane). Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Zhao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shengyao Feng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Junfang Sheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wancheng Yu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Structural Evolution of LLDPE-LMW/HMW Blend during Uniaxial Deformation as Revealed by In Situ Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Scattering. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2458-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
13
|
Chen L, Wu L, Song L, Xia Z, Lin Y, Chen W, Li L. The recovery of nano-sized carbon black filler structure and its contribution to stress recovery in rubber nanocomposites. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:24527-24542. [PMID: 33320147 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06003h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The hierarchical structural evolution of natural rubber (NR) filled with different contents of nanoscale carbon black (CB) (10 phr-CB10 and 50 phr-CB50) after first loading and recovering for different times was investigated by X-ray nano-CT, wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and solid state NMR techniques. The CB filler structures as captured by X-ray nano-CT recover gradually with increasing recovering time, but the filler network with different CB contents shows dramatically different structure evolution. For CB10, limited by the filling content, CB particles mainly induces a hydrodynamic effect in spite of deformation or recovering. For CB50, the CB filler forms a 3D connected network, partially destructed during deformation, and the destructed part can be partially recovered during recovery. This suggests that the connected CB filler structure mainly acts as a network reinforcement, whereas the destructed part can induce a hydrodynamic effect. The different effects induced by different CB filling contents are also reflected by the NR matrix, which is reflected by the onset strains εc of strain-induced crystallization (SIC) of NR as captured by WAXS. For CB10, εc remains almost constant, i.e. εc = ca. 1.49, while that of NR with CB50 slightly decreases from initial ca. 1.12 to 0.96 with increasing recovering time up to 50 h. Also, the bound rubber fraction and entangled rubber network remain unchanged after deformation and under different recovery time as detected by the magic sandwich echo (MSE) FID and proton multiple quantum (MQ) NMR. These results demonstrate the key role of the CB filler network in determining the stress-softening behavior of reinforced rubber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fan B, Xing Z, Bedoui F, Yuan J, Lu X, He D, Zhou M, Zhang C, Dang Z, Weigand S, Bai J. Improving dielectric strength of polyvinylidene fluoride by blending chains with different molecular weights. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
15
|
López-Barrón CR, Rohde B, Zabula AV, Schaefer JJ, Throckmorton JA. Molecular Orientation and Strain-Induced Crystallization in trans-Polypentenamer. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Rohde
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhao J, Chen P, Lin Y, Chen W, Lu A, Meng L, Wang D, Li L. Stretch-Induced Intermediate Structures and Crystallization of Poly(dimethylsiloxane): The Effect of Filler Content. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b02141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Zhao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Pinzhang Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yuanfei Lin
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Ai Lu
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Lingpu Meng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Daoliang Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen P, Lin Y, Zhao J, Meng L, Wang D, Chen W, Li L. Reconstructing the mechanical response of polybutadiene rubber based on micro-structural evolution in strain-temperature space: entropic elasticity and strain-induced crystallization as the bridges. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:447-455. [PMID: 31803885 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02029b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Strain-induced crystallization (SIC) in polybutadiene rubber (BR) was studied by in situ synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray diffraction (SR-WAXD) over a broad temperature range (-90 °C → 25 °C). Depending on the presence or absence of SIC and quiescent crystallization temperature, three temperature regions are divided. Detailed structural evolution is summarized in the strain-temperature space. Based on this micro-structural evolution information, the macroscopic mechanical response of BR, together with poly(isobutylene-isoprene) rubber (IIR) and natural rubber (NR), is reproduced based on Flory's and Plagge's theories. The origins of the mismatch of calculated and experimental stress-strain curves, especially in the large strain region, are discussed, and are mainly ascribed to the micro-macro connection approach and the network inhomogeneity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinzhang Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Chen X, Meng L, Zhang W, Ye K, Xie C, Wang D, Chen W, Nan M, Wang S, Li L. Frustrating Strain-Induced Crystallization of Natural Rubber with Biaxial Stretch. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:47535-47544. [PMID: 31750643 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The supreme mechanical performance of natural rubber (NR) is commonly attributed to strain-induced crystallization (SIC). The SIC of NR during uniaxial stretch has been extensively investigated, whereas that under multiaxial deformation has been rarely reported, which is close to real service conditions (i.e., tire). In this work, the crystallization behavior of NR under biaxial stretch was studied with in situ synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray diffraction in combination with a custom-built biaxial stretch machine. It is observed that biaxial stretch frustrates the SIC of NR: within λx/λy < 1.6, where λx and λy are stretch ratios of two mutually perpendicular axes, no crystallization emerges even under large drawing ratio until sample fracture at ambient temperature. This finding challenges the common wisdom of the self-reinforcement mechanism of SIC in NR under multiaxial deformation in real service conditions. A theoretical SIC model is proposed, which can decouple the contributions of conformational entropy reduction ΔSf and amorphous chain orientation f to final Gibbs free energy change (ΔG) during multiaxial deformation. This model quantitatively renders a reproduction of the crystallinity during the biaxial stretch, which is well consistent with experimental results and can be further generalized for flow-induced crystallization of semicrystalline polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Lingpu Meng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Ke Ye
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Chun Xie
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Daoliang Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Wei Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Mingjian Nan
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Shihao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Liangbin Li
- National Synchrotron Radiation Lab, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Structural evolution of cellulose triacetate film during stretching deformation: An in-situ synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-Ray scattering study. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
20
|
Chen P, Lin Y, Zhao J, Chang J, Chen X, Meng L, Wang D, Chen W. Strain-induced crystal growth and molecular orientation of poly(isobutylene-isoprene) rubber at low temperatures. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:4363-4370. [PMID: 31086876 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00632j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
With the combination of a low-temperature extension rheometer and in situ synchrotron radiation wide-angle X-ray diffraction (SR-WAXD), the strain-induced crystallization (SIC) of poly(isobutylene-isoprene) rubber (IIR) was studied in the low-temperature region (-60 °C → 25 °C). The detailed structural evolution of IIR during the SIC is summarized in the strain-temperature space, where three distinct temperature zones are defined. The absence of the SIC in zone I (T > 0 °C) results in the poorest drawability of IIR among all measured temperatures. And with respect to the lowest temperature zone III (-60 °C < T < -50 °C), the SIC still occurs with low ultimate crystallinity (ca. 0.9%). More complicated structural evolution induced by the strain occurs in the intermediate-temperature zone II (-50 °C ≤ T ≤ 0 °C). The orientation ratio of the amorphous part Oa increases monotonically with the increment of the strain, but reaches a platform with Hencky strain ε > ca. 1.8. Meanwhile, the strain-induced crystal growth of IIR is evidenced by the dramatic increment of the lateral crystallite size of (110) and (113) planes. Moreover, the retraction experiment further reveals the network evolutions of IIR: suffering from low ultimate crystallinity (<ca. 9%), the network chain of IIR remains in series upon fracture. The current study clarifies the contribution of the SIC and molecular orientation to the self-enhanced mechanical properties of IIR at low temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinzhang Chen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Film, CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|