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Haider M, Mudasar F, Yang J, Makarov S. Interface Engineering by Unsubstituted Pristine Nickel Phthalocyanine as Hole Transport Material for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:49465-49473. [PMID: 39250233 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c11544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been rapidly developed in the past decade. With the development of a PSC, interface engineering plays an increasingly important role in maximizing device performance and long-term stability. We report a simple and effective interface engineering method for achieving improvement of PSCs up to 20% by employing unsubstituted pristine nickel phthalocyanine (NiPc). Thermal annealing of NiPc improves the interface between NiPc and perovskite because of the incorporation of NiPc molecules into the perovskite grain boundaries, which creates improvements in hole extraction from the perovskite absorber layer, as evidenced by time-resolved photoluminescence measurements. This significantly improves the charge transfer and collection efficiency, which are closely related to the improvement of the interface between perovskite and NiPc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Haider
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Advance Solar Technology Institute, Xuancheng 242000, China
| | - Farhan Mudasar
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Junliang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, School of Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Sergey Makarov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Kronverkskiy pr. 49, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
- Qingdao Innovation and Development Centre, Harbin Engineering University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
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2
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Toader G, Ginghina RE, Bratu AE, Podaru AI, Pulpea D, Rotariu T, Gavrilă AM, Diacon A. Ionic Crosslinked Hydrogel Films for Immediate Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents. Gels 2024; 10:428. [PMID: 39057451 PMCID: PMC11275507 DOI: 10.3390/gels10070428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study describes the development of hydrogel formulations with ionic crosslinking capacity and photocatalytic characteristics. The objective of this research is to provide an effective, accessible, "green", and facile route for the decontamination of chemical warfare agents (CWAs, namely the blistering agent-mustard gas/sulfur mustard (HD)) from contaminated surfaces, by decomposition and entrapment of CWAs and their degradation products inside the hydrogel films generated "on-site". The decontamination of the notorious warfare agent HD was successfully achieved through a dual hydrolytic-photocatalytic degradation process. Subsequently, the post-decontamination residues were encapsulated within a hydrogel membrane film produced via an ionic crosslinking mechanism. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium alginate (ALG) are the primary constituents of the decontaminating formulations. These polymeric components were chosen for this application due to their cost-effectiveness, versatility, and their ability to form hydrogen bonds, facilitating hydrogel formation. In the presence of divalent metallic ions, ALG undergoes ionic crosslinking, resulting in rapid gelation. This facilitated prompt PVA-ALG film curing and allowed for immediate decontamination of targeted surfaces. Additionally, bentonite nanoclay, titanium nanoparticles, and a tetrasulfonated nickel phthalocyanine (NiPc) derivative were incorporated into the formulations to enhance absorption capacity, improve mechanical properties, and confer photocatalytic activity to the hydrogels obtained via Zn2+-mediated ionic crosslinking. The resulting hydrogels underwent characterization using a variety of analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), viscometry, and mechanical analysis (shear, tensile, and compression tests), as well as swelling investigations, to establish the optimal formulations for CWA decontamination applications. The introduction of the fillers led to an increase in the maximum strain up to 0.14 MPa (maximum tensile resistance) and 0.39 MPa (maximum compressive stress). The UV-Vis characterization of the hydrogels allowed the determination of the band-gap value and absorption domain. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay was employed to evaluate the decontamination efficacy for a chemical warfare agent (sulfur mustard-HD) and confirmed that the ionic crosslinked hydrogel films achieved decontamination efficiencies of up to 92.3%. Furthermore, the presence of the photocatalytic species can facilitate the degradation of up to 90% of the HD removed from the surface and entrapped inside the hydrogel matrix, which renders the post-decontamination residue significantly less dangerous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Toader
- Military Technical Academy ‘Ferdinand I’, 39-49 George Coșbuc Blvd., 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.); (A.I.P.); (D.P.); (T.R.)
| | - Raluca-Elena Ginghina
- Research and Innovation Center for CBRN Defense and Ecology, 225 Olteniței Blvd., 077160 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-E.G.); (A.E.B.)
| | - Adriana Elena Bratu
- Research and Innovation Center for CBRN Defense and Ecology, 225 Olteniței Blvd., 077160 Bucharest, Romania; (R.-E.G.); (A.E.B.)
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alice Ionela Podaru
- Military Technical Academy ‘Ferdinand I’, 39-49 George Coșbuc Blvd., 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.); (A.I.P.); (D.P.); (T.R.)
| | - Daniela Pulpea
- Military Technical Academy ‘Ferdinand I’, 39-49 George Coșbuc Blvd., 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.); (A.I.P.); (D.P.); (T.R.)
| | - Traian Rotariu
- Military Technical Academy ‘Ferdinand I’, 39-49 George Coșbuc Blvd., 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.); (A.I.P.); (D.P.); (T.R.)
| | - Ana Mihaela Gavrilă
- National Institute of Research and Development for Chemistry and Petrochemistry, 202 Splaiul Independentei, 060041 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Aurel Diacon
- Military Technical Academy ‘Ferdinand I’, 39-49 George Coșbuc Blvd., 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (G.T.); (A.I.P.); (D.P.); (T.R.)
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica of Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
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Gao H, Yu R, Ma Z, Gong Y, Zhao B, Lv Q, Tan Z. Recent advances of organometallic complexes in emerging photovoltaics. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huaizhi Gao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Runnan Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Zongwen Ma
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Yongshuai Gong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Biao Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Qianglong Lv
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Zhan'ao Tan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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Krzywiecki M, Pluczyk-Małek S, Powroźnik P, Ślusarczyk C, Król-Molenda W, Smykała S, Kurek J, Koptoń P, Łapkowski M, Blacha-Grzechnik A. Chemical and Electronic Structure Characterization of Electrochemically Deposited Nickel Tetraamino-phthalocyanine: A Step toward More Efficient Deposition Techniques for Organic Electronics Application. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:13542-13550. [PMID: 34276868 PMCID: PMC8282193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c01396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines (Pc), with or without metal ligands, are still of high research interest, mainly for the application in organic electronics. Because of rather low solubility, Pc-based films are commonly deposited applying various advanced and demanding vacuum techniques, like physical vapor deposition (PVD). In this work, an alternative straightforward approach of NiPc layer formation is proposed in which NH2-side groups of nickel(II) tetraamino-phthalocyanine (AmNiPc) are engaged in the process of electrochemical deposition of (AmNiPc)layer on indium-tin oxide (ITO) substrates. The resulting layer is widely investigated by cyclic voltammetry, atomic force microscopy, UV-vis, and ATR-IR spectroscopies, X-ray diffraction, and photoemission techniques: X-ray and UV-photoelectron spectroscopies. The chemical and electronic structure of (AmNiPc)layer is characterized. It is shown that the electronic properties of the formed (AmNiPc)layer/ITO hybrid correspond to the ones previously reported for PVD-NiPc films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Krzywiecki
- Institute
of Physics − CSE, Silesian University
of Technology, Konarskiego 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Sandra Pluczyk-Małek
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Paulina Powroźnik
- Institute
of Physics − CSE, Silesian University
of Technology, Konarskiego 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Czesław Ślusarczyk
- Faculty
of Materials, Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Bielsko-Biala, Willowa 2, 43-309 Bielsko-Biala, Poland
| | - Wirginia Król-Molenda
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Szymon Smykała
- Institute
of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Justyna Kurek
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Paulina Koptoń
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Mieczysław Łapkowski
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Centre
of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish
Academy of Sciences, 34 Curie-Sklodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Agata Blacha-Grzechnik
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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5
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Kumar A, Ojha SK, Vyas N, Ojha AK. Designing Organic Electron Transport Materials for Stable and Efficient Performance of Perovskite Solar Cells: A Theoretical Study. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:7086-7093. [PMID: 33748622 PMCID: PMC7970561 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this article, electron transporting layer (ETL) materials are designed to enhance the performance and stability of methyl ammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The optical and electronic properties of the designed ETLs are investigated using density functional theory. The designed ETLs show better charge mobility compared to nickel phthalocyanines (NiPcs). The NiPc, a hole transporting layer material, shows ETL-like behavior for PSCs with the substitution of different electron withdrawing groups (X = F, Cl, Br, and I). The stability and electron injection behavior of the designed ETLs are improved. The Br16NiPc shows the highest charge mobility. Further, the stability of the designed ETLs is relatively better compared to NiPc. Due to the hydrophobic nature, the designed ETLs act as a passivation layer for perovskites and prevent the absorber materials from degradation in the presence of moisture and provide extra stability to the PSCs. The effect of designed ETLs on the performance of MAPbI3 solar cells is also investigated. The PSCs designed with Br16NiPc as an ETL shows a relatively better (23.23%) power conversion efficiency (PCE) compared to a TiO2-based device (21.55%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Kumar
- Department
of Physics, Chhatrasal Govt. PG college, Panna 488001, India
- Department
of Physics, Motilal Nehru National Institute
of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, India
| | - Saurav Kumar Ojha
- Department
of Physics, Motilal Nehru National Institute
of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, India
| | - Nidhi Vyas
- School
of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Animesh K. Ojha
- Department
of Physics, Motilal Nehru National Institute
of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, India
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Dalkılıç Z, Lee CB, Choi H, Nar I, Yavuz NK, Burat AK. Tetra and octa substituted Zn(II) and Cu(II) phthalocyanines: Synthesis, characterization and investigation as hole-transporting materials for inverted type-perovskite solar cells. J Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2020.121419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Yu Z, Hagfeldt A, Sun L. The application of transition metal complexes in hole-transporting layers for perovskite solar cells: Recent progress and future perspectives. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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8
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Cathodic electrochemiluminescence performance of all-inorganic perovskite CsPbBr3 nanocrystals in an aqueous medium. Electrochem commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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9
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Song T, Bi H, Wei Q, Yan S, Wang S. Study on the Movements of Organometallic Halide Perovskite Crystals on their Films. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Song
- Advanced Institute of Materials ScienceChangchun University of Technology Changchun, Jilin 130012 P. R. China
- School of Chemical EngineeringChangchun University of Technology Changchun, Jilin 130012 P. R. China
| | - Huan Bi
- Advanced Institute of Materials ScienceChangchun University of Technology Changchun, Jilin 130012 P. R. China
- School of Chemical EngineeringChangchun University of Technology Changchun, Jilin 130012 P. R. China
| | - Qi Wei
- Advanced Institute of Materials ScienceChangchun University of Technology Changchun, Jilin 130012 P. R. China
- School of Chemical EngineeringChangchun University of Technology Changchun, Jilin 130012 P. R. China
| | - Su Yan
- Advanced Institute of Materials ScienceChangchun University of Technology Changchun, Jilin 130012 P. R. China
- School of Chemical EngineeringChangchun University of Technology Changchun, Jilin 130012 P. R. China
| | - Shiwei Wang
- Advanced Institute of Materials ScienceChangchun University of Technology Changchun, Jilin 130012 P. R. China
- School of Chemical EngineeringChangchun University of Technology Changchun, Jilin 130012 P. R. China
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Wu J, Zhen C, Wu T, Jia C, Haider M, Liu G, Cheng HM. Reconstructed transparent conductive layers of fluorine doped tin oxide for greatly weakened hysteresis and improved efficiency of perovskite solar cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 56:129-132. [PMID: 31799551 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc08102j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reconstructed transparent conductive films of fluorine doped tin oxide on glass substrates synthesized by electrochemical reduction followed by thermal oxidation were demonstrated to be effective in collecting photogenerated electrons in planar perovskite solar cells. Compared to the cells fabricated with the pristine film, the cell based on the reconstructed film shows an improved power conversion efficiency under forward scan from 9% to 15.1% and greatly weakened hysteresis behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbo Wu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
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Jiménez-Tejada JA, Romero A, González J, Chaure NB, Cammidge AN, Chambrier I, Ray AK, Deen MJ. Evolutionary Computation for Parameter Extraction of Organic Thin-Film Transistors Using Newly Synthesized Liquid Crystalline Nickel Phthalocyanine. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E683. [PMID: 31658658 PMCID: PMC6843424 DOI: 10.3390/mi10100683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the topic of the detrimental contact effects in organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) is revisited. In this case, contact effects are considered as a tool to enhance the characterization procedures of OTFTs, achieving more accurate values for the fundamental parameters of the transistor threshold voltage, carrier mobility and on-off current ratio. The contact region is also seen as a fundamental part of the device which is sensitive to physical, chemical and fabrication variables. A compact model for OTFTs, which includes the effects of the contacts, and a recent proposal of an associated evolutionary parameter extraction procedure are reviewed. Both the model and the procedure are used to assess the effect of the annealing temperature on a nickel-1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octakis(hexyl)phthalocyanine (NiPc6)-based OTFT. A review of the importance of phthalocyanines in organic electronics is also provided. The characterization of the contact region in NiPc6 OTFTs complements the results extracted from other physical-chemical techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry or atomic force microscopy, in which the transition from crystal to columnar mesophase imposes a limit for the optimum performance of the annealed OTFTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Jiménez-Tejada
- Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de los Computadores, Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías de la Información y de las Comunicaciones (CITIC), Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Adrián Romero
- Departamento de Electrónica y Tecnología de los Computadores, Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías de la Información y de las Comunicaciones (CITIC), Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
- Departamento de Arquitectura y Tecnología de Computadores, Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías de la Información y de las Comunicaciones (CITIC), Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Jesús González
- Departamento de Arquitectura y Tecnología de Computadores, Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías de la Información y de las Comunicaciones (CITIC), Universidad de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - Nandu B Chaure
- Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Andrew N Cammidge
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Isabelle Chambrier
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Asim K Ray
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK.
| | - M Jamal Deen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
- Electronic Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
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Hu Q, Rezaee E, Li M, Chen Q, Cao Y, Mayukh M, McGrath DV, Xu ZX. Molecular Design Strategy in Developing Titanyl Phthalocyanines as Dopant-Free Hole-Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells: Peripheral or Nonperipheral Substituents? ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:36535-36543. [PMID: 31536319 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a molecular design strategy to enhance the efficiency of phthalocyanine (Pc)-based hole-transporting materials (HTMs) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, two titanyl phthalocyanine (TiOPc) derivatives are designed and applied as dopant-free HTMs in planar n-i-p-structured PSCs. The newly developed TiOPc compounds possess eight n-hexylthio groups attached to either peripheral (P-SC6-TiOPc) or nonperipheral (NP-SC6-TiOPc) positions of the Pc ring. Utilizing these dopant-free HTMs in PSCs with a mixed cation perovskite as the light-absorbing material and tin oxide (SnO2) as the electron-transporting material (ETM) results in a considerably enhanced efficiency for NP-SC6-TiOPc-based devices compared to PSCs using P-SC6-TiOPc. Hence, all of the photovoltaic parameters, including power conversion efficiency (PCE), fill factor, open-circuit voltage, and short-circuit current density, are remarkably improved from 5.33 ± 1.01%, 33.34 ± 3.45%, 0.92 ± 0.18 V, and 17.33 ± 2.08 mA cm-2 to 15.83 ± 0.44%, 69.03 ± 1.59%, 1.05 ± 0.01 V, and 21.80 ± 0.36 mA cm-2, respectively, when using the nonperipheral-substituted TiOPc derivative as the HTM in a PSC. Experimental and computational analysis suggests more compact molecular packing for NP-SC6-TiOPc than P-SC6-TiOPc in the solid state due to stronger π-π interactions, leading to thin films with better quality and higher performance in hole extraction and transportation. PSCs with NP-SC6-TiOPc also offer much higher long-term stability than P-SC6-TiOPc-based devices under ambient conditions with a relative humidity of 75%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qikun Hu
- Department of Chemistry , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ehsan Rezaee
- Department of Chemistry , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Minzhang Li
- Department of Chemistry , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518000 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - Mayank Mayukh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - Dominic V McGrath
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85721 , United States
| | - Zong-Xiang Xu
- Department of Chemistry , Southern University of Science and Technology , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518000 , People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Engineering Research and Development Center for Flexible Solar Cells , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , People's Republic of China
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