1
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Liu D, Bauer N, Lu W, Yang X, Wang B. On the Question of Uncatalyzed CO Insertion into a Hydrazone Double Bond: A Comparative Study Using Different CO Sources and Substrates. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9551-9556. [PMID: 38888488 PMCID: PMC11232009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Because of endogenous signaling roles of carbon monoxide (CO) and its demonstrated pharmacological effects, there has been extensive interests in developing fluorescent CO probes. Palladium-mediated CO insertion has been successfully used for such applications. However, recent years have seen many publications of using uncatalyzed CO insertion into a hydrazone double bond as a way to sense CO. Such chemistry has no precedents otherwise. Further, the rigor of the CO-sensing work was largely based on using ruthenium-carbonyl complexes such as CORM-3 as CO surrogates, which have been reported to have extensive chemical reactivity and to release largely CO2 instead of CO unless in the presence of a strong nucleophile such as dithionite. For all of these, it is important to reassess the feasibility of such a CO-insertion reaction. By studying two of the reported "CO probes" using CO gas, this study finds no evidence of CO insertion into a hydrazone double bond. Further, the chemical reaction between CO gas and a series of eight hydrazone compounds was conducted, leading to the same conclusion. Such findings are consistent with the state-of-the-art knowledge of carbonylation chemistry and do not support uncatalyzed CO insertion as a mechanism for developing fluorescent CO probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongning Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Nicola Bauer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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2
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Alves de Souza RW, Voltarelli V, Gallo D, Shankar S, Tift MS, Young M, Gomperts E, Gomperts A, Otterbein LE. Beneficial Effects of Oral Carbon Monoxide on Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e032067. [PMID: 38700010 PMCID: PMC11179858 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.032067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doxorubicin and other anthracyclines are crucial cancer treatment drugs. However, they are associated with significant cardiotoxicity, severely affecting patient care and limiting dosage and usage. Previous studies have shown that low carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations protect against doxorubicin toxicity. However, traditional methods of CO delivery pose complex challenges for daily administration, such as dosing and toxicity. To address these challenges, we developed a novel oral liquid drug product containing CO (HBI-002) that can be easily self-administered by patients with cancer undergoing doxorubicin treatment, resulting in CO being delivered through the upper gastrointestinal tract. METHODS AND RESULTS HBI-002 was tested in a murine model of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity in the presence and absence of lung or breast cancer. The mice received HBI-002 twice daily before doxorubicin administration and experienced increased carboxyhemoglobin levels from a baseline of ≈1% to 7%. Heart tissue from mice treated with HBI-002 had a 6.3-fold increase in CO concentrations and higher expression of the cytoprotective enzyme heme oxygenase-1 compared with placebo control. In both acute and chronic doxorubicin toxicity scenarios, HBI-002 protected the heart from cardiotoxic effects, including limiting tissue damage and cardiac dysfunction and improving survival. In addition, HBI-002 did not compromise the efficacy of doxorubicin in reducing tumor volume, but rather enhanced the sensitivity of breast 4T1 cancer cells to doxorubicin while simultaneously protecting cardiac function. CONCLUSIONS These findings strongly support using HBI-002 as a cardioprotective agent that maintains the therapeutic benefits of doxorubicin cancer treatment while mitigating cardiac damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vanessa Voltarelli
- Department of SurgeryBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - David Gallo
- Department of SurgeryBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Sidharth Shankar
- Department of SurgeryBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
| | - Michael S. Tift
- Department of Biology and Marine BiologyUniversity of North Carolina WilmingtonWilmingtonNCUSA
| | - Mark Young
- Hillhurst Biopharmaceuticals, lncMontroseCAUSA
| | | | | | - Leo E. Otterbein
- Department of SurgeryBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMAUSA
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3
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Yang X, Mao Q, Wang B. On the Question of CO's Ability to Induce HO-1 Expression in Cell Culture: A Comparative Study Using Different CO Sources. ACS Chem Biol 2024; 19:725-735. [PMID: 38340055 PMCID: PMC10949199 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
With the recognition of the endogenous signaling roles and pharmacological functions of carbon monoxide (CO), there is an increasing need to understand CO's mechanism of actions. Along this line, chemical donors have been introduced as CO surrogates for ease of delivery, dosage control, and sometimes the ability to target. Among all of the donors, two ruthenium-carbonyl complexes, CORM-2 and -3, are arguably the most commonly used tools for about 20 years in studying the mechanism of actions of CO. Largely based on data using these two CORMs, there has been a widely accepted inference that the upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression is one of the key mechanisms for CO's actions. However, recent years have seen reports of very pronounced chemical reactivities and CO-independent activities of these CORMs. We are interested in examining this question by conducting comparative studies using CO gas, CORM-2/-3, and organic CO donors in RAW264.7, HeLa, and HepG2 cell cultures. CORM-2 and CORM-3 treatment showed significant dose-dependent induction of HO-1 compared to "controls," while incubation for 6 h with 250-500 ppm CO gas did not increase the HO-1 protein expression and mRNA transcription level. A further increase of the CO concentration to 5% did not lead to HO-1 expression either. Additionally, we demonstrate that CORM-2/-3 releases minimal amounts of CO under the experimental conditions. These results indicate that the HO-1 induction effects of CORM-2/-3 are not attributable to CO. We also assessed two organic CO prodrugs, BW-CO-103 and BW-CO-111. BW-CO-111 but not BW-CO-103 dose-dependently increased HO-1 levels in RAW264.7 and HeLa cells. We subsequently studied the mechanism of induction with an Nrf2-luciferase reporter assay, showing that the HO-1 induction activity is likely due to the activation of Nrf2 by the CO donors. Overall, CO alone is unable to induce HO-1 or activate Nrf2 under various conditions in vitro. As such, there is no evidence to support attributing the HO-1 induction effect of the CO donors such as CORM-2/-3 and BW-CO-111 in cell culture to CO. This comparative study demonstrates the critical need to consider possible CO-independent effects of a chemical CO donor before attributing the observed biological effects to CO. It is also important to note that such in vitro results cannot be directly extrapolated to in vivo studies because of the increased level of complexity and the likelihood of secondary and/or synergistic effects in the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Qiyue Mao
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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4
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Su M, Ji X, Liu F, Li Z, Yan D. Chemical Strategies Toward Prodrugs and Fluorescent Probes for Gasotransmitters. Mini Rev Med Chem 2024; 24:300-329. [PMID: 37102481 DOI: 10.2174/1389557523666230427152234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Three gaseous molecules are widely accepted as important gasotransmitters in mammalian cells, namely NO, CO and H2S. Due to the pharmacological effects observed in preclinical studies, these three gasotransmitters represent promising drug candidates for clinical translation. Fluorescent probes of the gasotransmitters are also in high demand; however, the mechanisms of actions or the roles played by gasotransmitters under both physiological and pathological conditions remain to be answered. In order to bring these challenges to the attention of both chemists and biologists working in this field, we herein summarize the chemical strategies used for the design of both probes and prodrugs of these three gasotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Su
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou University, China
| | - Xingyue Ji
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Suzhou University, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Suzhou University, China
| | - Zhang Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou University, China
| | - Duanyang Yan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzhou University, China
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5
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Liu H, Liu T, Qin Q, Li B, Li F, Zhang B, Sun W. The importance of and difficulties involved in creating molecular probes for a carbon monoxide gasotransmitter. Analyst 2023; 148:3952-3970. [PMID: 37522849 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00849e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
As one of the triumvirate of recognized gasotransmitter molecules, namely NO, H2S, and CO, the physiological effects of CO and its potential as a biomarker have been widely investigated, garnering particular attention due to its reported hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, and cytoprotective properties, making it a promising therapeutic agent. However, the development of CO molecular probes has remained relatively stagnant in comparison with the fluorescent probes for NO and H2S, owing to its inert molecular state under physiological conditions. In this review, starting from elucidating the definition and significance of CO as a gasotransmitter, the imperative for the advancement of CO probes, especially fluorescent probes, is expounded. Subsequently, the current state of development of CO probe methodologies is comprehensively reviewed, with an overview of the challenges and prospects in this burgeoning field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanying Liu
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Qian Qin
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Bingyu Li
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Fasheng Li
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Boyu Zhang
- College of Medical Laboratory, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials Oriented Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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6
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Hong LX, Sun L, Li C, Zhang RL, Zhao JS. Multiple Applications of a Novel Fluorescence Probe with Large Stokes Shift and Sensitivity for Rapid H 2S Detection. J Fluoresc 2023:10.1007/s10895-023-03377-y. [PMID: 37552376 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03377-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a novel fluorescence probe Fla-DNP based on flavonol has been designed and synthesized for rapid, specific detection of H2S. With the addition of H2S, Fla-DNP triggered thiolysis and released Fla displaying the "turn-on" fluorescence response at 566 nm, which is consistent with the reaction site predicted by calculating Electrostatic potential and ADCH charges. As an easily available H2S probe, Fla-DNP has the advantages of high selectivity, anti-interference, low detection limit (0.834 μM), short response time (6 min), and large Stokes shift (124 nm). The sensing mechanism of H2S was determined by HRMS analysis and DFT calculation. Moreover, Fla-DNP processes a wide range of multiple applications, including the detection of H2S in environmental water samples with good recovery rates ranging from 89.6% to 102.0%, as well as tracking the production of H2S during food spoilage. Meanwhile, the probe exhibits superior biocompatibility and can not only be available used for H2S detection in living cells but be further designed as an H2S-activated CO photoreleaser, based on which it can be developed as a targeted anti-cancer drug. A novel fluorescence probe Fla-DNP was synthesized utilizing 4-dimethylaminobenzoxanthone fluorescent dye (Fla) as the fluorophore, 2, 4-dinitrobenzenether group (DNP) as the recognition group, which can rapidly respond to H2S with high selectivity, anti-interference, low detection limit (0.834 μM), short response time (6 min), and large Stokes shift (124 nm) characteristics. The practical applications of Fla-DNP were further explored in water, foodstuffs samples and living cells. It is reflected that Fla-DNP can not only track H2S in complex environment water, but also can detect H2S produced during foodstuffs spoilage to monitor food freshness. More importantly, Fla-DNP can be available used for H2S detection in living cells and utilize the properties of the photoinduced release of CO from flavonols to be designed as a bifunctional platform for H2S detection and CO release. It is demonstrated that H2S-activated CO photoreleaser Fla-DNP has promise for development as an anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Xin Hong
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Sun
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong-Lan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-She Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule of the Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, People's Republic of China
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7
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Bauer N, Yuan Z, Yang X, Wang B. Plight of CORMs: The unreliability of four commercially available CO-releasing molecules, CORM-2, CORM-3, CORM-A1, and CORM-401, in studying CO biology. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 214:115642. [PMID: 37321416 PMCID: PMC10529722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is an endogenously produced gaseous signaling molecule with demonstrated pharmacological effects. In studying CO biology, three delivery forms have been used: CO gas, CO in solution, and CO donors of various types. Among the CO donors, four carbonyl complexes with either a transition metal ion or borane (BH3) (termed CO-releasing molecules or CORMs) have played the most prominent roles appearing in over 650 publications. These are CORM-2, CORM-3, CORM-A1, and CORM-401. Intriguingly, there have been unique biology findings that were only observed with these CORMs, but not CO gas; yet these properties were often attributed to CO, raising puzzling questions as to why CO source would make such a fundamental difference in terms of CO biology. Recent years have seen a large number of reports of chemical reactivity (e.g., catalase-like activity, reaction with thiol, and reduction of NAD(P)+) and demonstrated CO-independent biological activity for these four CORMs. Further, CORM-A1 releases CO in an idiosyncratic fashion; CO release from CORM-401 is strongly influenced or even dependent on reaction with an oxidant and/or a nucleophile; CORM-2 mostly releases CO2, not CO, after a water-gas shift reaction except in the presence of a strong nucleophile; and CORM-3 does not release CO except in the presence of a strong nucleophile. All these beg the question as to what constitutes an appropriate CO donor for studying CO biology. This review critically summarizes literature findings related to these aspects, with the aim of helping result interpretation when using these CORMs and development of essential criteria for an appropriate donor for studying CO biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Bauer
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Zhengnan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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8
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Liu D, Yang X, Wang B. Sensing a CO-Releasing Molecule (CORM) Does Not Equate to Sensing CO: The Case of DPHP and CORM-3. Anal Chem 2023; 95:9083-9089. [PMID: 37263968 PMCID: PMC10267888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is an endogenous signaling molecule with demonstrated pharmacological effects. For studying CO biology, there is a need for sensitive and selective fluorescent probes for CO as research tools. In developing such probes, CO gas and/or commercially available metal-carbonyl-based "CO-releasing molecules" (CORMs) have been used as CO sources. However, new findings are steadily emerging that some of these commonly used CORMs do not release CO reliably in buffers commonly used for studying such CO probes and have very pronounced chemical reactivities of their own, which could lead to the erroneous identification of "CO probes" that merely detect the CORM used, not CO. This is especially true when the CO-sensing mechanism relies on chemistry that is not firmly established otherwise. Cu2+ can quench the fluorescence of an imine-based fluorophore, DPHP, presumably through complexation. The Cu2+-quenched fluorescence was restored through the addition of CORM-3, a Ru-based CORM. This approach was reported as a new "strategy for detecting carbon monoxide" with the proposed mechanism being dependent on CO reduction of Cu2+ to Cu1+ under near-physiological conditions ( Anal. Chem. 2022, 94, 11298-11306). The study only used CORM-3 as the source of CO. CORM-3 has been reported to have very pronounced redox reactivity and is known not to release CO in an aqueous solution unless in the presence of a strong nucleophile. To assess whether the fluorescent response of the DPHP-Cu(II) cocktail to CORM-3 was truly through detecting CO, we report experiments using both pure CO and CORM-3. We confirm the reported DPHP-Cu(II) response to CORM-3 but not pure CO gas. Further, we did not observe the stated selectivity of DPHP for CO over sulfide species. Along this line, we also found that a reducing agent such as ascorbate was able to induce the same fluorescent turn-on as CORM-3 did. As such, the DPHP-Cu(II) system is not a CO probe and cannot be used to study CO biology. Corollary to this finding, it is critical that future work in developing CO probes uses more than a chemically reactive "CO donor" as the CO source. Especially important will be to confirm the ability of the "CO probe" to detect CO using pure CO gas or another source of CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongning Liu
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and
Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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9
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Sakla R, Ghosh A, Kumar V, Kanika, Das P, Sharma PK, Khan R, Jose DA. Light activated simultaneous release and recognition of biological signaling molecule carbon monoxide (CO). Methods 2023; 210:44-51. [PMID: 36642393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic action of carbon monoxide (CO) is very well known and has been studied on various types of tissues and animals. However, real-time spatial and temporal tracking and release of CO is still a challenging task. This paper reported an amphiphilic CO sensing probe NP and phospholipid 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) based nanoscale vesicular sensing system Ves-NP consisting of NP. The liposomal sensing system (Ves-NP) showed good selectivity and sensitivity for CO without any interference from other relevant biological analytes. Detection of CO is monitored by fluorescence OFF-ON signal. Ves-NP displayed LOD of 5.94 µM for CO detection with a response time of 5 min. Further, in a novel attempt, Ves-NP is co-embedded with the amphiphilic CO-releasing molecule 1-Mn(CO)3 to make an analyte replacement probe Ves-NP-CO. Having a both CO releasing and sensing moiety at the surface of the same liposomal system Ves-NP-CO play a dual role. Ves-NP-CO is used for the simultaneous release and recognition of CO that can be controlled by light. Thus, in this novel approach, for the first time we have attached both the release and recognition units of CO in the vesicular surface, both release and recognition simultaneously monitored by the change in fluorescent OFF-ON signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Sakla
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology (NIT) Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana, India; Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Amrita Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology (NIT) Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana, India
| | - Kanika
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - Priyadip Das
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur-603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pawan K Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana, India
| | - Rehan Khan
- Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology (INST), Knowledge City, Sector 81, Mohali, Punjab 140306, India
| | - D Amilan Jose
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology (NIT) Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana, India.
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10
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Yang X, Yuan Z, Lu W, Yang C, Wang M, Tripathi R, Fultz Z, Tan C, Wang B. De Novo Construction of Fluorophores via CO Insertion-Initiated Lactamization: A Chemical Strategy toward Highly Sensitive and Highly Selective Turn-On Fluorescent Probes for Carbon Monoxide. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:78-88. [PMID: 36548940 PMCID: PMC10287542 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extensive studies in the last few decades have led to the establishment of CO as an endogenous signaling molecule and subsequently to the exploration of CO's therapeutic roles. In the current state, there is a critical conundrum in CO-related research: the extensive knowledge of CO's biological effects and yet an insufficient understanding of the quantitative correlations between the CO concentration and biological responses of various natures. This conundrum is partially due to the difficulty in examining precise concentration-response relationships of a gaseous molecule. Another reason is the need for appropriate tools for the sensitive detection and concentration determination of CO in the biological system. We herein report a new chemical approach to the design of fluorescent CO probes through de novo construction of fluorophores by a CO insertion-initiated lactamization reaction, which allows for ultra-low background and exclusivity in CO detection. Two series of CO detection probes have been designed and synthesized using this strategy. Using these probes, we have extensively demonstrated their utility in quantifying CO in blood, tissue, and cell culture and in cellular imaging of CO from exogenous and endogenous sources. The probes described will enable many biology and chemistry labs to study CO's functions in a concentration-dependent fashion with very high sensitivity and selectivity. The chemical and design principles described will also be applicable in designing fluorescent probes for other small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Zhengnan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Ce Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Minjia Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Ravi Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Zach Fultz
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
| | - Chalet Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677 USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA
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11
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Yang Y, Li Z, Dong F, Lv J, Han B, Sun Y, Lu H, Lei Z, Ma H. Hypochlorite Detection by Fluorescent Sensors Bearing Long Alkyl Chains: The Role of Chain Length in Sensing Properties. Chempluschem 2022; 87:e202200307. [PMID: 36416253 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202200307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Three pyridinium derivatives bearing alkyl chains of different lengths (C1, C8, and C18) that show aggregation-enhanced emission were synthesized. These compounds can be used to detect ClO- ion as the reaction releases the fluorescent core with an increase in emission intensity and change in absorption wavelength. The lowest detection limit of TPA-Pyr-18C was 6.04 μM. The length of the alkyl chain and resulting lipophilicity allowed the targeting of different subcellular structures. TPA-Pyr-18C could be used for staining yolk lipids in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Eco- Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Eco- Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, P. R. China
| | - Fenghao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Eco- Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, P. R. China
| | - Jiawei Lv
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Eco- Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, P. R. China
| | - Bingyang Han
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Eco- Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Eco- Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, P. R. China
| | - Huiming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Eco- Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, P. R. China
| | - Ziqiang Lei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Eco- Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, P. R. China
| | - Hengchang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials of Gansu Province Key Laboratory of Eco- Environment-Related Polymer Materials Ministry of Education College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730070, P. R. China
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12
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Ahmmed E, Sarkar D, Mondal A, Saha NC, Bhattacharyya S, Chattopadhyay P. A new metal-free benzorhodol-based photoluminophore selective for carbon monoxide detection applicable in both in vitro and in vivo bioimaging. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:3196-3202. [PMID: 35938936 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00835a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A new benzorhodol-based non-fluorescent organic frame (DEB-CO) detects carbon monoxide (CO) selectively through a spirolactam ring-opening mechanism. Herein, the selective off-on fluorogenic behavior of this probe towards CO has been achieved without any assistance of precious and hazardous metals (e.g. Pd2+) as additional substrates. Moreover, the red-emissive probe motivated us to apply in situ tracing in mice and living cells. The selective off-on fluorogenic behavior of this probe towards CO originating from CORM-3 in vitro and in vivo with a limit of detection as low as 64.29 nM (for CORM-3) has been observed. Additionally, this probe is capable of sensing toxic carbon monoxide gas. This probe has also been utilized to detect intracellular CO in MCF7 cells (in vitro) and to spot the distribution of CO in mice (in vivo) by acquiring bioimages with the help of confocal microscopy, which indicates that DEB-CO is a smart competent probe for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ejaj Ahmmed
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan-713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Debanjan Sarkar
- Immunobiology and Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia-723104, West Bengal, India
| | - Asit Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan-713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Nimai Chandra Saha
- Vice Chancellor's Research Group, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan-713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Sankar Bhattacharyya
- Immunobiology and Translational Medicine Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia-723104, West Bengal, India
| | - Pabitra Chattopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan-713104, West Bengal, India
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13
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Bai C, Zhang J, Qin Y, Meng Q, Yao J, Huang H, Wei B, Li R, Zhang L, Miao H, Qu C, Qiao R. Strategy for Detecting Carbon Monoxide: Cu 2+-Assisted Fluorescent Probe and Its Applications in Biological Imaging. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11298-11306. [PMID: 35926081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a novel strategy was proposed for identifying carbon monoxide (CO), which plays a crucial part in living systems. For the first time, we have managed to design, synthesize, and characterize successfully this new Cu2+-assisted fluorescent probe (DPHP) in detecting CO. Compared with the commonly adopted Pd0-mediated Tsuji-Trost reaction recognition method, such a new strategy did not engage costly palladium (II) salt and generated no leaving group, indicating a satisfactory anti-interference ability. The recognition mechanism was confirmed by IR, 1H NMR titration, HR-MS, cyclic voltammetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance, and optical properties. Surprisingly, it was found that the new method achieved high selectivity and rapid identification of CO with a lower limit of detection (1.7 × 10-8 M). More intriguingly, it could recognize endogenous and exogenous CO in HeLa cells. The cytotoxicity of this new method was so low that it allowed the detection of CO in mice and zebrafish. Basically, our results trigger a novel viewpoint of rationally designing and synthesizing advanced materials for CO detection with unique features, impelling new research in detection chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuibing Bai
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, Anhui Province, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, Anhui Province, P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Qin
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, Anhui Province, P. R. China
| | - Qian Meng
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, Anhui Province, P. R. China
| | - Junxiong Yao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, Anhui Province, P. R. China
| | - Huanan Huang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Province Engineering Research Center of Ecological Chemical Industry, Xinghuo Organosilicon Industry Research Center, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, P. R. China
| | - Biao Wei
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, Anhui Province, P. R. China
| | - Ruiqian Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, Anhui Province, P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, Anhui Province, P. R. China
| | - Hui Miao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, Anhui Province, P. R. China
| | - Changqing Qu
- Research Center of Anti-aging Chinese Herbal Medicine of Anhui Province, Fuyang 236037, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Rui Qiao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Engineering Research Center of Biomass Conversion and Pollution Prevention of Anhui Educational Institutions, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang 236037, Anhui Province, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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14
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Johnston HM, Kueh JTB, Hartley RH, Bland AR, Payne FM, Harrison JC, Sammut IA, Larsen DS. Utilising fluorescent reporters to probe the mode of action of norbornen-7-one CO releasing molecules. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5812-5819. [PMID: 35838007 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01076c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of the fluorescent organic carbon monoxide releasing molecules oCOm-57, oCOm-58, and oCOm-66 are reported. These oCOms are water soluble and exhibit a "turn-on" fluorescent behaviour when CO is released under physiological conditions. oCOm-66 also contains an additional nitro-naphthalimide moiety that functions as a fluorescent reporter. Delivery of CO released from these oCOms to the mitochondria of AC-16 cardiomyocytes was confirmed using confocal microscopy in conjuction with MitoTracker Red. While the neutral, PEGylated oCOm-57 was found to remain in the extracellular environment releasing CO to diffuse into the cellular compartments, the positively charged oCOm-58 and -66 are targeted to the mitochondria where they release CO. Notably, the use of the fluorescent oCOms in live cellular imaging, allows the intracellular CO delivery and oCOm localisation to be characterised. This cellular confocal study also shows that, subtoxic concentrations of CO released from these molecules preserved mitochondrial energetics as indicated by the membrane potential dependent MitoTracker Red.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Abigail Ruth Bland
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Fergus Michael Payne
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Joanne Clare Harrison
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ivan Andrew Sammut
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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15
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Yuan Z, De La Cruz LK, Yang X, Wang B. Carbon Monoxide Signaling: Examining Its Engagement with Various Molecular Targets in the Context of Binding Affinity, Concentration, and Biologic Response. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:823-873. [PMID: 35738683 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) has been firmly established as an endogenous signaling molecule with a variety of pathophysiological and pharmacological functions, including immunomodulation, organ protection, and circadian clock regulation, among many others. In terms of its molecular mechanism(s) of action, CO is known to bind to a large number of hemoproteins with at least 25 identified targets, including hemoglobin, myoglobin, neuroglobin, cytochrome c oxidase, cytochrome P450, soluble guanylyl cyclase, myeloperoxidase, and some ion channels with dissociation constant values spanning the range of sub-nM to high μM. Although CO's binding affinity with a large number of targets has been extensively studied and firmly established, there is a pressing need to incorporate such binding information into the analysis of CO's biologic response in the context of affinity and dosage. Especially important is to understand the reservoir role of hemoglobin in CO storage, transport, distribution, and transfer. We critically review the literature and inject a sense of quantitative assessment into our analyses of the various relationships among binding affinity, CO concentration, target occupancy level, and anticipated pharmacological actions. We hope that this review presents a picture of the overall landscape of CO's engagement with various targets, stimulates additional research, and helps to move the CO field in the direction of examining individual targets in the context of all of the targets and the concentration of available CO. We believe that such work will help the further understanding of the relationship of CO concentration and its pathophysiological functions and the eventual development of CO-based therapeutics. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The further development of carbon monoxide (CO) as a therapeutic agent will significantly rely on the understanding of CO's engagement with therapeutically relevant targets of varying affinity. This review critically examines the literature by quantitatively analyzing the intricate relationships among targets, target affinity for CO, CO level, and the affinity state of carboxyhemoglobin and provide a holistic approach to examining the molecular mechanism(s) of action for CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengnan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ladie Kimberly De La Cruz
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
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16
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Xu H, Zong S, Xu H, Tang X, Li Z. Detection and imaging of Carbon monoxide releasing Molecule-2 in HeLa cells and zebrafish using a Metal-Free Near-Infrared fluorescent off-on probe. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 272:120964. [PMID: 35151164 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.120964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
By incorporating 4-nitrobenzene as the recognition unit into a stable hemicyanine skeleton based on IR 780, a designed near-infrared fluorescent off-on probe DNXI shows excellent analytical performance in real-time monitoring of carbon monoxide releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2) in living HeLa cells and zebrafish without transition metals. The response mechanism of CORM-2 with DNXI may reduce the nitro group to an amino group, followed by 1,6-rearrangement elimination reaction, resulting in the recovery of both color and fluorescence signal. As a result, DNXI shows very low background signal, which is rather desired for achieving sensitive detection of CORM-2. Compared with the existing CORM-2 probes, DNXI shows excellent optical performance in vitro and in vivo, high selectivity and sensitivity to CORM-2, as well as near-infrared fluorescence emission 712 nm, with a low detection limit of 103 nM. More importantly, DNXI is low cytotoxic, cell membrane permeable, and its applicability has been demonstrated for monitoring CORM-2 in living HeLa cells and zebrafish. These superior properties of the probe enable it have great potential to be used in biological systems or in vivo related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexin Xu
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Shan Zong
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiaojie Tang
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
| | - Zhao Li
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Food Green Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Engineering and Nutritional Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062, PR China
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17
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Lu W, Yang X, Wang B. Carbon monoxide signaling and soluble guanylyl cyclase: Facts, myths, and intriguing possibilities. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 200:115041. [PMID: 35447132 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous signaling roles of carbon monoxide (CO) have been firmly established at the pathway level. For CO's molecular mechanism(s) of actions, hemoproteins are generally considered as possible targets. Importantly, soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) is among the most widely referenced molecular targets. However, the affinity of CO for sGC (Kd: 240 μM) is much lower than for other highly abundant hemoproteins in the body, such as myoglobin (Kd: 29 nM) and hemoglobin (Kd: 0.7 nM-4.5 μM), which serve as CO reservoirs. Further, most of the mechanistic studies involving sGC activation by CO were based on in-vitro or ex-vivo studies using CO concentrations not readily attenable in vivo and in the absence of hemoglobin as a competitor in binding. As such, whether such in-vitro/ex-vivo results can be directly extrapolated to in-vivo studies is not clear because of the need for CO to be transferred from a high-affinity binder (e.g., hemoglobin) to a low-affinity target if sGC is to be activated in vivo. In this review, we discuss literature findings of sGC activation by CO and the experimental conditions; examine the myths in the disconnect between the low affinity of sGC for CO and the reported activation of sGC by CO; and finally present several possibilities that may lead to additional studies to improve our understanding of this direct CO-sGC axis, which is yet to be convincingly established as playing generally critical roles in CO signaling in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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18
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Zong P, Chen Y, Liu K, Bi J, Ren M, Wang S, Kong F. Construction of a unique two-photon fluorescent probe and the application for endogenous CO detection in live organisms. Talanta 2022; 240:123194. [PMID: 34979463 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is one of the most significant signal molecules and plays an important role in regulating human physiological and pathological processes. In this study, a novel Pd-based complex (Pd-BNP-OH) was developed for endogenous CO detection. The structure and morphology of Pd-BNP-OH was characterized by SEM, XPS, and NMR analyses. When Pd-BNP-OH was reacted with CO, a strong fluorescence enhancement at 510 nm was observed. In addition, Pd-BNP-OH exhibited high stability and selectivity toward CO in PBS buffer. In biological experiments, Pd-BNP-OH exhibited little cytotoxicity in cellular environment, and a bright fluorescence turn on was observed in the presence of exogenous CO and endogenous generated CO. The probe was then applied for CO detection in live zebrafish by both one-photon and two-photon excitation. Significantly, Pd-BNP-OH has excellent two-photon property, controllable structure and high biocompatibility. These features enable the probe to detect endogenously generated carbon monoxide in live organisms successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology of Shandong Province/Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Yunling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology of Shandong Province/Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Keyin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology of Shandong Province/Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250353, China.
| | - Jianling Bi
- Shandong Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Jinan, 250109, China
| | - Mingguang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology of Shandong Province/Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Shoujuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology of Shandong Province/Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Fangong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper Science and Technology of Shandong Province/Ministry of Education, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250353, China.
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19
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Yan L, Yang H, Zhang S, Zhou C, Lei C. A Critical Review on Organic Small Fluorescent Probes for Monitoring Carbon Monoxide in Biology. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1792-1806. [PMID: 35238724 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2042670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous carbon monoxide (CO) is an important intracellular gas messenger that is intimately involved in many physiological and pathological processes. The abnormal concentration of CO in living organisms can cause many diseases. Therefore, it is of great significance to monitor CO in biological samples. Fluorescent probe technology provides an effective and convenient method for CO monitoring, with the advantages of high selectivity and sensitivity, fast response time and in situ fluorescence imaging in biological tissues, which is favored by the majority of researchers. In this paper, the research progress of CO fluorescent probes since 2018 is reviewed, and the design, detection mechanism and biological application of the related fluorescent probes are summarized. And the relationship between the structure and performance of the probes is discussed. Furthermore, the development trend and application prospect of CO fluorescent probes are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Yan
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Hong Yang
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Shiqing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Cuiping Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Chenghong Lei
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, PR China
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20
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Gong S, Zhou E, Liu Y, Gui Z, Feng G. A Pd2+-Free Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe Based on Allyl Ether Isomerization for Tracking CORM-3 with High Contrast Imaging in Living Systems. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2042-2047. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shengyi Gong
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Enbo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yijia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhisheng Gui
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Guoqiang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
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21
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Li S, Yang K, Zeng J, Xia Y, Cheng D, He L. A NIR-emissive probe with a remarkable Stokes shift for CO-releasing molecule-3 detection in cells and in vivo. Analyst 2022; 147:1169-1174. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00038e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A NIR-emitting probe with a remarkable Stokes shift for detecting CO-releasing molecule-3 in living cells and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songjiao Li
- Cancer Research Institute, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jiayu Zeng
- Cancer Research Institute, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yuqing Xia
- Clinical Research Institute, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Dan Cheng
- Clinical Research Institute, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Longwei He
- Cancer Research Institute, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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22
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Yuan Z, Yang X, Wang B. Redox and catalase-like activities of four widely used carbon monoxide releasing molecules (CO-RMs). Chem Sci 2021; 12:13013-13020. [PMID: 34745532 PMCID: PMC8513939 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03832j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiological roles of the endogenous signaling molecule, carbon monoxide (CO), have been extensively studied and validated in cell culture and animal models. Further, evidence supporting the therapeutic effects of CO in various human diseases has been mounting over the last two decades. Along this line, there has been intensive interest in developing various delivery forms including CO gas, CO in solution, metal–carbonyl complexes widely known as CO-releasing molecules (CO-RMs), and organic CO prodrugs. Among them, two ruthenium-based carbonyl complexes, CORM-2 and -3, occupy a very special place because they have been used in over 500 published studies. One of the mechanisms for CO's actions is known to be through attenuation of oxidative stress and regulation of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). For this reason, it is important that CO delivery forms do not have intrinsic chemical redox properties. Herein, we describe our findings of catalase-like activities of CORM-2 and -3 in a CO-independent fashion, leading to the rapid degradation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in PBS buffer (pH = 7.4) and in cell culture media. Further, we have found that CORM-2 and CORM-3 possess potent radical scavenging abilities. We have also studied two other widely used CO donors: CORM-401 and CORM-A1. Both showed chemical reactivity with ROS, but to a lesser degree than CORM-2 and -3. Because of the central role of ROS in some of the proposed mechanisms of actions for CO biology, the discovery of intrinsic chemical redox properties for these CO-RMs means that additional attention in designing proper controls is needed in future biological experiments using these CO-RMs for their CO-donating functions. Further, much more work is needed to understand the true implications of the chemical reactivity of these CO-RMs in cell-culture and animal-model studies of CO biology. Four CO-releasing molecules are found to degrade H2O2 and free radicals either catalytically (CORM-2 and -3) or through direct reactions (CORM-401 and -A1) in solution under near-physiological conditions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengnan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University Atlanta Georgia 30303 USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University Atlanta Georgia 30303 USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University Atlanta Georgia 30303 USA
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23
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Yang X, Lu W, Wang M, Tan C, Wang B. "CO in a pill": Towards oral delivery of carbon monoxide for therapeutic applications. J Control Release 2021; 338:593-609. [PMID: 34481027 PMCID: PMC8526413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Along with the impressive achievements in understanding the endogenous signaling roles and mechanism(s) of action of carbon monoxide (CO), much research has demonstrated the potential of using CO as a therapeutic agent for treating various diseases. Because of CO's toxicity at high concentrations and the observed difference in toxicity profiles of CO depending on the route of administration, this review analyzes and presents the benefits of developing orally active CO donors. Such compounds have the potential for improved safety profiles, enhancing the chance for developing CO-based therapeutics. In this review, the difference between inhalation and oral administration in terms of toxicity, CO delivery efficiency, and the potential mechanism(s) of action is analyzed. The evolution from CO gas inhalation to oral administration is also extensively analyzed by summarizing published studies up to date. The concept of "CO in a pill" can be achieved by oral administration of novel formulations of CO gas or appropriate CO donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Minjia Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Chalet Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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De La Cruz LK, Yang X, Menshikh A, Brewer M, Lu W, Wang M, Wang S, Ji X, Cachuela A, Yang H, Gallo D, Tan C, Otterbein L, de Caestecker M, Wang B. Adapting decarbonylation chemistry for the development of prodrugs capable of in vivo delivery of carbon monoxide utilizing sweeteners as carrier molecules. Chem Sci 2021; 12:10649-10654. [PMID: 34447558 PMCID: PMC8356820 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02711e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon monoxide as an endogenous signaling molecule exhibits pharmacological efficacy in various animal models of organ injury. To address the difficulty in using CO gas as a therapeutic agent for widespread applications, we are interested in developing CO prodrugs through bioreversible caging of CO in an organic compound. Specifically, we have explored the decarboxylation-decarbonylation chemistry of 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds. Examination and optimization of factors favorable for maximal CO release under physiological conditions led to organic CO prodrugs using non-calorific sweeteners as leaving groups attached to the 1,2-dicarbonyl core. Attaching a leaving group with appropriate properties promotes the desired hydrolysis-decarboxylation-decarbonylation sequence of reactions that leads to CO generation. One such CO prodrug was selected to recapitulate the anti-inflammatory effects of CO against LPS-induced TNF-α production in cell culture studies. Oral administration in mice elevated COHb levels to the safe and efficacious levels established in various preclinical and clinical studies. Furthermore, its pharmacological efficacy was demonstrated in mouse models of acute kidney injury. These studies demonstrate the potential of these prodrugs with benign carriers as orally active CO-based therapeutics. This represents the very first example of orally active organic CO prodrugs with a benign carrier that is an FDA-approved sweetener with demonstrated safety profiles in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University Atlanta GA 30303 USA
| | - Anna Menshikh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | - Maya Brewer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University Atlanta GA 30303 USA
| | - Minjia Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi MS 38677 USA
| | - Siming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University Atlanta GA 30303 USA
| | - Xingyue Ji
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University Atlanta GA 30303 USA
| | - Alyssa Cachuela
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University Atlanta GA 30303 USA
| | - Haichun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | - David Gallo
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Chalet Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi MS 38677 USA
| | - Leo Otterbein
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
| | - Mark de Caestecker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN 37232 USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University Atlanta GA 30303 USA
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Click, release, and fluoresce: In-vivo generation of CO with concomitant synthesis of a fluorescent reporter. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 44:116297. [PMID: 34243045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Delivering a therapeutically active gaseous molecule represents very unique challenges in terms of both precise dosing and concentration assessment. To overcome these obstacles, there have been recent reports of using prodrug approaches for the in-vitro and in-vivo generation of carbon monoxide (CO), which is an endogenous signaling molecule with validated therapeutic efficacy in a range of animal models. Some key components of these approaches include the use of a hydrophobicity-driven Diels-Alder reaction under physiological conditions followed by a cheletropic reaction of the corresponding norbornadien-7-one intermediate, leading to extrusion of CO. With proper design, the same approach also leads to the formation of a fluorescent reporter, allowing for quantitative assessment of the amount of CO released. All these allow for a strategy of "click, release, and fluoresce" in delivering a precise dose of carbon monoxide with the ability to "self-report" delivery quantity and efficiency. This strategy has also been further refined to construct a CO delivery platform with additional functionalities such as bioorthogonal labeling, targeting, triggered release, and simultaneously delivery of more than one payload. This review highlights recent developments in this area.
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Yang X, Lu W, Hopper CP, Ke B, Wang B. Nature's marvels endowed in gaseous molecules I: Carbon monoxide and its physiological and therapeutic roles. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:1434-1445. [PMID: 34221861 PMCID: PMC8245769 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nature has endowed gaseous molecules such as O2, CO2, CO, NO, H2S, and N2 with critical and diverse roles in sustaining life, from supplying energy needed to power life and building blocks for life's physical structure to mediating and coordinating cellular functions. In this article, we give a brief introduction of the complex functions of the various gaseous molecules in life and then focus on carbon monoxide as a specific example of an endogenously produced signaling molecule to highlight the importance of this class of molecules. The past twenty years have seen much progress in understanding CO's mechanism(s) of action and pharmacological effects as well as in developing delivery methods for easy administration. One remarkable trait of CO is its pleiotropic effects that have few parallels, except perhaps its sister gaseous signaling molecules such as nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide. This review will delve into the sophistication of CO-mediated signaling as well as its validated pharmacological functions and possible therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Christopher P. Hopper
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Institut für Experimentelle Biomedizin, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Bavaria 97080, Germany
| | - Bowen Ke
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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Zhou E, Gong S, Xia Q, Feng G. In Vivo Imaging and Tracking Carbon Monoxide-Releasing Molecule-3 with an NIR Fluorescent Probe. ACS Sens 2021; 6:1312-1320. [PMID: 33576235 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.0c02624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
As a water-soluble carbon monoxide-releasing molecule, CORM-3 is widely used as a CO donor to study CO in the life system. CORM-3 can also replace gaseous CO as a therapeutic drug molecule to reveal the physiological and pathological effects of CO in life. Therefore, it is of great importance to visualize and track CORM-3 in the life system. We develop herein a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe CORM3-NIR that can detect CORM-3 both in living cells and in vivo effectively. The probe is based on the unique fluorescent QCy7 and uses a 4-nitrobenzyl group to trap CORM-3, and importantly, it shows good water solubility and responds rapidly, selectively, and sensitively to CORM-3, releasing QCy-7 and producing distinct colorimetric and significant NIR fluorescence change signals at 743 nm. The Stokes shift is up to 81 nm. The probe is also able to detect CORM-3 ratiometrically with fluorescence at 743 and 600 nm. Besides, with low cytotoxicity, the probe also shows good NIR fluorescence bioimaging ability for CORM-3 in live cells and mice, which indicates that CORM3-NIR is an effective probe for tracking and studying CORM-3 in the life system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enbo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU), 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Shengyi Gong
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU), 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Qingfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU), 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University (CCNU), 152 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
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28
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Yuan Z, Yang X, Ye Y, Tripathi R, Wang B. Chemical Reactivities of Two Widely Used Ruthenium-Based CO-Releasing Molecules with a Range of Biologically Important Reagents and Molecules. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5317-5326. [PMID: 33745269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium-based CO-releasing molecules (CO-RMs), CORM-2 and CORM-3, have been widely used as surrogates of CO for studying its biological effects in vitro and in vivo with much success. However, several previous solution-phase and in vitro studies have revealed the ability of such CO-RMs to chemically modify proteins and reduce aromatic nitro groups due to their intrinsic chemical reactivity under certain conditions. In our own work of studying the cytoprotective effects of CO donors, we were in need of assessing chemical factors that could impact the interpretation of results from CO donors including CORM-2,3 in various in vitro assays. For this, we examined the effects of CORM-2,3 toward representative reagents commonly used in various bioassays including resazurin, tetrazolium salts, nitrites, and azide-based H2S probes. We have also examined the effect of CORM-2,3 on glutathione disulfide (GSSG), which is a very important redox regulator. Our studies show the ability of these CO-RMs to induce a number of chemical and/or spectroscopic changes for several commonly used biological reagents under near-physiological conditions. These reactions/spectroscopic changes cannot be duplicated with CO-deleted CO-RMs (iCORMs), which are often used as negative controls. Furthermore, both CORM-2 and -3 are capable of consuming and reducing GSSG in solution. We hope that the results described will help in the future design of control experiments using Ru-based CO-RMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengnan Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Yuqian Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Ravi Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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Bakalarz D, Surmiak M, Yang X, Wójcik D, Korbut E, Śliwowski Z, Ginter G, Buszewicz G, Brzozowski T, Cieszkowski J, Głowacka U, Magierowska K, Pan Z, Wang B, Magierowski M. Organic carbon monoxide prodrug, BW-CO-111, in protection against chemically-induced gastric mucosal damage. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:456-475. [PMID: 33643824 PMCID: PMC7893125 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-based carbon monoxide (CO)-releasing molecules have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties maintaining gastric mucosal integrity. We are interested in further development of metal-free CO-based therapeutics for oral administration. Thus, we examine the protective effect of representative CO prodrug, BW-CO-111, in rat models of gastric damage induced by necrotic ethanol or aspirin, a representative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Treatment effectiveness was assessed by measuring the microscopic/macroscopic gastric damage area and gastric blood flow by laser flowmetry. Gastric mucosal mRNA and/or protein expressions of HMOX1, HMOX2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, COX1, COX2, iNos, Anxa1 and serum contents of TGFB1, TGFB2, IL1B, IL2, IL4, IL5, IL6, IL10, IL12, tumor necrosis factor α, interferon γ, and GM-CSF were determined. CO content in gastric mucosa was assessed by gas chromatography. Pretreatment with BW-CO-111 (0.1 mg/kg, i.g.) increased gastric mucosal content of CO and reduced gastric lesions area in both models followed by increased GBF. These protective effects of the CO prodrug were supported by changes in expressions of molecular biomarkers. However, because the pathomechanisms of gastric damage differ between topical administration of ethanol and aspirin, the possible protective and anti-inflammatory mechanisms of BW-CO-111 may be somewhat different in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Bakalarz
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Forensic Research, Cracow 31-033, Poland
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Dagmara Wójcik
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Edyta Korbut
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Śliwowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Ginter
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Buszewicz
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-093, Poland
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Jakub Cieszkowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Urszula Głowacka
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Magierowska
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
| | - Zhixiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Marcin Magierowski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow 31-531, Poland
- Corresponding authors.
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Yang XX, Ke BW, Lu W, Wang BH. CO as a therapeutic agent: discovery and delivery forms. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 18:284-295. [PMID: 32402406 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)30036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) as one of the three important endogenously produced signaling molecules, termed as "gasotransmitter," has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent for treating various inflammation and cellular-stress related diseases. In this review, we discussed CO's evolution from a well-recognized toxic gas to a signaling molecule, and the effort to develop different approaches to deliver it for therapeutic application. We also summarize recently reported chemistry towards different CO delivery forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta GA 30303, USA
| | - Bo-Wen Ke
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta GA 30303, USA
| | - Bing-He Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta GA 30303, USA.
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Wang M, Yang X, Pan Z, Wang Y, De La Cruz LK, Wang B, Tan C. Towards "CO in a pill": Pharmacokinetic studies of carbon monoxide prodrugs in mice. J Control Release 2020; 327:174-185. [PMID: 32745568 PMCID: PMC7606817 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a known endogenous signaling molecule with potential therapeutic indications in treating inflammation, cancer, neuroprotection, and sickle cell disease among many others. One of the hurdles in using CO as a therapeutic agent is the development of pharmaceutically acceptable delivery forms for various indications. Along this line, we have developed organic CO prodrugs that allow for packing this gaseous molecule into a dosage form for the goal of "carbon monoxide in a pill." This should enable non-inhalation administration including oral and intravenous routes. These prodrugs have previously demonstrated efficacy in multiple animal models. To further understand the CO delivery efficiency of these prodrugs in relation to their efficacy, we undertook the first pharmacokinetic studies on these prodrugs. In doing so, we selected five representative prodrugs with different CO release kinetics and examined their pharmacokinetics after administration via oral, intraperitoneal, and intravenous routes. It was found that all three routes were able to elevate systemic CO level with delivery efficiency in the order of intravenous, oral, and intraperitoneal routes. CO prodrugs and their CO-released products were readily cleared from the circulation. CO prodrugs demonstrate promising pharmaceutical properties in terms of oral CO delivery and minimal drug accumulation in the body. This represents the very first study of the interplay among CO release kinetics, CO prodrug clearance, route of administration, and CO delivery efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjia Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Zhixiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Yingzhe Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ladie Kimberly De La Cruz
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Chalet Tan
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, University of Mississippi School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA.
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Hopper CP, De La Cruz LK, Lyles KV, Wareham LK, Gilbert JA, Eichenbaum Z, Magierowski M, Poole RK, Wollborn J, Wang B. Role of Carbon Monoxide in Host-Gut Microbiome Communication. Chem Rev 2020; 120:13273-13311. [PMID: 33089988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Nature is full of examples of symbiotic relationships. The critical symbiotic relation between host and mutualistic bacteria is attracting increasing attention to the degree that the gut microbiome is proposed by some as a new organ system. The microbiome exerts its systemic effect through a diverse range of metabolites, which include gaseous molecules such as H2, CO2, NH3, CH4, NO, H2S, and CO. In turn, the human host can influence the microbiome through these gaseous molecules as well in a reciprocal manner. Among these gaseous molecules, NO, H2S, and CO occupy a special place because of their widely known physiological functions in the host and their overlap and similarity in both targets and functions. The roles that NO and H2S play have been extensively examined by others. Herein, the roles of CO in host-gut microbiome communication are examined through a discussion of (1) host production and function of CO, (2) available CO donors as research tools, (3) CO production from diet and bacterial sources, (4) effect of CO on bacteria including CO sensing, and (5) gut microbiome production of CO. There is a large amount of literature suggesting the "messenger" role of CO in host-gut microbiome communication. However, much more work is needed to begin achieving a systematic understanding of this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher P Hopper
- Institute for Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Bavaria DE 97080, Germany.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ladie Kimberly De La Cruz
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Kristin V Lyles
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Lauren K Wareham
- The Vanderbilt Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, The Vanderbilt University Medical Center and School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Jack A Gilbert
- Department of Pediatrics, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Zehava Eichenbaum
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
| | - Marcin Magierowski
- Cellular Engineering and Isotope Diagnostics Laboratory, Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow PL 31-531, Poland
| | - Robert K Poole
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Jakob Wollborn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg DE 79085, Germany.,Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Management, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Binghe Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, United States
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33
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Lazarus LS, Benninghoff AD, Berreau LM. Development of Triggerable, Trackable, and Targetable Carbon Monoxide Releasing Molecules. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2273-2285. [PMID: 32929957 PMCID: PMC7654722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a gaseous signaling molecule produced in humans via the breakdown of heme in an O2-dependent reaction catalyzed by heme oxygenase enzymes. A long-lived species relative to other signaling molecules (e.g., NO, H2S), CO exerts its physiological effects via binding to low-valent transition metal centers in proteins and enzymes. Studies involving the administration of low doses of CO have shown its potential as a therapeutic agent to produce vasodilation, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and anticancer effects. In pursuit of developing tools to define better the role and therapeutic potential of CO, carbon monoxide releasing molecules (CORMs) were developed. To date, the vast majority of reported CORMs have been metal carbonyl complexes, with the most well-known being Ru2Cl4(CO)6 (CORM-2), Ru(CO)3Cl(glycinate) (CORM-3), and Mn(CO)4(S2CNMe(CH2CO2H)) (CORM-401). These complexes have been used to probe the effects of CO in hundreds of cell- and animal-based experiments. However, through recent investigations, it has become evident that these reagents exhibit complicated reactivity in biological environments. The interpretation of the effects produced by some of these complexes is obscured by protein binding, such that their formulation is not clear, and by CO leakage and potential redox activity. An additional weakness with regard to CORM-2 and CORM-3 is that these compounds cannot be tracked via fluorescence. Therefore, it is unclear where or when CO release occurs, which confounds the interpretation of experiments using these molecules. To address these weaknesses, our research team has pioneered the development of metal-free CORMs based on structurally tunable extended flavonol or quinolone scaffolds. In addition to being highly controlled, with CO release only occurring upon triggering with visible light (photoCORMs), these CO donors are trackable via fluorescence prior to CO release in cellular environments and can be targeted to specific cellular locations.In the Account, we highlight the development and application of a series of structurally related flavonol photoCORMs that (1) sense characteristics of cellular environments prior to CO release; (2) enable evaluation of the influence of cytosolic versus mitochondrial-localized CO release on cellular bioenergetics; (3) probe the cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory effects of intracellular versus extracellular CO delivery; and (4) demonstrate that albumin delivery of a photoCORM enables potent anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects. A key advantage of using triggered CO release compounds in these investigations is the ability to examine the effects of the molecular delivery vehicle in the absence and presence of localized CO release, thus providing insight into the independent contributions of CO. Overall, flavonol-based CO delivery molecules offer opportunities for triggerable, trackable, and targetable CO delivery that are unprecedented in terms of previously reported CORMs and, thus, offer significant potential for applications in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia S Lazarus
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
| | - Abby D Benninghoff
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, United States
| | - Lisa M Berreau
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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Mukhopadhyay S, Sarkar A, Chattopadhyay P, Dhara K. Recent Advances in Fluorescence Light-Up Endogenous and Exogenous Carbon Monoxide Detection in Biology. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:3162-3179. [PMID: 33439547 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202000892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Considerable attention has been paid by the scientific community to detect toxic carbon monoxide (CO) in sub-cellular organelles like mitochondria, lysosomes, nuclei, etc. due to their generation and accumulation through numerous biological processes and their role as signal transducer, therapeutics, etc. Various methods are also available for detection of CO, but fluorescence light-up detection is considered the best due to its easy and accurate sensing capability. As of now, no review is available in the literature dedicated to fluorescent detection of only CO both in vitro and in vivo, but considering the huge amount of work reporting every year, it is necessary to have an account of all the recent significant works devoted to it. This review will give special attention to the most noteworthy development of fluorescent light-up probes for the detection of cellular and sub-cellular targetable CO starting from 2012 and emphasizing also the mechanism of action and the applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Arnab Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Pabitra Chattopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Golapbag, Burdwan, 713104, West Bengal, India
| | - Koushik Dhara
- Department of Chemistry, Sambhu Nath College, Labpur, Birbhum, 731303, West Bengal, India
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Popova M, Soboleva T, Benninghoff AD, Berreau LM. CO Sense and Release Flavonols: Progress toward the Development of an Analyte Replacement PhotoCORM for Use in Living Cells. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:10021-10033. [PMID: 32391490 PMCID: PMC7203955 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a signaling molecule in humans. Prior research suggests that therapeutic levels of CO can have beneficial effects in treating a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. To facilitate understanding of the role of CO in biology, molecules that enable fluorescence detection of CO in living systems have emerged as an important class of chemical tools. A key unmet challenge in this field is the development of fluorescent analyte replacement probes that replenish the CO that is consumed during detection. Herein, we report the first examples of CO sense and release molecules that involve combining a common CO-sensing motif with a light-triggered CO-releasing flavonol scaffold. A notable advantage of the flavonol-based CO sense and release motif is that it is trackable via fluorescence in both its pre- and postsensing (pre-CO release) forms. In vitro studies revealed that the PdCl2 and Ru(II)-containing CORM-2 used in the CO sensing step can result in metal coordination to the flavonol, which minimizes the subsequent CO release reactivity. However, CO detection followed by CO release is demonstrated in living cells, indicating that a cellular environment mitigates the flavonol/metal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Popova
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State
University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
| | - Tatiana Soboleva
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State
University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
| | - Abby D. Benninghoff
- Department
of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-4815, United States
| | - Lisa M. Berreau
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Utah State
University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-0300, United States
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Yang M, Fan J, Du J, Peng X. Small-molecule fluorescent probes for imaging gaseous signaling molecules: current progress and future implications. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5127-5141. [PMID: 34122970 PMCID: PMC8159392 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01482f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous gaseous signaling molecules including nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) have been demonstrated to perform significant physiological and pharmacological functions and are associated with various diseases in biological systems. In order to obtain a deeper insight into their roles and mechanisms of action, it is desirable to develop novel techniques for effectively detecting gaseous signaling molecules. Small-molecule fluorescent probes have been proven to be a powerful approach for the detection and imaging of biological messengers by virtue of their non-invasiveness, high selectivity, and real-time in situ detection capability. Based on the intrinsic properties of gaseous signaling molecules, numerous fluorescent probes have been constructed to satisfy various demands. In this perspective, we summarize the recent advances in the field of fluorescent probes for the detection of NO, CO and H2S and illustrate the design strategies and application examples of these probes. Moreover, we also emphasize the challenges and development directions of gasotransmitter-responsive fluorescent probes, hoping to provide a general implication for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology No. 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Jiangli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology No. 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Du
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology No. 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology No. 2 Linggong Road Dalian 116024 P. R. China
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