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Nandi S, Sarkar N. Interactions between Lipid Vesicle Membranes and Single Amino Acid Fibrils: Probable Origin of Specific Neurological Disorders. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:1971-1987. [PMID: 38240221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Amyloid fibrils are known to be responsible for several neurological disorders, like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), etc. For decades, mostly proteins and peptide-based amyloid fibrils have been focused on, and the topic has acknowledged the rise, development, understanding of, and controversy, as well. However, the single amino acid based amyloid fibrils, responsible for several disorders, such as phenylketonuria, tyrosenimia type II, hypermethioninemia, etc., have gotten scientific attention lately. To understand the molecular level pathogenesis of such disorders originated due to the accumulation of single amino acid-based amyloid fibrils, interaction of these fibrils with phospholipid vesicle membranes is found to be an excellent cell-free in vitro setup. Based on such an in vitro setup, these fibrils show a generic mechanism of membrane insertion driven by electrostatic and hydrophobic effects inside the membrane that reduces the integral rigidity of the membrane. Alteration of such fundamental properties of the membrane, therefore, might be referred to as one of the prime pathological factors for the development of these neurological disorders. Hence, such interactions must be investigated in cellular and intracellular compartments to design suitable therapeutic modulators against fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Nandi
- Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, United States
| | - Nilmoni Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, West Bengal, India
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Nandi S, Mukhopadhyay A, Nandi PK, Bera N, Hazra R, Chatterjee J, Sarkar N. Amyloids Formed by Nonaromatic Amino Acid Methionine and Its Cross with Phenylalanine Significantly Affects Phospholipid Vesicle Membrane: An Insight into Hypermethioninemia Disorder. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:8252-8265. [PMID: 35758025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The incorrect metabolic breakdown of the nonaromatic amino acid methionine (Met) leads to the disorder called hypermethioninemia via an unknown mechanism. To understand the molecular level pathogenesis of this disorder, we prepared a DMPC lipid membrane, the mimicking setup of the cell membrane, and explored the effect of the millimolar level of Met on it. We found that Met forms toxic fibrillar aggregates that disrupt the rigidity of the membrane bilayer, and increases the dynamic response of water molecules surrounding the membrane as well as the heterogeneity of the membrane. Such aggregates strongly deform red blood cells. This opens the requirement to consider therapeutic antagonists either to resist or to inhibit the toxic amyloid aggregates against hypermethioninemia. Moreover, such disrupting effect on membrane bilayer and cytotoxicity along with deformation effect on RBC by the cross amyloids of Met and Phenylalanine (Phe) was found to be most virulent. This exclusive observation of the enhanced virulent effect of the cross amyloids is expected to be an informative asset to explain the coexistence of two amyloid disorders.
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Ghosh M, Nandi S, Layek S, Nandi PK, Bera N, Sarkar N. Formation of lipid tubules induced by a sugar-like molecule myo-inositol. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 58:459-462. [PMID: 34908037 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05620d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The sugar-like molecule myo-inositol (InOH) bears an uncanny structural resemblance to the pyranose form of the sugar D-glucose (DG). InOH and its derivatives play a pivotal role in cell biology; whereby its interaction with the model membrane needs to be studied. Here, we have demonstrated that lipid tubules are formed as a result of the above-said interactions and that these interactions can be prevented by using hydroxyl protected InOH derivatives. We have tried to elucidate the nature of the InOH-membrane interactions by comparing them with DG-membrane interactions and have proposed a mechanism for the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghna Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sourav Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
| | - Souvik Layek
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
| | - Pratyush Kiran Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
| | - Nanigopal Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
| | - Nilmoni Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
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Nandi S, Layek S, Nandi PK, Bera N, Hazra R, Sarkar N. Self-assembly of artificial sweetener aspartame adversely affects phospholipid membranes: plausible reason for its deleterious effects. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:10532-10535. [PMID: 34553202 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04482f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The prolonged intake of the artificial sweetener aspartame is known to have deleterious effects. Our biophysical experimentations indicate that aspartame forms self-assembled cytotoxic fibrillar etiologies that affect the intrinsic integrity of the phospholipid membrane bilayer through electrostatic interaction and hydrophobic insertion, thereby making the membrane less rigid and more heterogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| | - Souvik Layek
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| | - Pratyush Kiran Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| | - Nanigopal Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| | - Ritwik Hazra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
| | - Nilmoni Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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De SK, Maity A, Bagchi D, Chakraborty A. Lipid phase dependent distinct emission behaviour of hydrophobic carbon dots: C-dot based membrane probes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9080-9083. [PMID: 34498617 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc01941d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We observe a unique distinct emission behaviour of hydrophobic carbon dots (H-CDs) embedded within the ordered and the disordered phase of a lipid membrane. The H-CDs exhibit blue emission in the disordered phase, however, they exhibit an intense red emission in the ordered phase of the lipid bilayer. The H-CDs have the potential ability to probe membrane dynamics like previously reported organic dyes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a CD-based membrane probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Kanti De
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India.
| | - Avijit Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India.
| | - Debanjan Bagchi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India.
| | - Anjan Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India.
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Nandi S, Ghosh B, Ghosh M, Layek S, Nandi PK, Sarkar N. Phenylalanine Interacts with Oleic Acid-Based Vesicle Membrane. Understanding the Molecular Role of Fibril-Vesicle Interaction under the Context of Phenylketonuria. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:9776-9793. [PMID: 34420302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the present contribution, on the basis of a spectroscopic and microscopic investigation, the characterization and photophysics of various assemblies of oleic acid/oleate solution at three pH values, namely, 8.28, 9.72, and 11.77, were explored. The variation in the dynamic response of aqua molecules in and around the assemblies has been interrogated by a picoseconds solvation dynamics experiment using a time-correlated single-photon counting setup employing coumarin-153 as a probe. On the one hand, the time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurement along with the fluorescence correlation spectroscopy experiment was executed to extract information regarding the comparison of the extent of the internal restricted confinement of these assemblies. On the other hand, an effort to investigate the cross-interaction between the self-assembled architectures of l-phenylalanine (l-Phe), responsible for phenylketonuria (PKU) disorder, and the oleic acid at the vesicle-forming pH established that the l-Phe fibrillar morphologies strongly alter the dynamic properties of the vesicle membrane formed by the oleic acid. Specifically, the interaction of the l-Phe assemblies with the oleic acid vesicle membrane is found to introduce the flexibility of the vesicle membrane and alter the hydration properties of the membrane. To track the fibril-induced alterations of the oleic acid vesicle properties, various spectroscopic and microscopic investigations were performed. The mutual reconciliation of the experimental outputs, therefore, portrays the state of the art, which accounts for the fibril-induced alterations of the properties of the oleic acid vesicle membrane, the mimicking setup of the cellular membrane, thereby informing us that alterations of such a property of the membrane should be taken into active consideration during the rational development of therapeutic modulators against disorders like PKU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Biswajoy Ghosh
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Meghna Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Souvik Layek
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Pratyush Kiran Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
| | - Nilmoni Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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De SK, Maity A, Chakraborty A. Underlying Mechanisms for the Modulation of Self-Assembly and the Intrinsic Fluorescent Properties of Amino Acid-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:5022-5033. [PMID: 33856214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The origin of the blue fluorescence of proteins and peptides in the visible region has been a subject of intense debate despite several efforts. Although aromatic amino acids, namely tryptophan (Trp), tyrosine (Tyr), and phenylalanine (Phe) are responsible for the intrinsic luminescence of proteins and peptides, the underlying mechanism and contributions of these amino acids to the unusual blue fluorescence are still not well resolved. In the present endeavor, we show that the clusterization of both aromatic and aliphatic amino acids on the surface of the gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) leads to clusteroluminescence, which could be linked to the unusual fluorescence properties of the proteins and peptides and have been ignored in the past. The amino acid monomers initially form small aggregates through clusterization, which provides the fundamental building blocks to establish the amyloid structure as well as the luminescence property. Because of the clusterization, these Au NPs/nano-aggregate systems are also found to exhibit remarkable stability against the freeze-thaw cycle and several other external stimuli, which can be useful for biological and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Kanti De
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 452020, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Avijit Maity
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 452020, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Anjan Chakraborty
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 452020, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Maity A, De SK, Chakraborty A. Interaction of Aromatic Amino Acid-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles with Lipid Bilayers: Insight into the Emergence of Novel Lipid Corona Formation. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:2113-2123. [PMID: 33605726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c10079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The coating of proteins and lipids around the surface of the nanoparticles is known as "protein corona" and "lipid corona", respectively, which have promising biomedical applications. While protein corona formation is well-known, the lipid corona is relatively new and its stability is yet to be explored. In the present contribution, we report a novel lipid corona formation and its underlying mechanism using aromatic amino acid-functionalized gold nanoparticles (Au-AA NPs) as a template by means of spectroscopic (steady-state UV-visible and fluorescence) and imaging (CLSM, HR-TEM, and AFM) techniques. Our study demonstrates that in the presence of high lipid concentration Au-AA NPs intrinsically tow the lipid molecules from the lipid vesicles and decorate themselves by lipid leading to unique lipid corona formation. In contrast, at low lipid concentration Au-AA NPs undergo lipid-induced aggregation. The lipid-nanoparticle interaction is a time-dependent phenomenon and depends on the surface charge of both the lipid and the Au-AA NPs. The HR-TEM analysis indicates that the partial lipid coating is an intermediate step of lipid-induced aggregation and lipid corona formation of the Au-AA NPs. Significantly, we found that the colloidal property of these lipid-coated nanoparticles (lipid corona) is immune to resist extreme harsh conditions, that is, high acidic pH, several repetitive freeze-thaw cycles, and high salt concentration. The extra stability of Au-AA NPs upon the formation of lipid corona allows us to introduce new engineered nanoparticles for future prospective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Maity
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Soumya Kanti De
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Anjan Chakraborty
- Discipline of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Joshi MP, Sawant AA, Rajamani S. Spontaneous emergence of membrane-forming protoamphiphiles from a lipid-amino acid mixture under wet-dry cycles. Chem Sci 2021; 12:2970-2978. [PMID: 34164065 PMCID: PMC8179413 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05650b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic interplay between peptide synthesis and membrane assembly would have been crucial for the emergence of protocells on the prebiotic Earth. However, the effect of membrane-forming amphiphiles on peptide synthesis, under prebiotically plausible conditions, remains relatively unexplored. Here we discern the effect of a phospholipid on peptide synthesis using a non-activated amino acid, under wet-dry cycles. We report two competing processes simultaneously forming peptides and N-acyl amino acids (NAAs) in a single-pot reaction from a common set of reactants. NAA synthesis occurs via an ester-amide exchange, which is the first demonstration of this phenomenon in a lipid-amino acid system. Furthermore, NAAs self-assemble into vesicles at acidic pH, signifying their ability to form protocellular membranes under acidic geothermal conditions. Our work highlights the importance of exploring the co-evolutionary interactions between membrane assembly and peptide synthesis, having implications for the emergence of hitherto uncharacterized compounds of unknown prebiotic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manesh Prakash Joshi
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune Maharashtra 411008 India +91-020-25899790 +91-020-25908061
| | - Anupam A Sawant
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune Maharashtra 411008 India +91-020-25899790 +91-020-25908061
| | - Sudha Rajamani
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Dr. Homi Bhabha Road Pune Maharashtra 411008 India +91-020-25899790 +91-020-25908061
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Banerjee P, Rajak K, Nandi PK, Pal S, Ghosh M, Mishra S, Sarkar N. Aging-Dependent Morphological Crystallinity Determines Membrane Activity of l-Phenylalanine Self-Assembles. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8585-8591. [PMID: 32931285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid polymorphism has emerged as an important topic of research in recent years to identify the particular species responsible for several neurodegenerative disorders, whereas the concept is overlooked in the case of the simplest building block, that is, l-phenylalanine (l-Phe) self-assembly. Here, we report the first evidence of l-Phe polymorphism and the conversion of metastable helical fibrillar to thermodynamically stable rodlike crystalline morphologies with increasing time and temperature. Furthermore, only the fibrillar l-Phe polymorph shows a significant modulation of the model membrane. In addition, the l-Phe molecules prefer to arrange in a multilayered rodlike fashion than in a lateral arrangement, which reduces the membrane binding ability of the l-Phe polymorph due to the decrease in the partial charge of the N-terminal of l-Phe units. The present work exemplifies a different approach to understanding l-Phe self-assembly and provides an effective strategy for the therapy of phenylketonuria by scrutinizing the discrete membrane activity of different l-Phe polymorphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, WB, India
| | - Karunamoy Rajak
- Centre for Theoretical Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, WB, India
| | - Pratyush Kiran Nandi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, WB, India
| | - Siddhartha Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, WB, India
| | - Meghna Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, WB, India
| | - Sabyashachi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, WB, India
- Centre for Computational and Data Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, WB, India
| | - Nilmoni Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, WB, India
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Sahu S, Talele P, Patra B, Verma RS, Mishra AK. A Multiparametric Fluorescence Probe to Understand the Physicochemical Properties of Small Unilamellar Lipid Vesicles in Poly(ethylene glycol)-Water Medium. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:4842-4852. [PMID: 32283935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
FDAPT (2-formyl-5-(4'-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)thiophene) efficiently senses the minimum alteration of lipid bilayer microenvironment with all six different fluorescence parameters namely emission wavelength, fluorescence intensity, steady-state anisotropy, and their corresponding time-dependent parameters (Sahu et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 2018, 122, 7308-7318). In the present work, the effect of poly(ethylene glycol) on the small unilamellar vesicle is demonstrated with the emission behavior of the FDAPT probe. A medium and a high molecular weight PEG were chosen to perturb the lipid vesicles. The alteration of the bilayer polarity, water content inside bilayer, lipid packing density in the perturbed vesicles reflect significant changes in different fluorescence parameters of FDAPT probe. The effect of PEG on the unilamellar vesicle was rationalized with the alteration of the emission behavior, fluorescence lifetime, steady-state anisotropy and anisotropy decay of the probe. The simple and convenient fluorescence measurements provide new insights into the effect of PEG on the packing density, water volume, micro polarity, and microviscosity of the small unilamellar vesicle. The physiological understanding was extended to rationalize the cryoprotecting behavior of PEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saugata Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai-600036, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Paurnima Talele
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai-600036, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Bamadeb Patra
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai-600036, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Rama Shanker Verma
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai-600036, Tamil Nadu India
| | - Ashok Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Sardar Patel Road, Adyar, Chennai-600036, Tamil Nadu India
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Banerjee P, Pyne A, Sarkar N. Understanding the Self-Assembling Behavior of Biological Building Block Molecules: A Spectroscopic and Microscopic Approach. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:2065-2080. [PMID: 32081003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b09123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
"Mother nature" utilizes molecular self-assembly as an efficient tool to design several fascinating supramolecular architectures from simple building blocks like amino acids, peptides, and nucleobases. The self-assembling behavior of various biologically important molecules, morphological outcomes, molecular mechanism of association, and finally their applications in the real world draw broad interest from chemical and biological point of views. In this present Feature Article, the amyloid hypothesis is extended to include nonproteinaceous single metabolites that invoke a new paradigm for the pathology of inborn metabolic disorders. In this scenario, we dedicate this paper to understanding the morphological consequences and mechanistic insight of the self-assembly of some important amino acids (e.g., l-phenylalanine, l-tyrosine, glycine, etc.) and nucleobases (adenine and eight uracil moiety derivatives). Using proper spectroscopic and microscopic tools, distinct assembling mechanisms of different amino acids and nucleobases have been established. Again, lanthanides, polyphenolic compounds such as crown ethers, and a worldwide drink, beer, are elegantly employed as inhibitors of the resulting fibrillar aggregated structures. As a consequence, this study will cover literally a vast region in the self-assembling outcomes of single biologically important molecules, and therefore, we expect that a detailed understanding of such morphological outcomes using spectroscopic and microscopic approaches may open a new paradigm in this burgeoning field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302 WB, India
| | - Arghajit Pyne
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302 WB, India
| | - Nilmoni Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302 WB, India
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