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Panthi G, Park M. Graphitic Carbon Nitride/Zinc Oxide-Based Z-Scheme and S-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalysts for the Photodegradation of Organic Pollutants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15021. [PMID: 37834469 PMCID: PMC10573564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241915021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), a metal-free polymer semiconductor, has been recognized as an attractive photocatalytic material for environmental remediation because of its low band gap, high thermal and photostability, chemical inertness, non-toxicity, low cost, biocompatibility, and optical and electrical efficiency. However, g-C3N4 has been reported to suffer from many difficulties in photocatalytic applications, such as a low specific surface area, inadequate visible-light utilization, and a high charge recombination rate. To overcome these difficulties, the formation of g-C3N4 heterojunctions by coupling with metal oxides has triggered tremendous interest in recent years. In this regard, zinc oxide (ZnO) is being largely explored as a self-driven semiconductor photocatalyst to form heterojunctions with g-C3N4, as ZnO possesses unique and fascinating properties, including high quantum efficiency, high electron mobility, cost-effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and a simple synthetic procedure. The synergistic effect of its properties, such as adsorption and photogenerated charge separation, was found to enhance the photocatalytic activity of heterojunctions. Hence, this review aims to compile the strategies for fabricating g-C3N4/ZnO-based Z-scheme and S-scheme heterojunction photocatalytic systems with enhanced performance and overall stability for the photodegradation of organic pollutants. Furthermore, with reference to the reported system, the photocatalytic mechanism of g-C3N4/ZnO-based heterojunction photocatalysts and their charge-transfer pathways on the interface surface are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Panthi
- Carbon Composite Energy Nanomaterials Research Center, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Mira Park
- Carbon Composite Energy Nanomaterials Research Center, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Republic of Korea
- Woosuk Institute of Smart Convergence Life Care (WSCLC), Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Republic of Korea
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Maxim FI, Tanasa E, Mitrea B, Diac C, Skála T, Tanase LC, Ianăși C, Ciocanea A, Antohe S, Vasile E, Fagadar-Cosma E, Stamatin SN. Polymeric Carbon Nitrides for Photoelectrochemical Applications: Ring Opening-Induced Degradation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1248. [PMID: 37049341 PMCID: PMC10097008 DOI: 10.3390/nano13071248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Active and stable materials that utilize solar radiation for promoting different reactions are critical for emerging technologies. Two of the most common polymeric carbon nitrides were prepared by the thermal polycondensation of melamine. The scope of this work is to investigate possible structural degradation before and after photoelectrochemical testing. The materials were characterized using synchrotron radiation and lab-based techniques, and subsequently degraded photoelectrochemically, followed by post-mortem analysis. Post-mortem investigations reveal: (1) carbon atoms bonded to three nitrogen atoms change into carbon atoms bonded to two nitrogen atoms and (2) the presence of methylene terminals in post-mortem materials. The study concludes that polymeric carbon nitrides are susceptible to photoelectrochemical degradation via ring opening.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugenia Tanasa
- Department of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Mitrea
- 3Nano-SAE Research Centre, University of Bucharest, Atomistilor 405, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Cornelia Diac
- 3Nano-SAE Research Centre, University of Bucharest, Atomistilor 405, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Tomáš Skála
- Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Cătălin Ianăși
- “Coriolan Drăgulescu” Institute of Chemistry, Mihai Viteazul Ave. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adrian Ciocanea
- Hydraulics and Environmental Engineering Department, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Stefan Antohe
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Atomistilor 405, 077125 Magurele, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists (AOSR), Ilfov No 3, 050094 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eugeniu Vasile
- Department of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Material Science, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eugenia Fagadar-Cosma
- “Coriolan Drăgulescu” Institute of Chemistry, Mihai Viteazul Ave. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Serban N. Stamatin
- 3Nano-SAE Research Centre, University of Bucharest, Atomistilor 405, 077125 Magurele, Romania
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, Atomistilor 405, 077125 Magurele, Romania
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Li X, Liu Z, Wang J, Zhang Y, Tang H, James Allardice P, Song Z, Qian B. Antibacterial Activity of a Nonmetal Z-Scheme Heterojunction Photocatalyst. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liu H, Li J, Chen Y, Sun X, Xu X, Qiu L, Duo S, Li P. Ternary photocatalysts based on MOF-derived TiO 2 co-decorated with ZnIn 2S 4 nanosheets and CdS nanoparticles for effective visible light degradation of organic pollutants. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00533f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A high-efficiency visible-light-responsive CdS/ZnIn2S4/TiO2 photocatalyst was prepared for the first time by the self-sacrificing template method followed by a two-step chemical bath process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Surface Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, P. R. China
- School of Materials and Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Jingzhe Li
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Surface Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, P. R. China
- School of Materials and Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Yue Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Surface Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, P. R. China
- School of Materials and Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Xuting Sun
- School of Materials and Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Xun Xu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Surface Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, P. R. China
- School of Materials and Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Lingfang Qiu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Surface Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, P. R. China
- School of Materials and Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Shuwang Duo
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Surface Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, P. R. China
- School of Materials and Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Surface Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330013, P. R. China
- School of Materials and Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang 330013, P. R. China
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Zhang H, Zhang H, Qin X, Wang X, Wang Y, Bin Y, Xie X, Zheng F, Luo H. Biodegradation of Deoxynivalenol by Nocardioides sp. ZHH-013: 3- keto-Deoxynivalenol and 3- epi-Deoxynivalenol as Intermediate Products. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:658421. [PMID: 34349733 PMCID: PMC8326517 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.658421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most devastating and notorious contaminants in food and animal feed worldwide. A novel DON-degrading strain, Nocardioides sp. ZHH-013, which exhibited complete mineralization of DON, was isolated from soil samples. The intermediate products of DON generated by this strain were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography and ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analyses. It was shown that, on an experimental level, 3-keto-DON was a necessary intermediate product during the conversion from DON to 3-epi-DON. Furthermore, the ZHH-013 strain could also utilize 3-epi-DON. This DON degradation pathway is a safety concern for food and feed. The mechanism of DON and 3-epi-DON elimination will be further studied, so that new enzymes for DON degradation can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghai Zhang
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Qin
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Bin
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangming Xie
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Zheng
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Cheng L, Jiang T, Zhang J. Photoelectrocatalytic degradation of deoxynivalenol on CuO-Cu 2O/WO 3 ternary film: Mechanism and reaction pathways. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 776:145840. [PMID: 33647648 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A ternary film of CuO-Cu2O/WO3 possessing high visible-light photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) performance was prepared for degradation of deoxynivalenol (DON). In such a ternary film, the introduction of CuO-Cu2O significantly promoted the absorption of WO3 in the visible region and reduced the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. As a result, the CuO-Cu2O/WO3 film exhibited high photoelectrochemical activity under visible light illumination. The PEC performance of CuO-Cu2O/WO3 film was evaluated by the decoloration of Rhodamine B. The result indicated that the CuO-Cu2O/WO3 film exhibited higher PEC activity than WO3 or CuO-Cu2O film. When the CuO-Cu2O/WO3 film was applied to study the removal of DON, the degradation efficiency reached 87.6% after 180-min PEC treatment. According to reactive oxygen species detected by electron spin resonance analysis, a Z-scheme and type-II PEC mechanism was proposed for this ternary film. Furthermore, the intermediates formed during the PEC degradation process of DON were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography and identified with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. On the basis of sixteen intermediate products identified, we proposed a degradation pathway for DON in such a PEC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Oilseed Products (Wuhan), Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Quality Inspection & Test Center for Oilseed Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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Cheng L, Zhang H, Li X, Fan J, Xiang Q. Carbon-Graphitic Carbon Nitride Hybrids for Heterogeneous Photocatalysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2005231. [PMID: 33289337 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) and various carbon materials have experienced a renaissance as viable alternates in photocatalysis due to their captivating metal-free features, favorable photoelectric properties, and economic adaptabilities. Although numerous efforts have focused on the integration of both materials with optimized photocatalytic performance in recent years, the direct parameters for this emerging enhancement are not fully summarized yet. Fully understanding the synergistic effects between g-C3 N4 and carbon materials on photocatalytic action is vital to further development of metal-free semiconductors in future studies. Here, recent advances of carbon/g-C3 N4 hybrids on various photocatalytic applications are reviewed. The dominant governing factors by inducing carbon into g-C3 N4 photocatalysts with involving photocatalytic mechanism are highlighted. Five typical carbon-induced enhancement effects are mainly discussed here, i.e., local electric modification, band structure tailoring, multiple charge carrier activation, chemical group functionalization, and abundant surface-modified engineering. Photocatalytic performance of carbon-induced g-C3 N4 photocatalysts for addressing directly both the renewable energy storage and environmental remediation is also summarized. Finally, perspectives and ongoing challenges encountered in the development of metal-free carbon-induced g-C3 N4 photocatalysts are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Huaiwu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Key Laboratory of Energy Plants Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510642, China
| | - Jiajie Fan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China
| | - Quanjun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Film and Integrated Devices, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, P. R. China
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8
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Bai X, Wang X, Lu X, Liang Y, Li J, Wu L, Li H, Hao Q, Ni BJ, Wang C. Surface defective g-C 3N 4-xCl x with unique spongy structure by polarization effect for enhanced photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 398:122897. [PMID: 32516728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural sponge is an ancient marine organism with a single lamellar structure, on which there are abundant porous channels to compose full-fledged spatial veins. Illumined by the natural spongy system, herein, the Cl doped surface defective graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4-xClx) was constructed through microwave etching. In this process, microwave with HCl was employed to produce surface defects and peel bulk g-C3N4 to form natural spongy structured g-C3N4-xClx with three-dimensional networks. The spongy structure of the photocatalyst could provide abundant and unobstructed pathways for the transfer and separation of electron-hole pairs, and it was beneficial for photocatalytic reaction. The spongy defective g-C3N4-xClx achieved excellent degradation of diclofenac sodium (100%), bisphenol A (88.2%), phenol (85.7%) and methylene blue (97%) solution under simulated solar irradiation, respectively. The chlorine atoms were introduced into the g-C3N4 skeleton in microwave field with HCl, forming C-Cl bonds and surface polarization field, which could significantly accelerate the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes. As an efficient and universal approach, microwave etching can be generally used to create surface defects for most photocatalysts, which may have potential applications in environmental purification, energy conversion and photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Bai
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center For Future Urban Design, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Xuyu Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiongwei Lu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yunjie Liang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Junqi Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center For Future Urban Design, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Liyuan Wu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center For Future Urban Design, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center For Future Urban Design, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Qiang Hao
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater (CTWW), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Bing-Jie Ni
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater (CTWW), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Chongchen Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, 100044, China
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Microfluidic Assembly Synthesis of Magnetic TiO2@SiO2 Hybrid Photonic Crystal Microspheres for Photocatalytic Degradation of Deoxynivalenol. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-020-01806-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Liu J, Zhou S, Gu P, Zhang T, Chen D, Li N, Xu Q, Lu J. Conjugate Polymer-clothed TiO2@V2O5 nanobelts and their enhanced visible light photocatalytic performance in water remediation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 578:402-411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Xiao Y, Wang T, Qiu G, Zhang K, Xue C, Li B. Synthesis of EDTA-bridged CdS/g-C 3N 4 heterostructure photocatalyst with enhanced performance for photoredox reactions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 577:459-470. [PMID: 32505006 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.05.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalytic reactions represent a kind of green and sustainable chemical processes for organic transformations, but the efficiency is limited by the severe recombination and/or inadequate redox potentials of photoinduced charge carriers in photocatalysts. To address these issues, herein, the CdS-EDTA/g-C3N4 heterostructures were designed according to Z-scheme photocatalytic mechanism and synthesized by the hydrothermal growth of CdS on g-C3N4 nanoflakes with assistance of EDTA chelating agent. EDTA played multiple roles in the formation of CdS-EDTA/g-C3N4 heterostructure photocatalysts, such as controlling the morphology of CdS nanostructures, linking CdS and g-C3N4 together, and boosting the charge transfer between two semiconductors. The optimized CdS-EDTA/g-C3N4(10%) photocatalyst exhibited much higher activities toward the selective reduction of nitrophenol and the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol, than those of CdS/g-C3N4 heterostructures without EDTA. The enhanced photocatalysis of CdS-EDTA/g-C3N4 can be ascribed to the efficient separation and suitable photoredox potentials of photoexcited charge carriers in the EDTA-bridged Z-scheme system. This work provides the inspiration for exploring inexpensive organic electron mediators for constructing all-solid-state Z-scheme photocatalysts and demonstrates the enhanced performance of Z-scheme photocatalysts for photoredox reactions of organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ganhua Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Changguo Xue
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, China
| | - Benxia Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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Stroyuk O, Raievska O, Zahn DRT. Graphitic carbon nitride nanotubes: a new material for emerging applications. RSC Adv 2020; 10:34059-34087. [PMID: 35519070 PMCID: PMC9056768 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05580h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We provide a critical review of the current state of the synthesis and applications of nano- and micro-tubes of layered graphitic carbon nitride. This emerging material has a huge potential for light-harvesting applications, including light sensing, artificial photosynthesis, selective photocatalysis, hydrogen storage, light-induced motion, membrane technologies, and can become a major competitor for such established materials as carbon and titania dioxide nanotubes. Graphitic carbon nitride tubes (GCNTs) combine visible-light sensitivity, high charge carrier mobility, and exceptional chemical/photochemical stability, imparting this material with unrivaled photocatalytic activities in photosynthetic processes, such as water splitting and carbon dioxide reduction. The unique geometric GCNT structure and versatility of possible chemical modifications allow new photocatalytic applications of GCNTs to be envisaged including selective photocatalysts of multi-electron processes as well as light-induced and light-directed motion of GCNT-based microswimmers. Closely-packed arrays of aligned GCNTs show great promise as multifunctional membrane materials for the light energy conversion and storage, light-driven pumping of liquids, selective adsorption, and electrochemical applications. These emerging applications require synthetic routes to GCNTs with highly controlled morphological parameters and composition to be available. We recognize three major strategies for the GCNT synthesis including templating, supramolecular assembling of precursors, and scrolling of nano-/microsheets, and outline promising routes for further progress of these approaches in the light of the most important emerging applications of GCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Stroyuk
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen Nürnberg für Erneuerbare Energien (HI ERN) Immerwahrstr. 2 91058 Erlangen Germany
- L.V. Pysarzhevsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Nat. Acad. of Science of Ukraine 03028 Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Oleksandra Raievska
- L.V. Pysarzhevsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Nat. Acad. of Science of Ukraine 03028 Kyiv Ukraine
- Semiconductor Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology D-09107 Chemnitz Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology D-09107 Chemnitz Germany
| | - Dietrich R T Zahn
- Semiconductor Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology D-09107 Chemnitz Germany
- Center for Materials, Architectures, and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology D-09107 Chemnitz Germany
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