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Dunning TH, Xu LT. Electronic structure of Li 1,2,3 +,0,- and nature of the bonding in Li 2,3 +,0,. J Comput Chem 2024; 45:405-418. [PMID: 37966878 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.27246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The current study of the small lithium molecules Li2 +,0,- and Li3 +,0,- focuses on the nature of the bonding in these molecules as well as their structures and energetics (bond energies, ionization energies, and electron affinities). Valence CASSCF (2s,2p) calculations incorporate nondynamical electron correlation in the calculations, while the corresponding multireference configuration interaction and coupled cluster calculations incorporate dynamical electron correlation. Treatment of nondynamical correlation is critical for properly describing the Li2,3 +,0,- molecules as well as the Li- anion with dynamical correlation, in general, only fine-tuning the predictions. All lithium molecules and ions are bound, with the Li3 + and Li2 + ions being the most strongly bound, followed by Li3 - , Li2 , Li2 - and Li3 . The minimum energy structures of Li3 +,0,- are, respectively, an equilateral triangle, an isosceles triangle, and a linear structure. The results of SCGVB calculations are analyzed to obtain insights into the nature of the bonding in these molecules. An important finding of this work is that interstitial orbitals, a concept first put forward by McAdon and Goddard in 1985, play an essential role in the bonding of all lithium molecules considered here except for Li2 . The interstitial orbitals found in the Li3 +,0 molecules likely give rise to the non-nuclear attractors/maxima observed in these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thom H Dunning
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lu T Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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2
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Comparán-Padilla VE, Romero-de la Cruz MT, García-Díaz R, Pérez-Camacho O. CO to formaldehyde transformation study on pristine and Au-modified BaTiO 3(001) through DFT calculations. J Mol Model 2023; 29:285. [PMID: 37608185 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-023-05697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT BaTiO3 is one of the most important ferroelectric oxides in electronic applications. Also, it has attractive properties for catalysis that could be used for reducing contamination levels, especially carbon monoxide, CO. CO is one of the main gaseous pollutants generally released from the combustion of fossil fuel. In this work, the CO transformation on pristine and Au-modified BaTiO3 perovskite for H2CO obtention is studied. The CO adsorption and hydrogenation on pristine BaTiO3 leads to formaldehyde synthesis as the most stable product through two possible routes. Furthermore, hydrogenation stages are less probable on pristine BaTiO3. On Au-modified BaTiO3 formaldehyde is the principal product too but Au adatom generates H2CO competition with HCOH. After BaTiO3 modification with Au unpaired electrons were generated. These unpaired electrons are related to the adatom reactivity. According to the obtained results, pristine and Au-modified BaTiO3 can adsorb and hydrogenate CO generating formaldehyde as the principal product. BaTiO3 modifications with Au increase the reactivity of the perovskite in the CO hydrogenation reactions. CO hydrogenation process on Au suggests that further hydrogenation stages beyond formaldehyde are possible. METHODS The study was performed through ab initio calculations using the periodic spin-polarized Density Functional Theory (DFT) as implemented in Quantum ESPRESSO. DFT calculations were carried out using the Plane Wave self-consistent field (PWscf). Spin density difference allows us to identify reactive regions related to dangling bonds and unpaired electrons. A plane wave basis set was used to represent the electron states. Vanderbilt pseudopotentials with nonlinear core correction were used to model the ionic cores and valence electrons interaction. Exchange-correlation energies were treated within the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) with the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) parameterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor E Comparán-Padilla
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Química Macromolecular y Nanomateriales, Blvd. Enrique Reyna, C.P. 25294, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico.
| | - María Teresa Romero-de la Cruz
- Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Prol. David Berlanga S/N Edif. "A" Unidad Camporredondo, C.P. 25000, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Reyes García-Díaz
- CONAHCYT-Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, Prol. David Berlanga S/N Edif. "A" Unidad Camporredondo, C.P. 25000, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Odilia Pérez-Camacho
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Química Macromolecular y Nanomateriales, Blvd. Enrique Reyna, C.P. 25294, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
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Kovarik S, Robles R, Schlitz R, Seifert TS, Lorente N, Gambardella P, Stepanow S. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Alkali Metal Atoms and Dimers on Ultrathin MgO. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4176-4181. [PMID: 35512394 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) can provide unique insight into the chemical structure and magnetic properties of dopants in oxide and semiconducting materials that are of interest for applications in electronics, catalysis, and quantum sensing. Here, we demonstrate that EPR in combination with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) allows for probing the bonding and charge state of alkali metal atoms on an ultrathin magnesium oxide layer on a Ag substrate. We observe a magnetic moment of 1 μB for Li2, LiNa, and Na2 dimers corresponding to spin radicals with a charge state of +1e. Single alkali atoms have the same charge state and no magnetic moment. The ionization of the adsorbates is attributed to charge transfer through the oxide to the metal substrate. Our work highlights the potential of EPR-STM to provide insight into dopant atoms that are relevant for the control of the electrical properties of surfaces and nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan Kovarik
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Hönggerbergring 64, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Robles
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Richard Schlitz
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Hönggerbergring 64, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Tom Sebastian Seifert
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Hönggerbergring 64, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Nicolas Lorente
- Centro de Física de Materiales CFM/MPC (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Pietro Gambardella
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Hönggerbergring 64, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Stepanow
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Hönggerbergring 64, Zürich CH-8093, Switzerland
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de Sousa DWO, Nascimento MAC. Three-center two-electron bonds from the quantum interference perspective. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:15958-15972. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00841f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The nature of the three-center two-electron (3c2e) chemical bond is investigated by the Interference Energy Analysis (IEA) method and using of a SC(2, 3) (spin coupled wave function with two...
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Graziano BJ, Scott TR, Vollmer MV, Dorantes MJ, Young VG, Bill E, Gagliardi L, Lu CC. One-electron Bonds in Copper-Aluminum and Copper-Gallium Complexes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6525-6531. [PMID: 35756529 PMCID: PMC9176199 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01998a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Odd-electron bonds have unique electronic structures and are often encountered as transiently stable, homonuclear species. In this study, a pair of copper complexes supported by Group 13 metalloligands, M[N((o-C6H4)NCH2PiPr2)3] (M...
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan J Graziano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 207 Pleasant Street SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - Thais R Scott
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Searle Chemistry Laboratory 5735 South Ellis Avenue Chicago Illinois 60637 USA
| | - Matthew V Vollmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 207 Pleasant Street SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - Michael J Dorantes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 207 Pleasant Street SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - Victor G Young
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 207 Pleasant Street SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
| | - Eckhard Bill
- Max Planck Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraβe 34-36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Searle Chemistry Laboratory 5735 South Ellis Avenue Chicago Illinois 60637 USA
| | - Connie C Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities 207 Pleasant Street SE Minneapolis Minnesota 55455 USA
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Rheinische-Friedrich-Wilhelms Universität Bonn Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1 53121 Bonn Germany
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Nascimento MAC. The Valence-Bond (VB) Model and Its Intimate Relationship to the Symmetric or Permutation Group. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154524. [PMID: 34361677 PMCID: PMC8347111 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
VB and molecular orbital (MO) models are normally distinguished by the fact the first looks at molecules as a collection of atoms held together by chemical bonds while the latter adopts the view that each molecule should be regarded as an independent entity built up of electrons and nuclei and characterized by its molecular structure. Nevertheless, there is a much more fundamental difference between these two models which is only revealed when the symmetries of the many-electron Hamiltonian are fully taken into account: while the VB and MO wave functions exhibit the point-group symmetry, whenever present in the many-electron Hamiltonian, only VB wave functions exhibit the permutation symmetry, which is always present in the many-electron Hamiltonian. Practically all the conflicts among the practitioners of the two models can be traced down to the lack of permutation symmetry in the MO wave functions. Moreover, when examined from the permutation group perspective, it becomes clear that the concepts introduced by Pauling to deal with molecules can be equally applied to the study of the atomic structure. In other words, as strange as it may sound, VB can be extended to the study of atoms and, therefore, is a much more general model than MO.
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Pino‐Rios R, Inostroza D, Tiznado W. Neither too Classic nor too Exotic: One‐Electron Na⋅B Bond in NaBH
3
−
Cluster. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pino‐Rios
- Laboratorio de Química teórica Facultad de Química y Biología Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH) Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363 Santiago, Estación Central, Región Metropolitana Chile
| | - Diego Inostroza
- Universidad Andres Bello Programa de Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Santiago Chile
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group Departamento de Ciencias Químicas Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Universidad Andres Bello República 498 Santiago Chile
| | - William Tiznado
- Universidad Andres Bello Programa de Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Santiago Chile
- Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group Departamento de Ciencias Químicas Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Universidad Andres Bello República 498 Santiago Chile
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de Sousa DWO, Nascimento MAC. Substituent Effects on the Quantum Interference of Two-Center One-Electron Bonds: [B 2X 6] - (X = H, F, Cl, CN, OH, CH 3, and OCH 3). J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4558-4564. [PMID: 34014679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The interference energy analysis (IEA) provided by the generalized product function energy partitioning (GPF-EP) method was applied to investigate the influence of the neighboring atoms on the nature of the two-center one-electron (2c1e) bonds in the anion dimers of BX3 species (X = H, F, Cl, CN, OH, CH3, and OCH3). The species were studied at the GVB-PP(6/12).SC(1,2)/6-31**G++ level of calculation. The IEA has revealed that there is a balance between two main factors determining the chemical stability of the species. Quantum interference acts as the sole stabilizing effect in the formation of the chemical bonds, particularly as the result of the drop in kinetic energy, and the electronegativity of the substituent has a direct influence on the magnitude of this effect. The quasi-classical energy is responsible for the destabilizing factors, mainly the group bulkiness, and the "electron-withdrawing" effect in the case of the cyano group.
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Pino-Rios R, Inostroza D, Tiznado W. Neither too Classic nor too Exotic: One-Electron Na⋅B Bond in NaBH 3 - Cluster. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:12747-12753. [PMID: 33876517 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is here reported that the NaBH3 - cluster exhibits a Na⋅B one-electron bond, a well-established type of electron-deficient bonding in the literature. The topological analysis of the electron localization function, at the correlated level, reveals that Na- , when approaching the bonding distance, fairly distributes its valence electron pair between two lobes. One of these electrons is used to bond with BH3 , which participates through its boron empty p-orbital. Furthermore, the bonding situation of LiBH3 - , KBH3 - , MgBH3 , and CaBH3 global minima structures are similar to that of NaBH3 - , extending the family of these new one-electron bond systems with biradicaloid character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pino-Rios
- Laboratorio de Química teórica, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 3363, Santiago, Estación Central, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Diego Inostroza
- Universidad Andres Bello, Programa de Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Santiago, Chile.,Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 498, Santiago, Chile
| | - William Tiznado
- Universidad Andres Bello, Programa de Doctorado en Fisicoquímica Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Santiago, Chile.,Computational and Theoretical Chemistry Group, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, República 498, Santiago, Chile
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10
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Kalemos A. Some ab initio thoughts on the bonding in O 3H. Mol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2020.1804082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Kalemos
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Hellas
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11
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Three-center two-electron bonds in the boranes B2H6 and B3H8− from the quantum interference perspective. Theor Chem Acc 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-020-02654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Zhang J, Sheong FK, Lin Z. Principal interacting orbital: A chemically intuitive method for deciphering bonding interaction. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing‐Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong
| | - Fu Kit Sheong
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong
| | - Zhenyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong
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Fantuzzi F, Wolff W, Quitián-Lara HM, Boechat-Roberty HM, Hilgers G, Rudek B, Nascimento MAC. Unexpected reversal of stability in strained systems containing one-electron bonds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:24984-24992. [PMID: 31709438 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp04964a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ring strain energy is a very well documented feature of neutral cycloalkanes, and influences their structural, thermochemical and reactivity properties. In this work, we apply density functional theory and high-level coupled cluster calculations to describe the geometry and relative stability of C6H12+˙ radical cations, whose cyclic isomers are prototypes of singly-charged cycloalkanes. Molecular ions with the mentioned stoichiometry were produced via electron impact experiments using a gaseous cyclohexane sample (20-2000 eV). From our calculations, in addition to structures that resemble linear and branched alkenes as well as distinct conformers of cyclohexane, we have found low-lying species containing three-, four- and five-membered rings with the presence of an elongated C-C bond. Remarkably, the stability trend of these ring-bearing radical cations is anomalous, and the three-membered species are up to 11.3 kcal mol-1 more stable than the six-membered chair structure. Generalized Valence Bond calculations and the Spin Coupled theory with N electrons and M orbitals were used in conjunction with the Generalized Product Function Energy Partitioning (GPF-EP) method and Interference Energy Analysis (IEA) to describe the chemical bonding in such moieties. Our results confirm that these elongated C-C motifs are one-electron sigma bonds. Our calculations also reveal the effects that drive thermochemical preference of strained systems over their strained-free isomers, and the origin of the unusual stability trend observed for cycloalkane radical cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Fantuzzi
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. and Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany and Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Emil-Fischer-Straße 42, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wania Wolff
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, 21941-972, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Heidy M Quitián-Lara
- Observatório do Valongo, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ladeira do Pedro Antônio 43, 20080-090, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heloisa M Boechat-Roberty
- Observatório do Valongo, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ladeira do Pedro Antônio 43, 20080-090, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gerhard Hilgers
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Benedikt Rudek
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany and Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Radiation Oncology, 30 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Marco Antonio Chaer Nascimento
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, 21941-909, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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