1
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Zhang Y, Torres-Cavanillas R, Yan X, Zeng Y, Jiang M, Clemente-León M, Coronado E, Shi S. Spin crossover iron complexes with spin transition near room temperature based on nitrogen ligands containing aromatic rings: from molecular design to functional devices. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:8764-8789. [PMID: 39072682 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00688c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
During last decades, significant advances have been made in iron-based spin crossover (SCO) complexes, with a particular emphasis on achieving reversible and reproducible thermal hysteresis at room temperature (RT). This pursuit represents a pivotal goal within the field of molecular magnetism, aiming to create molecular devices capable of operating in ambient conditions. Here, we summarize the recent progress of iron complexes with spin transition near RT based on nitrogen ligands containing aromatic rings from molecular design to functional devices. Specifically, we discuss the various factors, including supramolecular interactions, crystal packing, guest molecules and pressure effects, that could influence its cooperativity and the spin transition temperature. Furthermore, the most recent advances in their implementation as mechanical actuators, switching/memories, sensors, and other devices, have been introduced as well. Finally, we give a perspective on current challenges and future directions in SCO community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China.
| | - Ramón Torres-Cavanillas
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Xinxin Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China.
| | - Yixun Zeng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China.
| | - Mengyun Jiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China.
| | - Miguel Clemente-León
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Eugenio Coronado
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Shengwei Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, 430205, China.
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education), Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
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2
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Mondal DJ, Kumar B, Shome S, Konar S. Observation of TLIESST above Liquid Nitrogen Temperature and Disclosure of Hidden Hysteresis in Multiresponsive Hofmann-type Coordination Polymers. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:15752-15761. [PMID: 39145691 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Photoresponsive spin-crossover (SCO) molecules are an important class of bistable magnetic molecules with intriguing potential in device applications. The light-induced excited spin state trapping (LIESST) and the combined application of light and temperature can provide access to the metastable region of the SCO profile. The primary obstacle in utilizing light stimuli is the manifestation of light-induced trappings at extremely low temperatures. Herein, we report two novel multiresponsive 2D Hofmann-type coordination polymers exhibiting light-induced excited spin state trapping above liquid nitrogen temperature (TLIESST = 82 and 81 K). Stimulating the samples in conjugation with light and temperature successfully unveils hysteresis, which is otherwise concealed. Apart from light and temperature, we found that the SCO phenomenon is also responsive to external hydrostatic pressure and exhibits modulation of the hysteresis width and transition temperature shifts with changes in pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibya Jyoti Mondal
- Molecular Magnetism Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Bhart Kumar
- Molecular Magnetism Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Shraoshee Shome
- Molecular Magnetism Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sanjit Konar
- Molecular Magnetism Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal By-pass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh, India
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3
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Kobayashi F, Yoshida A, Gemba M, Takatsu Y, Tadokoro M. Solvent vapour-responsive structural transformations in molecular crystals composed of a luminescent mononuclear aluminium(III) complex. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11689-11696. [PMID: 38847374 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00747f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Investigations into the construction of functional molecular crystals and their external stimuli-induced structural transformations represent compelling research topics, particularly for the advancement of sensors and memory devices. However, reports on the development of molecular crystals constructed from discrete mononuclear complex units and exhibiting structural transformations via the adsorption/desorption of guest molecules are scarce. In this study, we synthesised three molecular crystals composed of [Al(sap)(acac)(H2O)]·(solvent) (H2sap = 2-salicylideneaminophenol, acac = acetylacetonate, solvent = Me2CO (Al·Me2CO), MeCN (Al·MeCN), or DMSO (Al·DMSO)), and demonstrated solvent vapour-responsive reversible crystal-to-crystal structural transformations in Al·Me2CO and Al·MeCN. For Al·DMSO, exposure to DMSO vapour led to the formation of DMSO-coordinated compound [Al(sap)(acac)(DMSO)], indicating an irreversible structural transformation. This solvent vapour-responsive system incorporates a luminescent mononuclear aluminium(III) complex (λmax = 539-552 nm, Φem = 0.07-0.27) as the molecular building unit for the porous-like framework. Therefore, we synthesised a new functional molecular material and a potential molecular building unit that facilitates guest fixation through hydrogen-bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiya Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Azuki Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Misato Gemba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yuta Takatsu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Makoto Tadokoro
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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4
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Grunwald J, Torres J, Buchholz A, Näther C, Kämmerer L, Gruber M, Rohlf S, Thakur S, Wende H, Plass W, Kuch W, Tuczek F. Defying the inverse energy gap law: a vacuum-evaporable Fe(ii) low-spin complex with a long-lived LIESST state. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7361-7380. [PMID: 37416721 PMCID: PMC10321519 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00561e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel vacuum-evaporable complex [Fe(pypypyr)2] (pypypyr = bipyridyl pyrrolide) was synthesised and analysed as bulk material and as a thin film. In both cases, the compound is in its low-spin state up to temperatures of at least 510 K. Thus, it is conventionally considered a pure low-spin compound. According to the inverse energy gap law, the half time of the light-induced excited high-spin state of such compounds at temperatures approaching 0 K is expected to be in the regime of micro- or nanoseconds. In contrast to these expectations, the light-induced high-spin state of the title compound has a half time of several hours. We attribute this behaviour to a large structural difference between the two spin states along with four distinct distortion coordinates associated with the spin transition. This leads to a breakdown of single-mode behaviour and thus drastically decreases the relaxation rate of the metastable high-spin state. These unprecedented properties open up new strategies for the development of compounds showing light-induced excited spin state trapping (LIESST) at high temperatures, potentially around room temperature, which is relevant for applications in molecular spintronics, sensors, displays and the like.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Grunwald
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel 24098 Kiel Germany +49 431 880 1520 +49 431 880 1410
| | - Jorge Torres
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Germany +49 30 838 452098 +49 30 838 52098
| | - Axel Buchholz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Christian Näther
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel 24098 Kiel Germany +49 431 880 1520 +49 431 880 1410
| | - Lea Kämmerer
- Fakultät für Physik and CENIDE, Universität Duisburg-Essen 47048 Duisburg Germany
| | - Manuel Gruber
- Fakultät für Physik and CENIDE, Universität Duisburg-Essen 47048 Duisburg Germany
| | - Sebastian Rohlf
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel 24098 Kiel Germany
| | - Sangeeta Thakur
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Germany +49 30 838 452098 +49 30 838 52098
| | - Heiko Wende
- Fakultät für Physik and CENIDE, Universität Duisburg-Essen 47048 Duisburg Germany
| | - Winfried Plass
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kuch
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Freie Universität Berlin Arnimallee 14 14195 Berlin Germany +49 30 838 452098 +49 30 838 52098
| | - Felix Tuczek
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel 24098 Kiel Germany +49 431 880 1520 +49 431 880 1410
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5
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Díaz-Torres R, Chastanet G, Collet E, Trzop E, Harding P, Harding DJ. Bidirectional photoswitchability in an iron(iii) spin crossover complex: symmetry-breaking and solvent effects. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7185-7191. [PMID: 37416698 PMCID: PMC10321481 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01495a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of solvent on spin crossover (SCO) behaviour is reported in two solvates [Fe(qsal-I)2]NO3·2ROH (qsal-I = 4-iodo-2-[(8-quinolylimino)methyl]phenolate; R = Me 1 or Et 2) which undergo abrupt and gradual SCO, respectively. A symmetry-breaking phase transition due to spin-state ordering from a [HS] to [HS-LS] state occurs at 210 K in 1, while T1/2 = 250 K for the EtOH solvate, where complete SCO occurs. The MeOH solvate exhibits LIESST and reverse-LIESST from the [HS-LS] state, revealing a hidden [LS] state. Moreover, photocrystallographic studies on 1 at 10 K reveal re-entrant photoinduced phase transitions to a high symmetry [HS] phase when irradiated at 980 nm or a high symmetry [LS] phase after irradiation at 660 nm. This study represents the first example of bidirectional photoswitchability and subsequent symmetry-breaking from a [HS-LS] state in an iron(iii) SCO material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Díaz-Torres
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Multifunctional Crystalline Materials and Applications (TU-MCMA), Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University Pathum Thani 12121 Thailand
| | - Guillaume Chastanet
- Université de Bordeaux, ICMCB 87 Avenue du Dr A. Schweitzer Pessac F-33608 France
| | - Eric Collet
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes) - UMR 6251 F-35000 Rennes France
| | - Elzbieta Trzop
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes) - UMR 6251 F-35000 Rennes France
| | - Phimphaka Harding
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand
| | - David J Harding
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand
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6
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García-López V, El Jastimi HEM, Juráková J, Clemente-León M, Coronado E. Iron(II) Complexes of 2,6-Di[4-(ethylcarboxy)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine with Reversible Guest-Modulated Spin-Crossover Behavior. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:2730-2738. [PMID: 37038402 PMCID: PMC10080648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.2c01524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Three solvatomorphs of the iron(II) complex of 2,6-di[4-(ethylcarboxy)pyrazol-1-yl]pyridine (bpCOOEt2p) of formulas [Fe(bpCOOEt2p)2](ClO4)2·1.5MeNO2 (1), [Fe(bpCOOEt2p)2](ClO4)2·MeNO2 (2), and [Fe(bpCOOEt2p)2](ClO4)2·2MeNO2 (3) have been prepared and characterized. They show interesting spin-crossover (SCO) properties ranging from partial to complete thermal spin transitions and a light-induced excited spin-state trapping (LIESST) effect. In solvatomorph 2, a robust structure is formed with channels that enable the entrance or removal of solvent molecules by vapor diffusion without losing the crystallinity. Thus, solvent-exchanged samples [Fe(bpCOOEt2p)2](ClO4)2·MeNO2 (2·MeNO 2 ), [Fe(bpCOOEt2p)2](ClO4)2·MeCN (2·MeCN), [Fe(bpCOOEt2p)2](ClO4)2·0.5Me2CO (2·Me 2 CO), and [Fe(bpCOOEt2p)2](ClO4)2·MeCOOH (2·MeCOOH) were prepared by vapor diffusion of the solvents in a crystal of the compound previously heated to 400 K in a single-crystal to single-crystal (SCSC) fashion. Interestingly, this causes a change of spin state with a stabilization of the low-spin state in 2·Me 2 CO and the high-spin state in 2·MeCN. Therefore, the SCO properties of 2 can be tuned in a reversible way by exposure to different solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor García-López
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad
de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Hanane El Mansour El Jastimi
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad
de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Jana Juráková
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad
de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
- Central
European Institute of Technology, Brno University
of Technology, Purkyn̆ova
123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miguel Clemente-León
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad
de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Eugenio Coronado
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad
de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
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7
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Palacios-Corella M, García-López V, Waerenborgh JC, Vieira BJC, Mínguez Espallargas G, Clemente-León M, Coronado E. Redox and guest tunable spin-crossover properties in a polymeric polyoxometalate. Chem Sci 2023; 14:3048-3055. [PMID: 36937587 PMCID: PMC10016358 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05800f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A bifunctionalized polyoxometalate (POM), [V6O19(C16H15N6O)2]2-, which contains a redox active hexavanadate moiety covalently linked to two tridentate 2,6-bis(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine (1-bpp) ligands, has been prepared and characterized. Reaction of this hybrid molecule with Fe(ii) or Zn(ii) ions produces crystalline neutral 1D networks of formula Fe[V6O19(C16H15N6O)2]·solv (2) and Zn[V6O19(C16H15N6O)2]·solv (3) (solv = solvent molecules). Magnetic properties of 2 show an abrupt spin-crossover (SCO) with the temperature, which can be induced by light irradiation at 10 K (Light-Induced Excited Spin-State Trapping, LIESST effect). Interestingly, this porous and flexible structure enables reversible exchange of solvents in 2, which allows tuning the temperature of the thermal SCO. In 2 and 3, the hexavanadate unit can be reduced by electrochemical or chemical means in a reversible way. Chemical reduction and reoxidation by a postsynthetic method is accompanied by the insertion in the structure of the reductant and oxidant molecules (cobaltocene and tribromide, respectively), which provokes drastic changes in the spin state of Fe(ii). This leads to an elegant switching multifunctional material in which SCO properties of the Fe(ii) complexes coexist with the redox properties of the POM and can be tuned by a variety of stimuli such as temperature, light, solvent exchange or electron transfer. During the reduction process, 3 undergoes a single-crystal-to-single-crystal one-electron reduction, which confirms the presence of cobaltocenium cations by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Palacios-Corella
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Paterna Spain +34 963543273 +34 963544419
| | - Víctor García-López
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Paterna Spain +34 963543273 +34 963544419
| | - Joao Carlos Waerenborgh
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, DECN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa 2695-066 Bobadela LRS Portugal
| | - Bruno J C Vieira
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, DECN, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa 2695-066 Bobadela LRS Portugal
| | - Guillermo Mínguez Espallargas
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Paterna Spain +34 963543273 +34 963544419
| | - Miguel Clemente-León
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Paterna Spain +34 963543273 +34 963544419
| | - Eugenio Coronado
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València C/Catedrático José Beltrán 2 46980 Paterna Spain +34 963543273 +34 963544419
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8
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Seredyuk M, Znovjyak K, Valverde-Muñoz FJ, da Silva I, Muñoz MC, Moroz YS, Real JA. 105 K Wide Room Temperature Spin Transition Memory Due to a Supramolecular Latch Mechanism. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14297-14309. [PMID: 35900921 PMCID: PMC9380689 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
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Little is known about the mechanisms behind the bistability
(memory)
of molecular spin transition compounds over broad temperature ranges
(>100 K). To address this point, we report on a new discrete FeII neutral complex [FeIIL2]0 (1) based on a novel asymmetric tridentate ligand 2-(5-(3-methoxy-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-6-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl))pyridine
(L). Due to the asymmetric cone-shaped form, in the lattice, the formed
complex molecules stack into a one-dimensional (1D) supramolecular
chain. In the case of the rectangular supramolecular arrangement of
chains in methanolates 1-A and 1-B (both
orthorhombic, Pbcn) differing, respectively, by bent
and extended spatial conformations of the 3-methoxy groups (3MeO),
a moderate cooperativity is observed. In contrast, the hexagonal-like
arrangement of supramolecular chains in polymorph 1-C (monoclinic, P21/c) results in steric coupling of the transforming complex
species with the peripheral flipping 3MeO group. The group acts as
a supramolecular latch, locking the huge geometric distortion of complex 1 and in turn the trigonal distortion of the central FeII ion in the high-spin state, thereby keeping it from the
transition to the low-spin state over a large thermal range. Analysis
of the crystal packing of 1-C reveals significantly changing
patterns of close intermolecular interactions on going between the
phases substantiated by the energy framework analysis. The detected
supramolecular mechanism leads to a record-setting robust 105 K wide
hysteresis spanning the room temperature region and an atypically
large TLIESST relaxation value of 104
K of the photoexcited high-spin state. This work highlights a viable
pathway toward a new generation of cleverly designed molecular memory
materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksym Seredyuk
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13, Volodymyrska Street, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Kateryna Znovjyak
- Department of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64/13, Volodymyrska Street, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | | | - Ivan da Silva
- ISIS Neutron Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - M Carmen Muñoz
- Departamento de Fisíca Aplicada, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Yurii S Moroz
- Chemspace Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, 02094 Kyiv, Ukraine.,ChemBio Center, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 60, Volodymyrska Street, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - José Antonio Real
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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9
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Yergeshbayeva S, Hrudka JJ, Jo M, Gakiya-Teruya M, Meisel MW, Shatruk M. Abrupt Spin Transition in a Heteroleptic Fe(II) Complex with Pendant Naphthalene Functionality. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:11349-11358. [PMID: 35816625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A heteroleptic spin-crossover (SCO) complex, [Fe(tpma)(xnap-bim)](ClO4)2 (1; tpma = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine, xnap-bim = 8,15-dihydrodiimidazo[1,2-a:2',1'-c]naphtho[2,3-f][1,4]diazocine), has been obtained by reacting a Fe(II) precursor salt with tetradentate tpma and bidentate xnap-bim ligands. Depending on crystallization conditions, two different solvates have been obtained, 1·2.25py·0.5H2O and 1·py. The former readily loses the interstitial solvent to produce either a powder sample of 1 upon filtration or crystals of 1 if the solvent loss is slowed by placing the crystals of 1·2.25py·0.5H2O in diethyl ether. In contrast, 1·py exhibits higher stability toward solvent loss. The crystal packing of both solvates and of the solvent-free structure features double columns of [Fe(tpma)(xnap-bim)]2+ cations formed by efficient π-π interactions between the pyridyl groups of tpma ligands, as well as by stacks supported by π-π interactions between interdigitated naphthalene fragments of xnap-bim ligands. While both solvates show a gradual SCO between the high-spin (HS) and low-spin (LS) states of the Fe(II) ion, solvent-free complex 1 exhibits an abrupt spin transition centered at 127 K, with a narrow 2 K thermal hysteresis. Complex 1 also shows a light-induced excited spin state trapping effect, manifested as LS → HS conversion upon irradiation with white light at 5 K. The metastable HS state relaxes to the ground LS state when heated above 65 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandugash Yergeshbayeva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Jeremy J Hrudka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Minyoung Jo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Miguel Gakiya-Teruya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
| | - Mark W Meisel
- Department of Physics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8440, United States.,National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8440, United States
| | - Michael Shatruk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, United States
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10
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Liu JH, Guo XQ, Wang ZC, Cai LX, Zhou LP, Tian CB, Sun QF. Cation modulated spin state and near room temperature transition within a family of compounds containing the same [FeL 2] 2- center. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:3894-3901. [PMID: 35167636 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04254h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spin-crossover (SCO) active compounds have received much attention due to their potential application in molecular devices. Herein, a family of solvent-free FeII compounds, formulated as (A)2[FeL2], (H2L = pyridine-2,6-bi-tetrazolate, A = (Me)4N+1, Et2NH2+2, iPr2NH2+3 and iPrNH3+4), were synthesized and characterized. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies reveal that 1-4 are all supramolecular frameworks containing the same [FeL2]2- center, which is arranged into two packing modes via inter-molecular interactions, that is, a 3D architecture in 1 and 1D chain in 2-4. The spin states of 1-4 at different temperatures are assigned on the basis of the single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. Solid state magnetic investigations indicate that 1 and 4 exhibit a low spin state (below 350 K) and high spin state (2-400 K), respectively. 2 and 3 display clear SCO behavior in the measured temperature, but with different profiles and critical temperatures. 2 undergoes a complete gradual SCO with a critical temperature of T1/2 = 260 K. 3 has an abrupt near room temperature transition between T1/2 cooling = 278 K and T1/2 warming = 286, centered at 282 K (9 °C). This study reveals the importance of organic cations in the modulation of SCO behavior and offers a new insight for the design of SCO compounds with near room temperature spin transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zi-Cheng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Li-Xuan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Li-Peng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chong-Bin Tian
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qing-Fu Sun
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou 350002, China
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11
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Capel Berdiell I, Davies DJ, Woodworth J, Kulmaczewski R, Cespedes O, Halcrow MA. Structures and Spin States of Iron(II) Complexes of Isomeric 2,6-Di(1,2,3-triazolyl)pyridine Ligands. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:14988-15000. [PMID: 34547208 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Iron(II) complex salts of 2,6-di(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)pyridine (L1) are unexpectedly unstable in undried solvent. This is explained by the isolation of [Fe(L1)4(H2O)2][ClO4]2 and [Fe(NCS)2(L1)2(H2O)2]·L1, containing L1 bound as a monodentate ligand rather than in the expected tridentate fashion. These complexes associate into 44 grid structures through O-H···N hydrogen bonding; a solvate of a related 44 coordination framework, catena-[Cu(μ-L1)2(H2O)2][BF4]2, is also presented. The isomeric ligands 2,6-di(1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)pyridine (L2) and 2,6-di(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine (L3) bind to iron(II) in a more typical tridentate fashion. Solvates of [Fe(L3)2][ClO4]2 are low-spin and diamagnetic in the solid state and in solution, while [Fe(L2)2][ClO4]2 and [Co(L3)2][BF4]2 are fully high-spin. Treatment of L3 with methyl iodide affords 2,6-di(2-methyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine (L4) and 2-(1-methyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)-6-(2-methyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine (L5). While salts of [Fe(L5)2]2+ are low-spin in the solid state, [Fe(L4)2][ClO4]2·H2O is high-spin, and [Fe(L4)2][ClO4]2·3MeNO2 exhibits a hysteretic spin transition to 50% completeness at T1/2 = 128 K (ΔT1/2 = 6 K). This transition proceeds via a symmetry-breaking phase transition to an unusual low-temperature phase containing three unique cation sites with high-spin, low-spin, and 1:1 mixed-spin populations. The unusual distribution of the spin states in the low-temperature phase reflects "spin-state frustration" of the mixed-spin cation site by an equal number of high-spin and low-spin nearest neighbors. Gas-phase density functional theory calculations reproduce the spin-state preferences of these and some related complexes. These highlight the interplay between the σ-basicity and π-acidity of the heterocyclic donors in this ligand type, which have opposing influences on the molecular ligand field. The Brønsted basicities of L1-L3 are very sensitive to the linkage isomerism of their triazolyl donors, which explains why their iron complex spin states show more variation than the better-known iron(II)/2,6-dipyrazolylpyridine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izar Capel Berdiell
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Daniel J Davies
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Jack Woodworth
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Rafal Kulmaczewski
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Oscar Cespedes
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, E. C. Stoner Building, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Malcolm A Halcrow
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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12
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Üngör Ö, Choi ES, Shatruk M. Optimization of crystal packing in semiconducting spin-crossover materials with fractionally charged TCNQ δ- anions (0 < δ < 1). Chem Sci 2021; 12:10765-10779. [PMID: 34476058 PMCID: PMC8372557 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02843j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-crystallization of the prominent Fe(ii) spin-crossover (SCO) cation, [Fe(3-bpp)2]2+ (3-bpp = 2,6-bis(pyrazol-3-yl)pyridine), with a fractionally charged TCNQ δ- radical anion has afforded a hybrid complex [Fe(3-bpp)2](TCNQ)3·5MeCN (1·5MeCN, where δ = -0.67). The partially desolvated material shows semiconducting behavior, with the room temperature conductivity σ RT = 3.1 × 10-3 S cm-1, and weak modulation of conducting properties in the region of the spin transition. The complete desolvation, however, results in the loss of hysteretic behavior and a very gradual SCO that spans the temperature range of 200 K. A related complex with integer-charged TCNQ- anions, [Fe(3-bpp)2](TCNQ)2·3MeCN (2·3MeCN), readily loses the interstitial solvent to afford desolvated complex 2 that undergoes an abrupt and hysteretic spin transition centered at 106 K, with an 11 K thermal hysteresis. Complex 2 also exhibits a temperature-induced excited spin-state trapping (TIESST) effect, upon which a metastable high-spin state is trapped by flash-cooling from room temperature to 10 K. Heating above 85 K restores the ground-state low-spin configuration. An approach to improve the structural stability of such complexes is demonstrated by using a related ligand 2,6-bis(benzimidazol-2'-yl)pyridine (bzimpy) to obtain [Fe(bzimpy)2](TCNQ)6·2Me2CO (4) and [Fe(bzimpy)2](TCNQ)5·5MeCN (5), both of which exist as LS complexes up to 400 K and exhibit semiconducting behavior, with σ RT = 9.1 × 10-2 S cm-1 and 1.8 × 10-3 S cm-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ökten Üngör
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University 95 Chieftan Way Tallahassee FL 32306 USA
| | - Eun Sang Choi
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory 1800 E Paul Dirac Dr Tallahassee FL 32310 USA
| | - Michael Shatruk
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University 95 Chieftan Way Tallahassee FL 32306 USA
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory 1800 E Paul Dirac Dr Tallahassee FL 32310 USA
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Galadzhun I, Kulmaczewski R, Cespedes O, Halcrow MA. Iron/2,6‐Di(pyrazol‐1‐yl)pyridine Complexes with a Discotic Pattern of Alkyl or Alkynyl Substituents. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iurii Galadzhun
- School of Chemistry University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | | | - Oscar Cespedes
- School of Physics and Astronomy University of Leeds EC Stoner Building Leeds LS2 9JT UK
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Zhao Q, Xue JP, Liu ZK, Yao ZS, Tao J. Spin-crossover iron(ii) long-chain complex with slow spin equilibrium at low temperatures. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:11106-11112. [PMID: 34318840 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01378e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A mononuclear complex with long alkyl chains, [FeII(H2Bpz2)2(C9bpy)] (1; H2Bpz2 = dihydrobis(1-pyrazolyl)borate, C9bpy = 4,4'-dinonyl-2,2'-bipyridine), was synthesized. Single-crystal X-ray crystallographic studies revealed that the Δ- and Λ-forms of the complex co-crystallized in the lattice asymmetric unit, while magnetic measurements unveiled that this complex underwent incomplete one-step spin crossover (SCO) with the transition completeness and temperature depending on the measurement velocity because of slow spin equilibrium. Multivariable approaches such as varying scan rate, annealing the sample, light irradiation and pressure have been adopted to effectively overcome the slow spin equilibrium and thus improve the SCO completeness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liangxiang Campus, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Ghosh S, Bagchi S, Kamilya S, Mondal A. Effect of ligand substituents and tuning the spin-state switching in manganese(iii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:4634-4642. [PMID: 33720257 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00284h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Three mononuclear manganese(iii) complexes based on flexible hexadentate ligands obtained from the condensation of N,N'-bis(3-aminopropyl)ethylenediamine and salicylaldehyde or salicylaldehyde with substitutions at the 5 or 3,5 positions, namely [Mn(X-sal2-323)](BPh4) (X = 5 H, 1; X = 5 Br, 2, and X = 3,5 Br, 3) have been synthesized. The impact of ligand substituents has been studied by variable temperature single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses, and magnetic, spectroscopic and electrochemical investigations. The complexes have an analogous monocationic MnN4O2 surrounding offered by the flexible hexadentate ligand in a distorted octahedral geometry. Complex 1 remains in the high spin state over the entire temperature range, while complex 2 shows a reversible and complete two-step thermo-induced spin-state switching. An incomplete spin-state switching from a high spin to an intermediate high-spin low-spin (1 : 1) state was observed for complex 3. Single-crystal X-ray structural studies show the presence of three different spin states in 2 during the occurrence of the spin-state switching process. Electrochemical investigations showed that the reduced state of manganese(iii) centers in 3 is easily accessible in comparison to complexes 1 and 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Ghosh
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C V Raman Road, Bangalore 560012, India.
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16
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Kobylarczyk J, Liberka M, Stanek JJ, Sieklucka B, Podgajny R. Tuning of the phase transition between site selective SCO and intermetallic ET in trimetallic magnetic cyanido-bridged clusters. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:17321-17330. [PMID: 33206068 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03340e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of crystalline phases composed of trimetallic 3d-5d-5d' {Fe9[Re(CN)8]6-x[W(CN)8]x(MeOH)24}·yMeOH (x = 1 (1), 2 (2), 3 (3), 4 (4) and 5 (5); y = 10-15) clusters were obtained by altering the octacyanidometalate composition. The temperature dependent studies involving SC XRD, SQUID magnetic measurements, IR spectroscopy and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed reversible phase transition with the retention of single crystal character in each congener. The transition was assisted by reversible spin-crossover (SCO) HSFeII↔LSFeII transition at the central Fe1(ii) site for Fe9Re5W1 (1), Fe9Re4W2 (2), Fe9Re3W3 (3) and Fe9Re2W4 (4). In contrast, the tungsten-rich congener Fe9Re1W5 (5) exhibited nontrivial behavior with the SCO transition being stopped halfway through the cooling process, to be completed with single electron transfer (ET) from the external Fe2(ii) center towards one of the neighboring W(v) sites. The critical temperature Tc of SCO has been systematically increased from 193 K (1) to 247 K (4). All experimental data indicate the domination of the Fe(ii)-W(v) valence states in all crystals 1-5, however, with increasing quantity of [W(CN)8]3- (and decreasing quantity of [Re(CN)8]3-), the valence equilibrium Fe(ii)-W(v) ↔ Fe(iii)-W(iv) was systematically shifted to the right, starting from congener 3. The overall electronic configuration at low temperatures and variable amounts and location of spin carriers along the whole series suggest the remarkable competition between magnetic super-exchange Fe(ii)-CN-W(v) interactions and intermolecular interactions. The observed behavior is in line with the information collected previously for the bimetallic congeners Fe9Re6 and Fe9W6, to shed light on the role of the mixed tri-metallic composition in changing the properties observed for the relevant bimetallic cyanido-bridged skeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedrzej Kobylarczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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Ghosh S, Bagchi S, Das M, Kamilya S, Mondal A. Stepwise spin-state switching in a manganese(III) complex. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:14776-14780. [PMID: 33078798 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02746d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A mononuclear manganese(iii) complex containing a flexible hexadentate chelating ligand has been prepared and characterized by performing, at various temperatures, single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses and magnetic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical studies. The complex was shown to consist of an MnN4O2 octahedral coordination environment, and to exhibit reversible two-step thermally induced spin-state switching, a gradual one at 168 K and an abrupt one at 103 K. Structural analyses revealed the existence of three spin-states, namely high-spin, low-spin, and intermediate states, during the spin-state switching process. Electrochemistry studies showed the quasi-reversible reduction and oxidation of the manganese(iii) center with a comparatively easily accessible reduced state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Ghosh
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Sir C V Raman Road, Bangalore 560012, India.
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18
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Guo W, Daro N, Pillet S, Marchivie M, Bendeif EE, Tailleur E, Chainok K, Denux D, Chastanet G, Guionneau P. Unprecedented Reverse Volume Expansion in Spin-Transition Crystals. Chemistry 2020; 26:12927-12930. [PMID: 32428382 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The current craze for research around the spin crossover phenomenon can be justified to some extent by the mechanical properties due to the decrease of volume associated with the transition of the metal ion from the HS state to the LS state. As demonstrated here, the molecular complex [Fe(PM-pBrA)2 (NCS)2 ] exhibits, on the contrary, an increase of the unit-cell volume from HS to LS. This counter-intuitive and unprecedented behavior that concerns both the thermal and the photoexcited spin conversions is revealed by a combination of single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction complemented by magnetic measurements. Interestingly, this abnormal volume change appears concomitant with the wide rotation of a phenyl ring which induces a drastic modification, though reversible, of the structural packing within the crystal. In addition, the light-induced HS state obtained through the Light-Induced Excited Spin-State Trapping shows a remarkably high relaxation temperature, namely T(LIESST), of 109 K, one of the highest so far reported. The above set of quite unusual characteristics opens up new fields of possibilities within the development of spin crossover materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Guo
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Nathalie Daro
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Sébastien Pillet
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRM2, Nancy, 254506, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Mathieu Marchivie
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - El-Eulmi Bendeif
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRM2, Nancy, 254506, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
| | - Elodie Tailleur
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, 33600, Pessac, France
| | - Kittipong Chainok
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, 33600, Pessac, France.,Materials and Textiles Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12121, Thailand
| | - Dominique Denux
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, 33600, Pessac, France
| | | | - Philippe Guionneau
- CNRS, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR 5026, 33600, Pessac, France
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20
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Hao X, Dou Y, Cao T, Qin L, Zhou Z, Yang L, Li D, Liu Q, Li Y, Zhang D. One-dimensional cyanide-bridged Fe(III)–Mn(II) magnetic complexes with different configurations derived from a new pentacyanoiron(III) building block. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-020-00389-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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