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Yang H, Ding D, Skyttä A, Cai R, Kulmala M, Kangasluoma J. Electrical Mobility as an Indicator for Flexibly Deducing the Kinetics of Nanoparticle Evaporation. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:8794-8800. [PMID: 35655937 PMCID: PMC9150095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c02858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Condensation and evaporation of vapor species on nanoparticle surfaces drive the aerosol evolution in various industrial/atmospheric systems, but probing these transient processes is challenging due to related time and length scales. Herein, we present a novel methodology for deducing nanoparticle evaporation kinetics using electrical mobility as a natural size indicator. Monodispersed nanoparticles are fed to a differential mobility analyzer which serves simultaneously as an evaporation flowtube and an instrument for measuring the electrical mobility, realizing measurements of evaporation processes with time scales comparable to the instrument response time. A theoretical framework is derived for deducing the evaporation kinetics from instrument responses through analyzing the nanoparticle trajectory and size-mobility relationship, which considers the coupled mass and heat transfer effect and is applicable to the whole Knudsen number range. The methodology is demonstrated against evaporation but can potentially be extended to condensation and other industrial/atmospheric processes involving rapid size change of nanoparticles.
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Huang X, Liu H, Lu D, Lin Y, Liu J, Liu Q, Nie Z, Jiang G. Mass spectrometry for multi-dimensional characterization of natural and synthetic materials at the nanoscale. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5243-5280. [PMID: 33656017 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00714e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of materials at the nanoscale plays a crucial role in in-depth understanding the nature and processes of the substances. Mass spectrometry (MS) has characterization capabilities for nanomaterials (NMs) and nanostructures by offering reliable multi-dimensional information consisting of accurate mass, isotopic, and molecular structural information. In the last decade, MS has emerged as a powerful nano-characterization technique. This review comprehensively summarizes the capabilities of MS in various aspects of nano-characterization that greatly enrich the toolbox of nano research. Compared with other characterization techniques, MS has unique capabilities for real-time monitoring and tracking reaction intermediates and by-products. Moreover, MS has shown application potential in some novel aspects, such as MS imaging of the biodistribution and fate of NMs in animals and humans, stable isotopic tracing of NMs, and risk assessment of NMs, which deserve update and integration into the current knowledge framework of nano-characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Dawei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yue Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China and Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Zongxiu Nie
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Kwantwi-Barima P, Hogan CJ, Clowers BH. Probing Gas-Phase-Clustering Thermodynamics with Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry: Association Energies of Phenylalanine Ions with Gas-Phase Alcohols. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2020; 31:1803-1814. [PMID: 32687705 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vapor assisted mobility shift measurements were made with atmospheric pressure drift-tube ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) to determine the thermodynamic properties of weakly bound ion-molecule clusters formed from protonated phenylalanine and neutral vapor molecules with hydroxyl functional groups. Relative binding energies and gas-phase association energies of amino acid ions clustered with small organic molecules have been established previously using high-pressure mass spectrometry. However, the issue of volatility largely prohibits the use of high-pressure mass spectrometry for the determination of gas-phase associations of amino acid ions clustered with neutral vapor molecules in many instances. In contrast, ion mobility measurements can be made at atmospheric pressure with volatile vapor additives near and above their boiling points, providing access to clustering equilibria not possible using high-vacuum techniques. In this study, we report the gas-phase association energies, enthalpies, and entropies for a protonated phenylalanine ion clustered with three neutral vapor molecules: 2-propanol, 1-butanol, and 2-pentanol based upon measurements at temperatures ranging from 120 to 180 °C. The gas-phase enthalpy and entropy changes ranged between -4 to -7 kcal/mol and -3 to 6 cal/(mol K), respectively. We found enthalpically favored ion-neutral cluster reactions for phenylalanine with entropic barriers for the formation of phenylalanine-1-butanol and phenylalanine-2-pentanol cluster ions, while phenylalanine-2-propanol cluster ion formation is both enthalpically and (weakly) entropically favorable. Under the measurement conditions examined, phenylalanine-vapor modifier cluster ion formation is clearly observed via shifts in the drift time for the three test vapor molecules. In comparison, negligible shifts in mobility are observed for protonated arginine exposed to the same vapor modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl Kwantwi-Barima
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Christopher J Hogan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Brian H Clowers
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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de la Mora JF, Genoni M, Perez-Lorenzo LJ, Cezairli M. Measuring the Kinetics of Neutral Pair Evaporation from Cluster Ions of Ionic Liquid in the Drift Region of a Differential Mobility Analyzer. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:2483-2496. [PMID: 32064875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b11359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Singly charged clusters [C+A-]nC+ or [C+A-]nA- of two salts [C+A-] are produced by electrospray ionization of alcohol solutions of the ionic liquids 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate (EMI-FAP) and 1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium-methide (DMPI-Me). The rate of neutral pair evaporation into [C+A-] + [C+A-]n-1C+ or [C+A-]n-1A- is studied in atmospheric pressure as a function of temperature T for the positive trimer ion (n = 2) of DMPI-Me and the negative trimer ion of EMI-FAP. The trimer is separated from all other electrosprayed ions in a first differential mobility analyzer (DMA1) and then transferred through a cooled tube to a second DMA whose drift gas is kept at a controlled temperature (25 °C < T < 100 °C). Singular characteristics of the DMA are a residence time τ of ∼0.1 to 1 ms, with essentially uniform temperature and τ. The decomposition occurring within DMA2 results in a complex mobility spectrum associated with dimer product ions, with apparent mobilities intermediate between those of the dimer and the trimer, depending on the product of the reaction rate k and τ. A theoretical expression yielding k from the shape of the collected mobility spectrum is obtained by accounting for the deterministic reactive, convective, and diffusive evolutions of the parent and product ions within DMA2. Observed and predicted mobility spectra agree well, yielding the reaction rate k with little ambiguity. Activation energies near 1 eV are determined for both trimer ions. Paradoxically, the evaporation process substantially heats up the cluster ion product. The theory developed enables measuring decay times much smaller and much larger than the residence time in the DMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fernandez de la Mora
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - M Genoni
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - L J Perez-Lorenzo
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - M Cezairli
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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