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Wang Z, Zhou X, Kong Q, He H, Sun J, Qiu W, Zhang L, Yang M. Extracellular Vesicle Preparation and Analysis: A State-of-the-Art Review. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2401069. [PMID: 38874129 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, research on Extracellular Vesicles (EVs) has gained prominence in the life sciences due to their critical roles in both health and disease states, offering promising applications in disease diagnosis, drug delivery, and therapy. However, their inherent heterogeneity and complex origins pose significant challenges to their preparation, analysis, and subsequent clinical application. This review is structured to provide an overview of the biogenesis, composition, and various sources of EVs, thereby laying the groundwork for a detailed discussion of contemporary techniques for their preparation and analysis. Particular focus is given to state-of-the-art technologies that employ both microfluidic and non-microfluidic platforms for EV processing. Furthermore, this discourse extends into innovative approaches that incorporate artificial intelligence and cutting-edge electrochemical sensors, with a particular emphasis on single EV analysis. This review proposes current challenges and outlines prospective avenues for future research. The objective is to motivate researchers to innovate and expand methods for the preparation and analysis of EVs, fully unlocking their biomedical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zesheng Wang
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Qinglong Kong
- The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, Dalian, 116033, P. R. China
| | - Huimin He
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Jiayu Sun
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Wenting Qiu
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
| | - Mengsu Yang
- Department of Precision Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518000, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and Tung Biomedical Sciences Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biochip Technology, Biotech and Health Centre, Shenzhen Research Institute of City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, P. R. China
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Sunkara V, Park J, Han J, del Río JS, Cho HJ, Oh IJ, Cho YK. Exosome Precipitation by Ionic Strength Modulation: ExoPRISM. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15. [PMID: 38017017 PMCID: PMC10726304 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as crucial materials for precision theragnostic applications. However, current separation methods are time-consuming, costly, and not scalable and deliver limited yields or purity. Here, we present EV precipitation by ionic strength modulation (ExoPRISM), a simple, low-cost, user-friendly, and readily adaptable approach for separating EVs in high yields without compromising their biological functions. Adding an electrolyte solution to blood plasma in small increments generates the sequential precipitation of proteins and EVs, allowing for fractional separation of EVs using low-speed centrifugation. The coprecipitated electrolytes are easily washed away, and the entire EV separation and washing process takes less than an hour. This approach successfully separates EVs from a broad range of volumes and types of biological fluids, including culture medium, urine, plasma, and serum, showing promise as a robust tool for next-generation liquid biopsies and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Sunkara
- Center
for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for
Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic
of Korea
| | - Juhee Park
- Center
for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for
Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic
of Korea
| | - Jiyun Han
- Center
for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for
Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National
Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonathan Sabaté del Río
- Center
for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for
Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic
of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Cho
- Department
of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University
Medical School, and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Jae Oh
- Department
of Internal Medicine, Chonnam National University
Medical School, and Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanamdo 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Kyoung Cho
- Center
for Soft and Living Matter, Institute for
Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic
of Korea
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National
Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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Benayas B, Morales J, Gori A, Strada A, Gagni P, Frigerio R, Egea C, Armisén P, Cretich M, Yáñez-Mó M. Proof of concept of using a membrane-sensing peptide for sEVs affinity-based isolation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1238898. [PMID: 37636002 PMCID: PMC10457001 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1238898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: One main limitation in biomarker studies using EVs is the lack of a suitable isolation method rendering high yield and purity samples in a quick and easily standardized procedure. Here we report an affinity isolation method with a membrane-sensing peptide (MSP) derived from bradykinin. Methods: We designed a protocol based on agarose beads carrying cation chelates to specifically bind to the 6His-tagged membrane-sensing peptide. This approach presents several advantages: 1) cation-carrying agaroses are widely used and standardized for His-tagged protein isolation, 2) the affinity protocol can be performed in small volumes, feasible and manageable for clinical routine and 3) elution with imidazole or EDTA allows a gentle and easy recovery without EV damage, facilitating subsequent characterization and functional analyses. Results: The optimized final procedure incubates 0.5 mg of peptide for 10 min with 10 µL of Long-arm Cobalt agarose before an overnight incubation with concentrated cell conditioned medium. EV downstream analyses can be directly performed on the agarose beads adding lysis or nucleic-acid extraction buffers, or gently eluted with imidazole or EDTA, rendering a fully competent EV preparation. Discussion: This new isolation methodology is based on the recognition of general membrane characteristics independent of surface markers. It is thus unbiased and can be used in any species EV sample, even in samples from animal or plant species against which no suitable antibodies exist. Being an affinity method, the sample handling protocol is very simple, less time-consuming, does not require specialized equipment and can be easily introduced in a clinical automated routine. We demonstrated the high purity and yield of the method in comparison with other commercially available kits. This method can also be scale up or down, with the possibility of analyzing very low amounts of sample, and it is compatible with any downstream analyses thanks to the gentle elution procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Benayas
- Agarose Bead Technologies (ABT), Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
- Department Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IUBM, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Morales
- Department Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IUBM, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alessandro Gori
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Strada
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Gagni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Frigerio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), Milan, Italy
| | - Carolina Egea
- Agarose Bead Technologies (ABT), Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Pilar Armisén
- Agarose Bead Technologies (ABT), Torrejon de Ardoz, Spain
| | - Marina Cretich
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), Milan, Italy
| | - María Yáñez-Mó
- Department Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, IUBM, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, IIS-IP, Madrid, Spain
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Molecular Diagnosis and Cancer Prognosis-A Concise Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13040766. [PMID: 36832253 PMCID: PMC9955694 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13040766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complicated disease. Globally, it is one of the major causes for morbidity and mortality. A critical challenge associated with it is the difficulty to accurately diagnose it at an early stage. The malignancy due to multistage and heterogeneity that result from genetic and epigenetic modifications poses critical challenge to diagnose and monitor the progress at an early stage. Current diagnostic techniques normally suggest invasive biopsy procedure that can cause further infections and bleeding. Therefore, noninvasive diagnostic methods with high accuracy, safety and earliest detection are the needs of the hour. Herein, we provide a detailed review on the advanced methodologies and protocols developed for the detection of cancer biomarkers based on proteins, nucleic acids and extracellular vesicles. Furthermore, existing challenges and the improvements essential for the rapid, sensitive and noninvasive detection have also been discussed.
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Sfragano PS, Pillozzi S, Condorelli G, Palchetti I. Practical tips and new trends in electrochemical biosensing of cancer-related extracellular vesicles. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1087-1106. [PMID: 36683059 PMCID: PMC9867925 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04530-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
To tackle cancer and provide prompt diagnoses and prognoses, the constantly evolving biosensing field is continuously on the lookout for novel markers that can be non-invasively analysed. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) may represent a promising biomarker that also works as a source of biomarkers. The augmented cellular activity of cancerous cells leads to the production of higher numbers of EVs, which can give direct information on the disease due to the presence of general and cancer-specific surface-tethered molecules. Moreover, the intravesicular space is enriched with other molecules that can considerably help in the early detection of neoplasia. Even though EV-targeted research has indubitably received broad attention lately, there still is a wide lack of practical and effective quantitative procedures due to difficulties in pre-analytical and analytical phases. This review aims at providing an exhaustive outline of the recent progress in EV detection using electrochemical and photoelectrochemical biosensors, with a focus on handling approaches and trends in the selection of bioreceptors and molecular targets related to EVs that might guide researchers that are approaching such an unstandardised field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Severin Sfragano
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff, University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto, Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Serena Pillozzi
- grid.24704.350000 0004 1759 9494Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Gerolama Condorelli
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XDepartment of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy ,grid.419543.e0000 0004 1760 3561IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo (INM) Neuromed, Via Atinense 18, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Ilaria Palchetti
- grid.8404.80000 0004 1757 2304Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff, University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto, Fiorentino, Italy
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Affinity-based isolation of extracellular vesicles and the effects on downstream molecular analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:7051-7067. [PMID: 35732746 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04178-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are transport vesicles with diameters ranging from 30 to 1000 nm, secreted by cells in both physiological and pathological conditions. By using the EV shuttling system, biomolecular cargo such as proteins and genetic materials travels between cells resulting in intercellular communication and epigenetic regulation. Because the presence of EVs and cargo molecules in body fluids can predict the state of the parental cells, EV isolation techniques from complex biofluids have been developed. Further exploration of EVs through downstream molecular analysis depends heavily on those isolation technologies. Methodologies based either on physical separation or on affinity binding have been used to isolate EVs. Affinity-based methods for EV isolation are known to produce highly specific and efficient isolation results. However, so far, there is a lack of literature summarizing these methods and their effects on downstream EV molecular analysis. In the present work, we reviewed recent efforts on developing affinity-based methods for the isolation of EVs, with an emphasis on comparing their effects on downstream analysis of EV molecular cargo. Antibody-based isolation techniques produce highly pure EVs, but the harsh eluents damage the EV structure, and some antibodies stay bound to the EVs after elution. Aptamer-based methods use relatively mild elution conditions and release EVs in their native form, but their isolation efficiencies need to be improved. The membrane affinity-based method and other affinity-based methods based on the properties of the EV lipid bilayer also isolate intact EVs, but they can also result in contaminants. From the perspective of affinity-based methods, we investigated the influence of the isolation methods of choice on downstream EV molecular analysis.
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7
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Boruah JS, Sankaranarayanan K, Chowdhury D. Insight into carbon quantum dot-vesicles interactions: role of functional groups. RSC Adv 2022; 12:4382-4394. [PMID: 35425434 PMCID: PMC8981176 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08809b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding carbon quantum dot–cell membrane interaction is essential for designing an effective nanoparticle-based drug delivery system. In this study, an attempt has been made to study the interaction involving phosphatidylcholine vesicles (PHOS VES, as model cell membrane) and four different carbon quantum dots bearing different functional groups (–COOH, –NH2, –OH, and protein bovine serum albumin coated) using various tools such as PL behavior, surface charge on vesicles, QCM, ITC, TEM, LSV, and FTIR. From the above studies, it was observed that the –NH2 terminating carbon dots were capable of binding strongly with the vesicles whereas other functional groups bearing carbon dots were not significantly interacting. This observation was also supported by direct visual evidence as shown by transmission electron microscopy, which shows that the polyethyleneimine carbon dot (PEICD) bearing –NH2 functionality has greater affinity towards PHOS VES. The mechanistic insight presented in the paper indicates greater possibility of higher H-bonding, signifying better interaction between –NH2 functionalized carbon dots and PHOS VES supported by FTIR, QCM, ITC and TEM. Moreover, the transport of neurotransmitters (which are generally amine compound) in neurons for cellular communication through synapse is only possible through vesicular platforms, showing that in our body, such interactions are already present. Such studies on the nano–bio interface will help biomedical researchers design efficient carbon-based nanomaterial as drug/gene delivery vehicles. An interaction study at the nano–bio interface involving phosphatidylcholine vesicles (as a model cell membrane) and four different carbon dots bearing different functional groups (–COOH, –NH2, –OH, and BSA-coated).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayanta S Boruah
- Material Nanochemistry Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk Guwahati 781035 India.,Department of Chemistry, Cotton University Guwahati Assam India
| | - Kamatchi Sankaranarayanan
- Physical Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk Guwahati 781035 India
| | - Devasish Chowdhury
- Material Nanochemistry Laboratory, Physical Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology Paschim Boragaon, Garchuk Guwahati 781035 India
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Das S, Jain S, Ilyas M, Anand A, Kumar S, Sharma N, Singh K, Mahlawat R, Sharma TK, Atmakuri K. Development of DNA Aptamers to Visualize Release of Mycobacterial Membrane-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Infected Macrophages. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 15:ph15010045. [PMID: 35056102 PMCID: PMC8779091 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged into a novel vaccine platform, a biomarker and a nano-carrier for approved drugs. Their accurate detection and visualization are central to their utility in varied biomedical fields. Owing to the limitations of fluorescent dyes and antibodies, here, we describe DNA aptamer as a promising tool for visualizing mycobacterial EVs in vitro. Employing SELEX from a large DNA aptamer library, we identified a best-performing aptamer that is highly specific and binds at nanomolar affinity to EVs derived from three diverse mycobacterial strains (pathogenic, attenuated and avirulent). Confocal microscopy revealed that this aptamer was not only bound to in vitro-enriched mycobacterial EVs but also detected EVs that were internalized by THP-1 macrophages and released by infecting mycobacteria. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that detects EVs released by mycobacteria during infection in host macrophages. Within 4 h, most released mycobacterial EVs spread to other parts of the host cell. We predict that this tool will soon hold huge potential in not only delineating mycobacterial EVs-driven pathogenic functions but also in harboring immense propensity to act as a non-invasive diagnostic tool against tuberculosis in general, and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonjyoti Das
- Aptamer Technology and Diagnostics Laboratory (ATDL), Multidisciplinary Clinical and Translational Research Group (MCTR), Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India; (S.D.); (A.A.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Sapna Jain
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Infection and Immunology Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India; (S.J.); (M.I.); (S.K.)
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, Delhi, India
| | - Mohd Ilyas
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Infection and Immunology Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India; (S.J.); (M.I.); (S.K.)
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, Delhi, India
| | - Anjali Anand
- Aptamer Technology and Diagnostics Laboratory (ATDL), Multidisciplinary Clinical and Translational Research Group (MCTR), Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India; (S.D.); (A.A.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Saurabh Kumar
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Infection and Immunology Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India; (S.J.); (M.I.); (S.K.)
| | - Nishant Sharma
- Aptamer Technology and Diagnostics Laboratory (ATDL), Multidisciplinary Clinical and Translational Research Group (MCTR), Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India; (S.D.); (A.A.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (R.M.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, Delhi, India
| | - Kuljit Singh
- Aptamer Technology and Diagnostics Laboratory (ATDL), Multidisciplinary Clinical and Translational Research Group (MCTR), Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India; (S.D.); (A.A.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (R.M.)
- Clinical Microbiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 18001, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Rahul Mahlawat
- Aptamer Technology and Diagnostics Laboratory (ATDL), Multidisciplinary Clinical and Translational Research Group (MCTR), Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India; (S.D.); (A.A.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (R.M.)
| | - Tarun Kumar Sharma
- Aptamer Technology and Diagnostics Laboratory (ATDL), Multidisciplinary Clinical and Translational Research Group (MCTR), Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India; (S.D.); (A.A.); (N.S.); (K.S.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence: (T.K.S.); (K.A.)
| | - Krishnamohan Atmakuri
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Infection and Immunology Group, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad 121001, Haryana, India; (S.J.); (M.I.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: (T.K.S.); (K.A.)
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Ishraq Bari SM, Hossain FB, Nestorova GG. Advances in Biosensors Technology for Detection and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:7645. [PMID: 34833721 PMCID: PMC8621354 DOI: 10.3390/s21227645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vehicles (EVs) that encapsulate genomic and proteomic material from the cell of origin that can be used as biomarkers for non-invasive disease diagnostics in point of care settings. The efficient and accurate detection, quantification, and molecular profiling of exosomes are crucial for the accurate identification of disease biomarkers. Conventional isolation methods, while well-established, provide the co-purification of proteins and other types of EVs. Exosome purification, characterization, and OMICS analysis are performed separately, which increases the complexity, duration, and cost of the process. Due to these constraints, the point-of-care and personalized analysis of exosomes are limited in clinical settings. Lab-on-a-chip biosensing has enabled the integration of isolation and characterization processes in a single platform. The presented review discusses recent advancements in biosensing technology for the separation and detection of exosomes. Fluorescent, colorimetric, electrochemical, magnetic, and surface plasmon resonance technologies have been developed for the quantification of exosomes in biological fluids. Size-exclusion filtration, immunoaffinity, electroactive, and acoustic-fluid-based technologies were successfully applied for the on-chip isolation of exosomes. The advancement of biosensing technology for the detection of exosomes provides better sensitivity and a reduced signal-to-noise ratio. The key challenge for the integration of clinical settings remains the lack of capabilities for on-chip genomic and proteomic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Faria Binte Hossain
- Molecular Science and Nanotechnology, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272, USA;
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Zhang H, Zhou Y, Luo D, Liu J, Yang E, Yang G, Feng G, Chen Q, Wu L. Immunoassay-aptasensor for the determination of tumor-derived exosomes based on the combination of magnetic nanoparticles and hybridization chain reaction. RSC Adv 2021; 11:4983-4990. [PMID: 35424452 PMCID: PMC8694620 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10159a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of tumor-related exosomes is of great significance. In this work, a fluorescence aptasensor was designed for the determination of tumor-related exosomes based on the capture of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and specific recognition of an aptamer. MNPs were used as substrates to capture the exosomes by modifying the CD63 antibody on the MNP surface. Probe 1 consists of PDL-1 aptamer sequence and a section of other sequences. PDL-1 expression was observed on the surface of exosomes; the aptamer of PDL-1 could combine with PDL-1 with high affinity. Thus, the immunoassay-type compounds of "MNPs-exosomes-probe 1" were formed. The other section of probe 1 triggered the HCR with probe 2 and probe 3 and formed the super-long dsDNA. The addition of GelRed resulted in the generation of an amplified fluorescence signal. The proposed design demonstrated a good linearity with the exosome concentration ranging from 300 to 107 particles per mL and with a low detection limit of 100 particles per mL. This aptasensor also exhibited high specificity for tumor-related exosomes, and was successfully applied in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine Shiyan 442008 Hubei China
| | - Yajuan Zhou
- Department of Radiotherapy, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Dan Luo
- Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine Shiyan 442008 Hubei China
| | - Jingjian Liu
- Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine Shiyan 442008 Hubei China
| | - E Yang
- Shenzhen Baoan Authentic TCM Therapy Hospital Shenzhen Guangdong 518101 China + 86-0719-8272238
| | - Guangyi Yang
- Shenzhen Baoan Authentic TCM Therapy Hospital Shenzhen Guangdong 518101 China + 86-0719-8272238
| | - Guangjun Feng
- Shenzhen Baoan Authentic TCM Therapy Hospital Shenzhen Guangdong 518101 China + 86-0719-8272238
| | - Qinhua Chen
- Shenzhen Baoan Authentic TCM Therapy Hospital Shenzhen Guangdong 518101 China + 86-0719-8272238
| | - Lun Wu
- Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine Shiyan 442008 Hubei China
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Adenine-Based Purines and Related Metabolizing Enzymes: Evidence for Their Impact on Tumor Extracellular Vesicle Activities. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010188. [PMID: 33477811 PMCID: PMC7832900 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), mainly classified as small and large EVs according to their size/origin, contribute as multi-signal messengers to intercellular communications in normal/pathological conditions. EVs are now recognized as critical players in cancer processes by promoting transformation, growth, invasion, and drug-resistance of tumor cells thanks to the release of molecules contained inside them (i.e., nucleic acids, lipids and proteins) into the tumor microenvironment (TME). Interestingly, secretion from donor cells and/or uptake of EVs/their content by recipient cells are regulated by extracellular signals present in TME. Among those able to modulate the EV-tumor crosstalk, purines, mainly the adenine-based ones, could be included. Indeed, TME is characterized by high levels of ATP/adenosine and by the presence of enzymes deputed to their turnover. Moreover, ATP/adenosine, interacting with their own receptors, can affect both host and tumor responses. However, studies on whether/how the purinergic system behaves as a modulator of EV biogenesis, release and functions in cancer are still poor. Thus, this review is aimed at collecting data so far obtained to stimulate further research in this regard. Hopefully, new findings on the impact of adenine purines/related enzymes on EV functions may be exploited in tumor management uncovering novel tumor biomarkers and/or druggable targets.
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Begić M, Josić D. Biofilm formation and extracellular microvesicles-The way of foodborne pathogens toward resistance. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1718-1739. [PMID: 32901923 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Almost all known foodborne pathogens are able to form biofilms as one of the strategies for survival under harsh living conditions, to ward off the inhibition and the disinfection during food production, transport and storage, as well as during cleaning and sanitation of corresponding facilities. Biofilms are communities where microbial cells live under constant intracellular interaction and communication. Members of the biofilm community are embedded into extracellular matrix that contains polysaccharides, DNA, lipids, proteins, and small molecules that protect microorganisms and enable their intercellular communication under stress conditions. Membrane vesicles (MVs) are produced by both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. These lipid membrane-enveloped nanoparticles play an important role in biofilm genesis and in communication between different biofilm members. Furthermore, MVs are involved in other important steps of bacterial life like cell wall modeling, cellular division, and intercellular communication. They also carry toxins and virulence factors, as well as nucleic acids and different metabolites, and play a key role in host infections. After entering host cells, MVs can start many pathologic processes and cause serious harm and cell death. Prevention and inhibition of both biofilm formation and shedding of MVs by foodborne pathogens has a very important role in food production, storage, and food safety in general. Better knowledge of biofilm formation and maintaining, as well as the role of microbial vesicles in this process and in the process of host cells' infection is essential for food safety and prevention of both food spoilage and host infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Begić
- Faculty of Medicine, Juraj Dobrila University, Pula, Croatia
| | - Djuro Josić
- Faculty of Medicine, Juraj Dobrila University, Pula, Croatia.,Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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de Pontes LG, Altei WF, Galan A, Bilić P, Guillemin N, Kuleš J, Horvatić A, Ribeiro LNDM, de Paula E, Pereira VBR, Lucheis SB, Mrljak V, Eckersall PD, Ferreira RS, Dos Santos LD. Extracellular vesicles in infectious diseases caused by protozoan parasites in buffaloes. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2020; 26:e20190067. [PMID: 32528536 PMCID: PMC7262785 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2019-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound vesicles of growing interest in vetetinary parasitology. The aim of the present report was to provide the first isolation, quantification and protein characterization of EVs from buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) sera infected with Theileria spp. Methods Infected animals were identified through optical microscopy and PCR. EVs were isolated from buffalo sera by size-exclusion chromatography and characterized using western blotting analysis, nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy. Subsequently, the proteins from isolated vesicles were characterized by mass spectrometry. Results EVs from buffalo sera have shown sizes in the 124-140 nm range and 306 proteins were characterized. The protein-protein interaction analysis has evidenced biological processes and molecular function associated with signal transduction, binding, regulation of metabolic processes, transport, catalytic activity and response to acute stress. Five proteins have been shown to be differentially expressed between the control group and that infected with Theileria spp., all acting in the oxidative stress pathway. Conclusions EVs from buffaloes infected with Theileria spp. were successfully isolated and characterized. This is an advance in the knowledge of host-parasite relationship that contributes to the understanding of host immune response and theileriosis evasion mechanisms. These findings may pave the way for searching new EVs candidate-markers for a better production of safe biological products derived from buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Gomes de Pontes
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Wanessa Fernanda Altei
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Asier Galan
- ERA Chair Team (VetMedZg), Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Bilić
- ERA Chair Team (VetMedZg), Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nicolas Guillemin
- ERA Chair Team (VetMedZg), Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josipa Kuleš
- ERA Chair Team (VetMedZg), Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anita Horvatić
- ERA Chair Team (VetMedZg), Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lígia Nunes de Morais Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Eneida de Paula
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vladimir Mrljak
- ERA Chair Team (VetMedZg), Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Peter David Eckersall
- ERA Chair Team (VetMedZg), Clinic for Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.,Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom, UK
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Clinical Research, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucilene Delazari Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Clinical Research, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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14
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Gori A, Romanato A, Bergamaschi G, Strada A, Gagni P, Frigerio R, Brambilla D, Vago R, Galbiati S, Picciolini S, Bedoni M, Daaboul GG, Chiari M, Cretich M. Membrane-binding peptides for extracellular vesicles on-chip analysis. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1751428. [PMID: 32363015 PMCID: PMC7178839 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1751428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) present fairly distinctive lipid membrane features in the extracellular environment. These include high curvature, lipid-packing defects and a relative abundance in lipids such as phosphatidylserine and ceramide. sEV membrane could be then considered as a "universal" marker, alternative or complementary to traditional, characteristic, surface-associated proteins. Here, we introduce the use of membrane-sensing peptides as new, highly efficient ligands to directly integrate sEV capturing and analysis on a microarray platform. Samples were analysed by label-free, single-particle counting and sizing, and by fluorescence co-localisation immune staining with fluorescent anti-CD9/anti-CD63/anti-CD81 antibodies. Peptides performed as selective yet general sEV baits and showed a binding capacity higher than anti-tetraspanins antibodies. Insights into surface chemistry for optimal peptide performances are also discussed, as capturing efficiency is strictly bound to probes surface orientation effects. We anticipate that this new class of ligands, also due to the versatility and limited costs of synthetic peptides, may greatly enrich the molecular toolbox for EV analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gori
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Romanato
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), Milan, Italy
| | - Greta Bergamaschi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Strada
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Gagni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Frigerio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Brambilla
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Vago
- Urological Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Galbiati
- San Raffaele Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Picciolini
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Clinical Biophotonics (LABION), IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Marzia Bedoni
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Clinical Biophotonics (LABION), IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Marcella Chiari
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Cretich
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (SCITEC), Milan, Italy
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