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Hancock AC, Goerigk L. Noncovalently bound excited-state dimers: a perspective on current time-dependent density functional theory approaches applied to aromatic excimer models. RSC Adv 2023; 13:35964-35984. [PMID: 38090083 PMCID: PMC10712016 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07381e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Excimers are supramolecular systems whose binding strength is influenced by many factors that are ongoing challenges for computational methods, such as charge transfer, exciton coupling, and London dispersion interactions. Treating the various intricacies of excimer binding at an adequate level is expected to be particularly challenging for time-dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) methods. In addition to well-known limitations for some TD-DFT methods in the description of charge transfer or exciton coupling, the inherent London dispersion problem from ground-state DFT translates to TD-DFT. While techniques to appropriately treat dispersion in DFT are well-developed for electronic ground states, these dispersion corrections remain largely untested for excited states. Herein, we aim to shed light on current TD-DFT methods, including some of the newest developments. The binding of four model excimers is studied across nine density functionals with and without the application of additive dispersion corrections against a wave function reference of SCS-CC2/CBS(3,4) quality, which approximates select CCSDR(3)/CBS data adequately. To our knowledge, this is the first study that presents single-reference wave function dissociation curves at the complete basis set level for the assessed model systems. It is also the first time range-separated double-hybrid density functionals are applied to excimers. In fact, those functionals turn out to be the most promising for the description of excimer binding followed by global double hybrids. Range-separated and global hybrids-particularly with large fractions of Fock exchange-are outperformed by double hybrids and yield worse dissociation energies and inter-molecular equilibrium distances. The deviation between each assessed functional and reference increases with system size, most likely due to missing dispersion interactions. Additive dispersion corrections of the DFT-D3(BJ) and DFT-D4 types reduce the average errors for TD-DFT methods but do so inconsistently and therefore do not offer a black-box solution in their ground-state parametrised form. The lack of appropriate description of dispersion effects for TD-DFT methods is likely hindering the practical application of the herein identified more efficient methods. Dispersion corrections parametrised for excited states appear to be an important next step to improve the applicability of TD-DFT methods and we hope that our work assists with the future development of such corrections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Hancock
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne Parkville Australia +61-(0)3-8344 6784
| | - Lars Goerigk
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne Parkville Australia +61-(0)3-8344 6784
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2
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Friede M, Ehlert S, Grimme S, Mewes JM. Do Optimally Tuned Range-Separated Hybrid Functionals Require a Reparametrization of the Dispersion Correction? It Depends. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:8097-8107. [PMID: 37955590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
For ground- and excited-state studies of large molecules, it is the state of the art to combine (time-dependent) DFT with dispersion-corrected range-separated hybrid functionals (RSHs), which ensures an asymptotically correct description of exchange effects and London dispersion. Specifically for studying excited states, it is common practice to tune the range-separation parameter ω (optimal tuning), which can further improve the accuracy. However, since optimal tuning essentially changes the functional, it is unclear if and how much the parameters used for the dispersion correction depend on the chosen ω value. To answer this question, we explore this interdependency by refitting the DFT-D4 dispersion model for six established RSHs over a wide range of ω values (0.05-0.45 a0-1) using a set of noncovalently bound molecular complexes. The results reveal some surprising differences among the investigated functionals: While PBE-based RSHs and ωB97M-D4 generally exhibit a weak interdependency and robust performance over a wide range of ω values, B88-based RSHs, specifically LC-BLYP, are strongly affected. For these, even a minor reduction of ω from the default value manifests in strong systematic overbinding and poor performance in the typical range of optimally tuned ω values. Finally, we discuss strategies to mitigate these issues and reflect the results in the context of the employed D4 parameter optimization algorithm and fit set, outlining strategies for future improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Friede
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ehlert
- AI4Science, Microsoft Research, Evert van de Beekstraat 354, 1118 CZ Schiphol, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan-Michael Mewes
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Beringstr. 4, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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3
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Nikul'shin PV, Fedunov RG, Kuibida LV, Maksimov AM, Glebov EM, Stass DV. Recombination of X-ray-Generated Radical Ion Pairs in Alkane Solution Assembles Optically Inaccessible Exciplexes from a Series of Perfluorinated para-Oligophenylenes with N, N-Dimethylaniline. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087568. [PMID: 37108728 PMCID: PMC10142361 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that a series of perfluorinated para-oligophenylenes C6F5-(C6F4)n-C6F5 (n = 1-3) produce exciplexes with N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) in degassed X-irradiated n-dodecane solutions. The optical characterization of the compounds shows that their short fluorescence lifetimes (ca. 1.2 ns) and UV-Vis absorption spectra, overlapping with the spectrum of DMA with molar absorption coefficients of 2.7-4.6 × 104 M-1cm-1, preclude the standard photochemical exciplex formation pathway via selective optical generation of the local excited state of the donor and its bulk quenching by the acceptor. However, under X-rays, the efficient assembly of such exciplexes proceeds via the recombination of radical ion pairs, which delivers the two partners close to each other and ensures a sufficient energy deposition. The exciplex emission is completely quenched by the equilibration of the solution with air, providing a lower bound of exciplex emission lifetime of ca. 200 ns. The recombination nature of the exciplexes is confirmed by the magnetic field sensitivity of the exciplex emission band inherited from the magnetic field sensitivity from the recombination of spin-correlated radical ion pairs. Exciplex formation in such systems is further supported by DFT calculations. These first exciplexes from fully fluorinated compounds show the largest known red shift of the exciplex emission from the local emission band, suggesting the potential of perfluoro compounds for optimizing optical emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel V Nikul'shin
- A.V. Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roman G Fedunov
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Leonid V Kuibida
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander M Maksimov
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgeni M Glebov
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitri V Stass
- V.V. Voevodsky Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- International Tomography Center, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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4
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Hancock AC, Goerigk L. Noncovalently bound excited-state dimers: a perspective on current time-dependent density functional theory approaches applied to aromatic excimer models. RSC Adv 2022; 12:13014-13034. [PMID: 35520129 PMCID: PMC9062889 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01703b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Excimers are supramolecular systems whose binding strength is influenced by many factors that are ongoing challenges for computational methods, such as charge transfer, exciton coupling, and London dispersion interactions. Treating the various intricacies of excimer binding at an adequate level is expected to be particularly challenging for Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) methods. In addition to well-known limitations for some TD-DFT methods in the description of charge transfer or exciton coupling, the inherent London dispersion problem from ground-state DFT translates to TD-DFT. While techniques to appropriately treat dispersion in DFT are well-developed for electronic ground states, these dispersion corrections remain largely untested for excited states. Herein, we aim to shed light on current TD-DFT methods, including some of the newest developments. The binding of four model excimers is studied across nine density functionals with and without the application of additive dispersion corrections against a wave function reference of SCS-CC2/CBS(3,4) quality, which approximates select CCSDR(3)/CBS data adequately. To our knowledge, this is the first study that presents single-reference wave function dissociation curves at the complete basis set level for the assessed model systems. It is also the first time range-separated double-hybrid density functionals are applied to excimers. In fact, those functionals turn out to be the most promising for the description of excimer binding followed by global double hybrids. Range-separated and global hybrids-particularly with large fractions of Fock exchange-are outperformed by double hybrids and yield worse dissociation energies and inter-molecular equilibrium distances. The deviation between each assessed functional and reference increases with system size, most likely due to missing dispersion interactions. Additive dispersion corrections of the DFT-D3(BJ) and DFT-D4 types reduce the average errors for TD-DFT methods but do so inconsistently and therefore do not offer a black-box solution in their ground-state parametrised form. The lack of appropriate description of dispersion effects for TD-DFT methods is likely hindering the practical application of the herein identified more efficient methods. Dispersion corrections parametrised for excited states appear to be an important next step to improve the applicability of TD-DFT methods and we hope that our work assists with the future development of such corrections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C Hancock
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne Parkville Australia +61-3-8344-6784
| | - Lars Goerigk
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne Parkville Australia +61-3-8344-6784
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5
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Budyka MF, Gavrishova TN, Li VM, Potashova NI, Fedulova JA. Emissive and reactive excimers in a covalently-linked supramolecular multi-chromophoric system with a balanced rigid-flexible structure. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 267:120565. [PMID: 34753706 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A novel multi-chromophoric system, triad, in which two styrylbenzoquinoline (SBQ) photochromes are connected by a balanced rigid-flexible linker comprising 2,3-naphthylene framework (a residue of 3-oxy-2-naphthoic acid) and tetramethylene groups, was designed and synthesized to study an excimer formation in the excited state. The 1H NMR data testified that triad exists in solution as folded conformers with asymmetric parallel-displaced SBQ units. Under light irradiation, in the triad, competitive photoisomerization and [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reactions were observed, both reactions being reversible. The photocycloaddition resulted in a tetrasubstituted cyclobutane. The red-shifted fluorescence spectrum and the appearance of a long-lived component in the triad fluorescence decay indicated formation of an 'emissive' excimer. The photocycloaddition is assumed to occur in a 'reactive' excimer, in which the ethylene groups of the SBQ photochromes are located at a distance sufficient for the formation of the σ-bonds between them. Quantum-chemical density functional theory (DFT) calculations at M06-2X/6-31G* level predicted the existence of the triad conformers with π-stacking interaction of SBQ photochromes, the structure of which is pre-organized for the excimer formation and photocycloaddition. For the first time, both emissive and reactive excimers were experimentally observed in the multi-chromophoric system with two diarylethylene photochromes undergoing [2 + 2] photocycloaddition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail F Budyka
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russian Federation.
| | - Tatiana N Gavrishova
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Vitalii M Li
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia I Potashova
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Julia A Fedulova
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka 142432, Moscow Region, Russian Federation; Faculty of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
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6
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Budyka MF, Gavrishova TN, Li VM, Dozmorov SA. Photoisomerization and Energy Transfer in an Unsymmetrical Biphotochromic Dyad with a Longitudinal Shift of Photochromes—Derivatives of 3-Styrylbenzo[f]quinoline and Oxymethylene Bridging Group. HIGH ENERGY CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0018143921010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Schmitt HC, Fischer I, Ji L, Merz J, Marder TB, Hoche J, Röhr MIS, Mitric R. Isolated 2-hydroxypyrene and its dimer: a frequency- and time-resolved spectroscopic study. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02391d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated isolated 2-hydroxypyrene and its dimer in the gas phase by time- and frequency-resolved photoionisation with picosecond time-resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Christian Schmitt
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Fischer
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lei Ji
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Merz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Todd B. Marder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Joscha Hoche
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Merle I. S. Röhr
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC), Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Theodor-Boveri-Weg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Mitric
- Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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8
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Faccinetto A, Irimiea C, Minutolo P, Commodo M, D’Anna A, Nuns N, Carpentier Y, Pirim C, Desgroux P, Focsa C, Mercier X. Evidence on the formation of dimers of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a laminar diffusion flame. Commun Chem 2020; 3:112. [PMID: 36703341 PMCID: PMC9814144 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the formation of nascent soot particles in flames is well established and yet the detailed mechanisms are still not fully understood. Here we provide experimental evidence of the occurrence of dimerization of PAHs in the gas phase before soot formation in a laminar diffusion methane flame, supporting the hypothesis of stabilization of dimers through the formation of covalent bonds. The main findings of this work derive from the comparative chemical analysis of samples extracted from the gas to soot transition region of a laminar diffusion methane flame, and highlight two different groups of hydrocarbons that coexist in the same mass range, but show distinctly different behavior when processed with statistical analysis. In particular, the identified hydrocarbons are small-to-moderate size PAHs (first group) and their homo- and heterodimers stabilized by the formation of covalent bonds (second group).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Faccinetto
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522, PC2A, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Cornelia Irimiea
- grid.4365.40000 0004 0640 9448DMPE, ONERA, Univ. Paris Saclay, F-91123 Palaiseau, France
| | - Patrizia Minutolo
- grid.464602.20000 0004 1777 7158Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, CNR, I-80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Mario Commodo
- grid.464602.20000 0004 1777 7158Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, CNR, I-80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea D’Anna
- grid.4691.a0000 0001 0790 385XUniv. Napoli Federico II, Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, I-80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Nicolas Nuns
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 2638, Institut M. E. Chevreul, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Yvain Carpentier
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523, PhLAM, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Claire Pirim
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523, PhLAM, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Pascale Desgroux
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522, PC2A, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Cristian Focsa
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8523, PhLAM, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Xavier Mercier
- grid.503422.20000 0001 2242 6780Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522, PC2A, F-59000 Lille, France
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Jacobson RS, Korte AR, Vertes A, Miller JH. The Molecular Composition of Soot. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:4484-4490. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle S. Jacobson
- Department of Chemistry George Washington University 800 22nd St, NW, Suite 4000 Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Andrew R. Korte
- Department of Chemistry George Washington University 800 22nd St, NW, Suite 4000 Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - Akos Vertes
- Department of Chemistry George Washington University 800 22nd St, NW, Suite 4000 Washington DC 20052 USA
| | - J. Houston Miller
- Department of Chemistry George Washington University 800 22nd St, NW, Suite 4000 Washington DC 20052 USA
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11
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Mercier X, Faccinetto A, Batut S, Vanhove G, Božanić DK, Hróðmarsson HR, Garcia GA, Nahon L. Selective identification of cyclopentaring-fused PAHs and side-substituted PAHs in a low pressure premixed sooting flame by photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:15926-15944. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02740e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Selective on-line identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) formed in a low-pressure methane sooting flame, carried out using the double imaging Photoelectron Photoion Coincidence Spectroscopy method (i2PEPICO).
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Mercier
- Université Lille
- CNRS
- UMR 8522 – PC2A – Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l’Atmosphère
- F-59000 Lille
- France
| | - A. Faccinetto
- Université Lille
- CNRS
- UMR 8522 – PC2A – Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l’Atmosphère
- F-59000 Lille
- France
| | - S. Batut
- Université Lille
- CNRS
- UMR 8522 – PC2A – Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l’Atmosphère
- F-59000 Lille
- France
| | - G. Vanhove
- Université Lille
- CNRS
- UMR 8522 – PC2A – Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l’Atmosphère
- F-59000 Lille
- France
| | - D. K. Božanić
- Synchrotron SOLEIL
- L ‘Orme des Merisiers
- 91192 Gif sur Yvette
- France
| | | | - G. A. Garcia
- Synchrotron SOLEIL
- L ‘Orme des Merisiers
- 91192 Gif sur Yvette
- France
| | - L. Nahon
- Synchrotron SOLEIL
- L ‘Orme des Merisiers
- 91192 Gif sur Yvette
- France
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