1
|
Orlando C, Rizzo IC, Arrigoni F, Zampolli J, Mangiagalli M, Di Gennaro P, Lotti M, De Gioia L, Marino T, Greco C, Bertini L. Mechanism of non-phenolic substrate oxidation by the fungal laccase Type 1 copper site from Trametes versicolor: the case of benzo[ a]pyrene and anthracene. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 38989958 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01377h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) are multicopper oxidases with the capability to oxidize diverse phenolic and non-phenolic substrates. While the molecular mechanism of their activity towards phenolic substrates is well-established, their reactivity towards non-phenolic substrates, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), remains unclear. To elucidate the oxidation mechanism of PAHs, particularly the activation mechanism of the sp2 aromatic C-H bond, we conducted a density functional theory investigation on the oxidation of two PAHs (anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene) using an extensive model of the T1 copper catalytic site of the fungal laccase from Trametes versicolor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Orlando
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Ponte Pietro Bucci, cubo 14c, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Isabella Cecilia Rizzo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Federica Arrigoni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Jessica Zampolli
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Mangiagalli
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Di Gennaro
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marina Lotti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Luca De Gioia
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Marino
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Ponte Pietro Bucci, cubo 14c, 87036 Rende, CS, Italy
| | - Claudio Greco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Bertini
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li J, Liu Z, Zhao J, Wang G, Xie T. Molecular insights into substrate promiscuity of CotA laccase catalyzing lignin-phenol derivatives. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128487. [PMID: 38042324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
CotA laccases are multicopper oxidases known for promiscuously oxidizing a broad range of substrates. However, studying substrate promiscuity is limited by the complexity of electron transfer (ET) between substrates and laccases. Here, a systematic analysis of factors affecting ET including electron donor acceptor coupling (ΗDA), driving force (ΔG) and reorganization energy (λ) was done. Catalysis rates of syringic acid (SA), syringaldehyde (SAD) and acetosyringone (AS) (kcat(SAD) > kcat(SA) > kcat(AS)) are not entirely dependent on the ability to form phenol radicals indicated by ΔG and λ calculated by Density Functional Theory (SA < SAD ≈ AS). In determined CotA/SA and CotA/SAD structures, SA and SAD bound at 3.9 and 3.7 Å away from T1 Cu coordinating His419 ensuring a similar ΗDA. Abilities of substrate to form phenol radicals could mainly account for difference between kcat(SAD) and kcat(SA). Furthermore, substrate pocket is solvent exposed at the para site of substrate's phenol hydroxyl, which would destabilize binding of AS in the same orientation and position resulting in low kcat. Our results indicated shallow partially covered binding site with propensity of amino acids distribution might help CotA discriminate lignin-phenol derivatives. These findings give new insights for developing specific catalysts for industrial application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiakun Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhongchuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jianwei Zhao
- Shenzhen HUASUAN Technology Co. Ltd., Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ganggang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Environmental and Applied Microbiology, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Anghel L, Rada S, Erhan RV. Structural Factors and Electron Transfer Mechanisms in Flavoenzymes. ANAL LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2023.2174131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lilia Anghel
- Laboratory Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Simona Rada
- INCDTIM Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Raul-Victor Erhan
- Department of Nuclear Physics, Horia Hulubei National Institute for R&D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering, Magurele-Ilfov, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Martínková L, Křístková B, Křen V. Laccases and Tyrosinases in Organic Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3462. [PMID: 35408822 PMCID: PMC8998183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Laccases (Lac) and tyrosinases (TYR) are mild oxidants with a great potential in research and industry. In this work, we review recent advances in their use in organic synthesis. We summarize recent examples of Lac-catalyzed oxidation, homocoupling and heterocoupling, and TYR-catalyzed ortho-hydroxylation of phenols. We highlight the combination of Lac and TYR with other enzymes or chemical catalysts. We also point out the biological and pharmaceutical potential of the products, such as dimers of piceid, lignols, isorhamnetin, rutin, caffeic acid, 4-hydroxychalcones, thiols, hybrid antibiotics, benzimidazoles, benzothiazoles, pyrimidine derivatives, hydroxytyrosols, alkylcatechols, halocatechols, or dihydrocaffeoyl esters, etc. These products include radical scavengers; antibacterial, antiviral, and antitumor compounds; and building blocks for bioactive compounds and drugs. We summarize the available enzyme sources and discuss the scalability of their use in organic synthesis. In conclusion, we assume that the intensive use of laccases and tyrosinases in organic synthesis will yield new bioactive compounds and, in the long-term, reduce the environmental impact of industrial organic chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila Martínková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.K.); (V.K.)
| | - Barbora Křístková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.K.); (V.K.)
- Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technická 5, CZ-166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ-142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (B.K.); (V.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wallenius J, Kontro J, Lyra C, Kuuskeri J, Wan X, Kähkönen MA, Baig I, Kamer PCJ, Sipilä J, Mäkelä MR, Nousiainen P, Hildén K. Depolymerization of biorefinery lignin by improved laccases of the white-rot fungus Obba rivulosa. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:2140-2151. [PMID: 34310858 PMCID: PMC8449659 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal laccases are attracting enzymes for sustainable valorization of biorefinery lignins. To improve the lignin oxidation capacity of two previously characterized laccase isoenzymes from the white-rot fungus Obba rivulosa, we mutated their substrate-binding site at T1. As a result, the pH optimum of the recombinantly produced laccase variant rOrLcc2-D206N shifted by three units towards neutral pH. O. rivulosa laccase variants with redox mediators oxidized both the dimeric lignin model compound and biorefinery poplar lignin. Significant structural changes, such as selective benzylic α-oxidation, were detected by nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, although no polymerization of lignin was observed by gel permeation chromatography. This suggests that especially rOrLcc2-D206N is a promising candidate for lignin-related applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janne Wallenius
- Fungal Genetics and BiotechnologyDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of HelsinkiUniversity of HelsinkiBiocenter 1 PO Box 56 Viikinkaari 9HelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
| | - Jussi Kontro
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55 A. I. Virtasen Aukio 1HelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
| | - Christina Lyra
- Fungal Genetics and BiotechnologyDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of HelsinkiUniversity of HelsinkiBiocenter 1 PO Box 56 Viikinkaari 9HelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
| | - Jaana Kuuskeri
- Fungal Genetics and BiotechnologyDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of HelsinkiUniversity of HelsinkiBiocenter 1 PO Box 56 Viikinkaari 9HelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
| | - Xing Wan
- Fungal Genetics and BiotechnologyDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of HelsinkiUniversity of HelsinkiBiocenter 1 PO Box 56 Viikinkaari 9HelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
| | - Mika A. Kähkönen
- Fungal Genetics and BiotechnologyDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of HelsinkiUniversity of HelsinkiBiocenter 1 PO Box 56 Viikinkaari 9HelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
| | - Irshad Baig
- EaStCHEMSchool of ChemistryUniversity of St AndrewsFifeUK
- Present address:
Department of Organic Synthesis and Process ChemistryCSIR‐Indian Institute of Chemical Technology500 007Tarnaka, HyderabadIndia
| | | | - Jussi Sipilä
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55 A. I. Virtasen Aukio 1HelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
| | - Miia R. Mäkelä
- Fungal Genetics and BiotechnologyDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of HelsinkiUniversity of HelsinkiBiocenter 1 PO Box 56 Viikinkaari 9HelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
| | - Paula Nousiainen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 55 A. I. Virtasen Aukio 1HelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
| | - Kristiina Hildén
- Fungal Genetics and BiotechnologyDepartment of MicrobiologyUniversity of HelsinkiUniversity of HelsinkiBiocenter 1 PO Box 56 Viikinkaari 9HelsinkiFI‐00014Finland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Barber EA, Liu Z, Smith SR. Organic Contaminant Biodegradation by Oxidoreductase Enzymes in Wastewater Treatment. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E122. [PMID: 31963268 PMCID: PMC7022594 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic contaminants (OCs), such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, flame retardants, and plasticisers, are societally ubiquitous, environmentally hazardous, and structurally diverse chemical compounds whose recalcitrance to conventional wastewater treatment necessitates the development of more effective remedial alternatives. The engineered application of ligninolytic oxidoreductase fungal enzymes, principally white-rot laccase, lignin peroxidase, and manganese peroxidase, has been identified as a particularly promising approach for OC remediation due to their strong oxidative power, broad substrate specificity, low energy consumption, environmental benignity, and cultivability from lignocellulosic waste. By applying an understanding of the mechanisms by which substrate properties influence enzyme activity, a set of semi-quantitative physicochemical criteria (redox potential, hydrophobicity, steric bulk and pKa) was formulated, against which the oxidoreductase degradation susceptibility of twenty-five representative OCs was assessed. Ionisable, compact, and electron donating group (EDG) rich pharmaceuticals and antibiotics were judged the most susceptible, whilst hydrophilic, bulky, and electron withdrawing group (EWG) rich polyhalogenated compounds were judged the least susceptible. OC susceptibility scores were in general agreement with the removal rates reported for experimental oxidoreductase treatments (R2 = 0.60). Based on this fundamental knowledge, and recent developments in enzyme immobilisation techniques, microbiological enzymic treatment strategies are proposed to formulate a new generation of biological wastewater treatment processes for the biodegradation of environmentally challenging OC compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen R. Smith
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK; (E.A.B.); (Z.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Olbrich AC, Schild JN, Urlacher VB. Correlation between the T1 copper reduction potential and catalytic activity of a small laccase. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 201:110843. [PMID: 31536948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Laccases are multicopper enzymes that catalyze oxidation of electron-rich substrates coupled to reduction of molecular oxygen to water. Since the Type 1 copper (T1 Cu) is the site where electrons are withdrawn from the substrate, it is assumed that the reduction potential of this copper correlates with enzyme activity. Herein, we studied the correlation of the T1 Cu reduction potential and the enzymatic activity of the small two-domain laccase Ssl1 from Streptomyces sviceus. For a systematic approach, we aimed to minimize any effects other than the reduction potential difference. To this end, we constructed a series of Ssl1 mutants with reduction potentials varying from <290 to 560 mV. Along with the hydrophobicity of the axial ligand of the T1 Cu also structural changes in the substrate binding site and additional hydrogen bonding increased the reduction potential. Enzyme activity experiments demonstrated that the T1 Cu reduction potential has a different effect on oxidation of different substrates. Whereas there was no obvious correlation between the T1 Cu reduction potential and kinetic parameters for the oxidation of syringaldazine (with a reduction potential of 390 mV), a good correlation was observed between the T1 Cu reduction potential and the conversion of substituted phenols with reduction potentials between 660 and 820 mV. This correlation was pronounced for the Ssl1 variants with reduction potentials above 470 mV, which demonstrated increased activities also during the oxidation of two dyes, alizarin red S and indigo carmine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Olbrich
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan N Schild
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vlada B Urlacher
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|