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Gross JH. Atmospheric pressure field desorption-trapped ion mobility-mass spectrometry coupling. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:3313-3323. [PMID: 38589615 PMCID: PMC11106181 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-024-05282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
While field ionization (FI) and field desorption (FD) are established soft vacuum ionization methods in mass spectrometry (MS), the technique of atmospheric pressure field desorption (APFD) has only recently been added to the repertoire. Similar to FI and FD, APFD can yield both positive even-electron ions of highly polar or ionic compounds and positive molecular ions, M+•, e.g., of polycyclic aromatic compounds. Thus, a dedicated APFD source assembly has been constructed and demonstrated to allow for robust APFD operation. This device also enabled observation of the emitter during operation and allowed for resistive emitter heating, thereby speeding up the desorption of the analytes and expanding the range of analytes accessible to APFD. While initial work was done using a Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer, the new APFD source offered the flexibility to also be used on a trapped ion mobility-quadrupole-time-of-flight (TIMS-Q-TOF) instrument, and thus, it would be possible to be mounted to any Bruker mass spectrometer featuring an atmospheric pressure (AP) interface. Operating an APFD source at a TIMS-Q-TOF instrument called for the exploration of the combined use of APFD and TIMS. Here, operation, basic properties, and capabilities of this new atmospheric pressure field desorption-trapped ion mobility-mass spectrometry (APFD-TIMS-MS) coupling are described. APFD-TIMS-MS is employed for the separation of individual components of oligomers and for the accurate determination of their collision cross section (CCS). This work describes the application of APFD-TIMS-MS on poly(ethylene glycol) forming [M + Na]+ ions by cationization and on an amine-terminated poly(propylene glycol) yielding [M + H]+ ions. Some compounds forming molecular ions, M+•, by field ionization such as [60]fullerene and a mixture of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are examined. In APFD-TIMS-MS, the limits of detection (LODs) of fluoranthene and benzo[a]pyrene M+• ions are determined as ≈100 pg and <1 pg, respectively. Finally, [60]fullerene is analyzed by negative-ion APFD-TIMS-MS where it yields a molecular anion, M-•.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen H Gross
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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2
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Chakraborty P, Malola S, Weis P, Neumaier M, Schneider EK, Häkkinen H, Kappes MM. Tailoring Vacancy Defects in Isolated Atomically Precise Silver Clusters through Mercury-Doped Intermediates. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:11659-11664. [PMID: 38109267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Vacancy defects are known to have significant effects on the physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials. However, the formation and structural dynamics of vacancy defects in atomically precise coinage metal clusters have hardly been explored due to the challenges associated with isolation of such defected clusters. Herein, we isolate [Ag28(BDT)12]2- (BDT is 1,3-benzenedithiol), a cluster with a "missing atom" site compared to [Ag29(BDT)12]3-, whose precise structure is known from X-ray diffraction. [Ag28(BDT)12]2- was formed in the gas-phase by collisional heating of [Ag28Hg(BDT)12]2-, a Hg-doped analogue of the parent cluster. The structural changes resulting from the loss of the Hg heteroatom were investigated by trapped ion mobility mass spectrometry. Density functional theory calculations were performed to provide further insights into the defect structures, and molecular dynamics simulations revealed defect site-dependent structural relaxation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Papri Chakraborty
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sami Malola
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Patrick Weis
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marco Neumaier
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Erik Karsten Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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3
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Czekner J, Schneider EK, Weis P, Kappes MM. Quantitation of Enantiomeric Excess in an Achiral Environment Using Trapped Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1692-1696. [PMID: 36018317 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel, straightforward method to determine the enantiomeric excess (ee) of tryptophan (Trp) and N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-O-benzylserine (BBS) solutions without chiral additives. For this, lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, or silver acetate was added to solutions of Trp or BBS. Singly negatively charged dimer and trimer clusters were then formed by electrospray ionization and analyzed using trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) and time-of-flight mass spectrometry. When a solution contains both enantiomers, homo- and heterochiral clusters are generated which can be separated in the TIMS-tunnel based on their different mobilities using a nitrogen buffer gas. The ratio of homochiral to heterochiral clusters shows a binomial distribution and can be calibrated with solutions of known ee to yield ee measurements of samples with better than 1% accuracy. Samples can be prepared rapidly, and measurements are completed in less than 5 min. Current instrumental limitations restrict this method to rigid molecules with large functional groups adjacent to the chiral centers. Nevertheless, we expect this method to be applicable to many pharmaceuticals and provide the example of 1-methyltryptophan to demonstrate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Czekner
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Erik K Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Patrick Weis
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Physical Chemistry (IPC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Schiemenz S, Koenig RM, Stevenson S, Avdoshenko SM, Popov AA. Vibrational anatomy of C 90, C 96, and C 100 fullertubes: probing Frankenstein's skeletal structures of fullerene head endcaps and nanotube belt midsection. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:10823-10834. [PMID: 35829712 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr01870e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fullertubes are tubular fullerenes with nanotube-like middle section and fullerene-like endcaps. To understand how this intermediate form between spherical fullerenes and nanotubes is reflected in the vibrational modes, we performed comprehensive studies of IR and Raman spectra of fullertubes C90-D5h, C96-D3d, and C100-D5d. An excellent agreement between experimental and DFT-computed spectra enabled a detailed vibrational assignment and allowed an analysis of the localization degree of the vibrational modes in different parts of fullertubes. Projection analysis was performed to establish an exact numerical correspondence between vibrations of the belt midsection and fullerene headcaps to the modes of nanotubes and fullerene C60-Ih. As a result, we could not only identify fullerene-like and CNT-like vibrations of fullertubes, but also trace their origin in specific vibrational modes of CNT and C60-Ih. IR spectra were found to be dominated by vibrations of fullerene-like caps resembling IR-active modes of C60-Ih, whereas in Raman spectra both caps and belt vibrations are found to be equally active. Unlike the resonance Raman spectra of CNTs, in which only two single-phonon bands are detected, the Raman spectra of fullertubes exhibit several CNT-like vibrations and thus provide additional information on nanotube phonons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schiemenz
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Ryan M Koenig
- Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fort Wayne, IN 46835, USA.
| | - Steven Stevenson
- Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fort Wayne, IN 46835, USA.
| | - Stanislav M Avdoshenko
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Alexey A Popov
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW Dresden), 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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Schneider EK, Weis P, Münzfeld L, Roesky PW, Kappes MM. Anionic Stacks of Alkali-Interlinked Yttrium and Dysprosium Bicyclooctatetraenes in Isolation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:695-703. [PMID: 35298159 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization of THF solutions of preformed [K(18-c-6)][M(COT)2] (M = Dy(III), Y(III); COT = C8H82-,18-c-6 = C12H24O6) yields the isolated species [(M(COT)2)n+1 + nK]- with n = 0-3. High-resolution ion mobility spectrometry combined with density functional theory calculations performed for the n = 0-2 aggregates indicate that anionic multidecker stacks interlinked by potassium cations are formed. The alternating metal ions are aligned linearly: COT2--M3+-COT2--K+-COT2--M3+-COT2-. The different M3+ ionic radii lead to slight but resolvable changes in mobility and thus collision cross sections indicative of different overall heights of the multidecker stacks. CID measurements show that the aggregates fragment by cleavage at the K+ interconnections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik K Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Patrick Weis
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Luca Münzfeld
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber Weg 2, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Niedner‐Schatteburg G, Kappes MM. Advancing Inorganic Coordination Chemistry by Spectroscopy of Isolated Molecules: Methods and Applications. Chemistry 2021; 27:15027-15042. [PMID: 34636096 PMCID: PMC8596414 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A unique feature of the work carried out in the Collaborative Research Center 3MET continues to be its emphasis on innovative, advanced experimental methods which hyphenate mass-selection with further analytical tools such as laser spectroscopy for the study of isolated molecular ions. This allows to probe the intrinsic properties of the species of interest free of perturbing solvent or matrix effects. This review explains these methods and uses examples from past and ongoing 3MET studies of specific classes of multicenter metal complexes to illustrate how coordination chemistry can be advanced by applying them. As a corollary, we will show how the challenges involved in providing well-defined, for example monoisomeric, samples of the molecular ions have helped to further improve the methods themselves thus also making them applicable to many other areas of chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manfred M. Kappes
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76128KarlsruheGermany
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7
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Huang X, Liu H, Lu D, Lin Y, Liu J, Liu Q, Nie Z, Jiang G. Mass spectrometry for multi-dimensional characterization of natural and synthetic materials at the nanoscale. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:5243-5280. [PMID: 33656017 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00714e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of materials at the nanoscale plays a crucial role in in-depth understanding the nature and processes of the substances. Mass spectrometry (MS) has characterization capabilities for nanomaterials (NMs) and nanostructures by offering reliable multi-dimensional information consisting of accurate mass, isotopic, and molecular structural information. In the last decade, MS has emerged as a powerful nano-characterization technique. This review comprehensively summarizes the capabilities of MS in various aspects of nano-characterization that greatly enrich the toolbox of nano research. Compared with other characterization techniques, MS has unique capabilities for real-time monitoring and tracking reaction intermediates and by-products. Moreover, MS has shown application potential in some novel aspects, such as MS imaging of the biodistribution and fate of NMs in animals and humans, stable isotopic tracing of NMs, and risk assessment of NMs, which deserve update and integration into the current knowledge framework of nano-characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Dawei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Yue Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China and Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Zongxiu Nie
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China. and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Schissler C, Schneider EK, Felker B, Weis P, Nieger M, Kappes MM, Bräse S. A Synthetic Strategy for Cofacial Porphyrin-Based Homo- and Heterobimetallic Complexes. Chemistry 2021; 27:3047-3054. [PMID: 33459421 PMCID: PMC7898677 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We present a straightforward and generally applicable synthesis route for cofacially linked homo- and heterobimetallic porphyrin complexes. The protocol allows the synthesis of unsymmetrical aryl-based meso-meso as well as β-meso-linked porphyrins. Our method significantly increases the overall yield for the published compound known as o-phenylene-bisporphyrin (OBBP) by a factor of 6.8. Besides the synthesis of 16 novel homobimetallic complexes containing MnIII , FeIII , NiII , CuII , ZnII , and PdII , we achieved the first single-crystal X-ray structure of an unsymmetrical cofacial benzene-linked porphyrin dimer containing both planar-chiral enantiomers of a NiII 2 complex. Additionally, this new methodology allows access to heterobimetallic complexes such as the FeIII -NiII containing carbon monoxide dehydrogenase active site analogue. The isolated species were investigated by various techniques, including ion mobility spectrometry, DFT calculations, and UV/Vis spectroscopy. This allowed us to probe the influence of interplane distance on Soret band splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Schissler
- Institute of Organic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Erik K. Schneider
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Benjamin Felker
- Institute of Organic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Patrick Weis
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HelsinkiP.O. Box 5500014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Manfred M. Kappes
- Institute of Physical ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 276131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute for NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Fritz-Haber-Weg 676131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute for Biological and Chemical Systems—Functional Molecular, Systems, (IBCS-FMS)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
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9
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Baksi A, Schneider EK, Weis P, Chakraborty I, Fuhr O, Lebedkin S, Parak WJ, Kappes MM. Linear Size Contraction of Ligand Protected Ag 29 Clusters by Substituting Ag with Cu. ACS NANO 2020; 14:15064-15070. [PMID: 33089986 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There are only a few examples of atomically precise, ligand protected, bimetallic coinage metal clusters in which molecular structure remains essentially unchanged over a wide composition range starting from the corresponding homometallic species. Such model systems are particularly useful to study the dynamics of alloy formation on the nanoscale. Here we demonstrate the unusual reactivity of solvated metalloid-superatom Ag29(BDT)12(PPh3)4 (BDT = 1,3 benzenedithiol) clusters toward semiconducting Cu12S6(DPPPT)4 (DPPPT = bis(diphenylphosphino)pentane) clusters as an efficient way to exchange multiple copper atoms into the atomically precise silver clusters without changing overall the structure type. Concentration-dependent UV-vis absorption and online mass spectrometry shows that 14 Cu atoms can be exchanged into the silver cluster. Beyond the 14 Cu atom exchange, the cluster degrades to smaller thiolates. Information on cluster structures is obtained from high-resolution ion mobility mass spectrometry, which shows a linear decrease in collision cross section (CCS) with each Ag/Cu exchanged. Several isomeric structures are calculated by density functional theory (DFT), and their calculated collision cross sections are used to identify the most stable isomers for each Ag/Cu exchange product. Ag/Cu exchange is essentially limited to the cluster surface/shell. The core appears not to be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Baksi
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Erik Karsten Schneider
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Patrick Weis
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Indranath Chakraborty
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Fuhr
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruher Nano-Micro-Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sergei Lebedkin
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Wolfgang J Parak
- Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN), University of Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Koenig RM, Tian HR, Seeler TL, Tepper KR, Franklin HM, Chen ZC, Xie SY, Stevenson S. Fullertubes: Cylindrical Carbon with Half-Fullerene End-Caps and Tubular Graphene Belts, Their Chemical Enrichment, Crystallography of Pristine C 90- D5h(1) and C 100- D5d(1) Fullertubes, and Isolation of C 108, C 120, C 132, and C 156 Cages of Unknown Structures. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15614-15623. [PMID: 32830484 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c08529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a chemical separation method to isolate fullertubes: a new and soluble allotrope of carbon whose structure merges nanotube, graphene, and fullerene subunits. Fullertubes possess single-walled carbon nanotube belts resembling a rolled graphene midsection, but with half-fullerene end-caps. Unlike nanotubes, fullertubes are reproducible in structure, possess a defined molecular weight, and are soluble in pristine form. The high reactivity of amines with spheroidal fullerene cages enables their removal and allows a facile isolation of C96-D3d(3), C90-D5h(1), and C100-D5d(1) fullertubes. A nonchromatographic step (Stage 1) uses a selective reaction of carbon cages with aminopropanol to permit a highly enriched sample of fullertubes. Spheroidal fullerenes are reacted and removed by attaching water-soluble groups onto their cage surfaces. With this enriched (100-1000 times) fullertube mixture, Stage 2 becomes a simple HPLC collection with a single column. This two-stage separation approach permits fullertubes in scalable quantities. Characterization of purified C100-D5d(1) fullertubes is done with samples isolated in pristine and unfunctionalized form. Surprisingly, C60 and C100-D5d(1) are both purplish in solution. For X-ray crystallographic analysis, we used decapyrrylcorannulene (DPC). Isomerically purified C90 and C100 fullertubes were mixed with DPC to obtain black cocrystals of 2DPC{C90-D5h(1)}·4(toluene) and 2DPC{C100-D5d(1)}·4(toluene), respectively. A serendipitous outcome of this chemical separation approach is the enrichment and purification of several unreported larger carbon species, e.g., C120, C132, and C156. Isolation of these higher cage species represents a significant advance in the unknown experimental arena of C100-C200 structures. Our findings represent seminal experimental evidence for the existence of two mathematically predicted families of fullertubes: one family with an axial hexagon with the other series based on an axial pentagon ring. Fullertubes have been predicted theoretically, and herein is their experimental evidence, isolation, and initial characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Koenig
- Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry, Fort Wayne Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Han-Rui Tian
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Tiffany L Seeler
- Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry, Fort Wayne Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Katelyn R Tepper
- Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry, Fort Wayne Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Hannah M Franklin
- Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry, Fort Wayne Indiana 46805, United States
| | - Zuo-Chang Chen
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Su-Yuan Xie
- State Key Lab for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Steven Stevenson
- Purdue University Fort Wayne, Department of Chemistry, Fort Wayne Indiana 46805, United States
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Naylor CN, Reinecke T, Clowers BH. Assessing the Impact of Drift Gas Polarizability in Polyatomic Ion Mobility Experiments. Anal Chem 2020; 92:4226-4234. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron N. Naylor
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Tobias Reinecke
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Brian H. Clowers
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
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