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Farshadfar K, Laasonen K. DFT Mechanistic Investigation into Ni(II)-Catalyzed Hydroxylation of Benzene to Phenol by H 2O 2. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:5509-5519. [PMID: 38471975 PMCID: PMC11186014 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Introduction of oxygen into aromatic C-H bonds is intriguing from both fundamental and practical perspectives. Although the 3d metal-catalyzed hydroxylation of arenes by H2O2 has been developed by several prominent researchers, a definitive mechanism for these crucial transformations remains elusive. Herein, density functional theory calculations were used to shed light on the mechanism of the established hydroxylation reaction of benzene with H2O2, catalyzed by [NiII(tepa)]2+ (tepa = tris[2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl]amine). Dinickel(III) bis(μ-oxo) species have been proposed as the key intermediate responsible for the benzene hydroxylation reaction. Our findings indicate that while the dinickel dioxygen species can be generated as a stable structure, it cannot serve as an active catalyst in this transformation. The calculations allowed us to unveil an unprecedented mechanism composed of six main steps as follows: (i) deprotonation of coordinated H2O2, (ii) oxidative addition, (iii) water elimination, (iv) benzene addition, (v) ketone generation, and (vi) tautomerization and regeneration of the active catalyst. Addition of benzene to oxygen, which occurs via a radical mechanism, turns out to be the rate-determining step in the overall reaction. This study demonstrates the critical role of Ni-oxyl species in such transformations, highlighting how the unpaired spin density value on oxygen and positive charges on the Ni-O• complex affect the activation barrier for benzene addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Farshadfar
- Department of Chemistry and
Material Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Kari Laasonen
- Department of Chemistry and
Material Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, 02150 Espoo, Finland
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2
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Li SM, Wang JL, Zhou JL, Xiang XY, Yu YT, Chen Q, Mei H, Xu Y. An iron-containing POM-based hybrid compound as a heterogeneous catalyst for one-step hydroxylation of benzene to phenol. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:1058-1065. [PMID: 38099604 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03560c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
It is a major challenge to perform one-pot hydroxylation of benzene to phenol under mild conditions, which replaces the environmentally harmful cumene method. Thus, finding highly efficient heterogeneous catalysts that can be recycled is extremely significant. Herein, a (POM)-based hybrid compound {[FeII(pyim)2(C2H5O)][FeII(pyim)2(H2O)][PMoV2MoVI9VIV3O42]}·H2O (pyim = 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole) (Fe2-PMo11V3) was successfully prepared by hydrothermal synthesis using typical Keggin POMs, iron ions and pyim ligands. Single-crystal diffraction shows that the Fe-pyim unit in Fe2-PMo11V3 forms a stable double-supported skeleton by Fe-O bonding to the polyacid anion. Remarkably, due to the introduction of vanadium, Fe2-PMo11V3 forms a divanadium-capped conformation. Benzene oxidation experiments indicated that Fe2-PMo11V3 can catalyze the benzene hydroxylation reaction to phenol in a mixed solution of acetonitrile and acetic acid containing H2O2 at 60 °C, affording a phenol yield of about 16.2% and a selectivity of about 94%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Man Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
| | - Ji-Lei Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
| | - Jiu-Lin Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
| | - Xin-Ying Xiang
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
| | - Ya-Ting Yu
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
| | - Qun Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
| | - Hua Mei
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China.
- Coordination Chemistry Institute, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P.R. China
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3
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Muthuramalingam S, Velusamy M, Singh Rajput S, Alam M, Mayilmurugan R. Nickel(II) Complexes of Tripodal Ligands as Catalysts for Fixation of Atmospheric CO 2 as Organic Carbonates. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201204. [PMID: 36734191 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The fixation of atmospheric CO2 into value-added products is a promising methodology. A series of novel nickel(II) complexes of the type [Ni(L)(CH3 CN)2 ](BPh4 )2 1-5, where L=N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-N', N'-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine (L1), N,N-dimethyl-N'-(2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)-N'-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl) propane-1,3-diamine (L2), N,N-bis((4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-ylmethyl)-N',N'-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine (L3), N-(2-(dimethylamino) benzyl)-N',N'-dimethyl-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl) propane-1,3-diamine (L4) and N,N-bis(2-(dimethylamino)benzyl)-N', N'-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine (L5) have been synthesized and characterized as the catalysts for the conversion of atmospheric CO2 into organic cyclic carbonates. The single-crystal X-ray structure of 2 was determined and exhibited distorted octahedral coordination geometry with cis-α configuration. The complexes have been used as a catalyst for converting CO2 and epoxides into five-membered cyclic carbonates under 1 atmospheric (atm) pressure at room temperature in the presence of Bu4 NBr. The catalyst containing electron-releasing -Me and -OMe groups afforded the maximum yield of cyclic carbonates, 34% (TON, 680) under 1 atm air. It was drastically enhanced to 89% (TON, 1780) under pure CO2 gas at 1 atm. It is the highest catalytic efficiency known for CO2 fixation using nickel-based catalysts at room temperature and 1 atm pressure. The electronic and steric factors of the ligands strongly influence the catalytic efficiency. Furthermore, all the catalysts can convert a wide range of epoxides (ten examples) into corresponding cyclic carbonate with excellent selectivity (>99%) under this mild condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sethuraman Muthuramalingam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Raipur, 492015 Chattisgarh, India.,Institut de Química Computacional i Catalisì (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Girona, E-17003 Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marappan Velusamy
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India
| | - Swati Singh Rajput
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Raipur, 492015 Chattisgarh, India
| | - Mehboob Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Raipur, 492015 Chattisgarh, India
| | - Ramasamy Mayilmurugan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Raipur, 492015 Chattisgarh, India
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4
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Monika, Sarkar A, Karmodak N, Dhar BB, Adhikari S. Bio-inspired Cu(II) amido-quinoline complexes as catalysts for aromatic C-H bond hydroxylation. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:540-545. [PMID: 36537082 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03242b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cu(II) complexes supported by tetradentate amido-quinoline acyclic ligands (L1 & L2) have been synthesized, characterized, and employed as catalysts for aromatic C-H hydroxylation using H2O2 as an oxidant in the absence of an external base with a high selectivity of around 90% for phenols via the non-radical pathway (TON ≥720). The KIE value, various spectroscopic studies and DFT calculation supported the involvement of Cu(II)-OOH species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika
- Department of Chemistry, Shiv Nadar IoE, U.P. 201314, India.
| | - Aniruddha Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, IISER Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | | | | | - Sanjay Adhikari
- Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Madhav University, Rajasthan 307026, India
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5
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Arora B, Sharma S, Dutta S, Sharma A, Yadav S, Rana P, Mehta S, Sharma RK. Design and Fabrication of a Retrievable Magnetic Halloysite Nanotubes Supported Nickel Catalyst for the Efficient Degradation of Methylviolet 6B and Acid Orange 7. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhavya Arora
- Green Chemistry Network Centre Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
| | - Shivani Sharma
- Green Chemistry Network Centre Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
- Department of Chemistry Ramjas College University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
| | - Sriparna Dutta
- Green Chemistry Network Centre Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Green Chemistry Network Centre Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
| | - Sneha Yadav
- Green Chemistry Network Centre Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
| | - Pooja Rana
- Green Chemistry Network Centre Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
| | - Shilpa Mehta
- Green Chemistry Network Centre Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
- Department of Chemistry Ramjas College University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
| | - R. K. Sharma
- Green Chemistry Network Centre Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
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6
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Alkane hydroxylation by m-chloroperbenzoic acid catalyzed by nickel(II) complexes of linear N4-tetradentate ligands. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.116150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Rajeev A, Balamurugan M, Sankaralingam M. Rational Design of First-Row Transition Metal Complexes as the Catalysts for Oxidation of Arenes: A Homogeneous Approach. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjana Rajeev
- Bioinspired & Biomimetic Inorganic Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, Kerala 673601, India
| | - Mani Balamurugan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Muniyandi Sankaralingam
- Bioinspired & Biomimetic Inorganic Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, Kerala 673601, India
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8
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Qi H, Xu D, Lin J, Sun W. Copper-catalyzed direct hydroxylation of arenes to phenols with hydrogen peroxide. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Addison AW, Jaworski SJ, Jasinski JP, Turnbull MM, Xiao F, Zeller M, O'Connor MA, Brayman EA. Chlorocobalt complexes with pyridylethyl-derived diazacycloalkanes. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2022; 78:235-243. [PMID: 35371556 PMCID: PMC8900507 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989022001220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
With cobalt(II) chloride, some piperazine- and homo-piperazine-derived ligands yield tetra- or pentacoordinate complexes. Observed variations in coordination number are ascribed as being related to chloride solvophobicity. Optical spectra are presented, while magnetism measurements indicate governance of the magnetism by zero-field splitting of the cobalt ion. Syntheses are described for the blue/purple complexes of cobalt(II) chloride with the tetradentate ligands 1,4-bis[2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl]piperazine (Ppz), 1,4-bis[2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl]homopiperazine (Phpz), trans-2,5-dimethyl-1,4-bis[2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl]piperazine (Pdmpz) and tridentate 4-methyl-1-[2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl]homopiperazine (Pmhpz). The CoCl2 complexes with Ppz, namely, {μ-1,4-bis[2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl]piperazine}bis[dichloridocobalt(II)], [Co2Cl4(C18H24N4)] or Co2(Ppz)Cl4, and Pdmpz (structure not reported as X-ray quality crystals were not obtained), are shown to be dinuclear, with the ligands bridging the two tetrahedrally coordinated CoCl2 units. Co2(Ppz)Cl4 and {dichlorido{4-methyl-1-[2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-1,4-diazacycloheptane}cobalt(II) [CoCl2(C13H21N3)] or Co(Pmhpz)Cl2, crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/n, while crystals of the pentacoordinate monochloro chelate 1,4-bis[2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl]piperazine}chloridocobalt(II) perchlorate, [CoCl(C18H24N4)]ClO4 or [Co(Ppz)Cl]ClO4, are also monoclinic (P21). The complex {1,4-bis[2-(pyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-1,4-diazacycloheptane}dichloridocobalt(II) [CoCl2(C19H26N4)] or Co(Phpz)Cl2 (P) is mononuclear, with a pentacoordinated CoII ion, and entails a Phpz ligand acting in a tridentate fashion, with one of the pyridyl moieties dangling and non-coordinated; its displacement by Cl− is attributed to the solvophobicity of Cl− toward MeOH. The pentacoordinate Co atoms in Co(Phpz)Cl2, [Co(Ppz)Cl]+ and Co(Pmhpz)Cl2 have substantial trigonal–bipyramidal character in their stereochemistry. Visible- and near-infrared-region electronic spectra are used to differentiate the two types of coordination spheres. TDDFT calculations suggest that the visible/NIR region transitions contain contributions from MLCT and LMCT character, as well as their expected d–d nature. For Co(Pmhpz)Cl2 and Co(Phpz)Cl2, variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility data were obtained, and the observed decreases in moment with decreasing temperature were modelled with a zero-field-splitting approach, the D values being +28 and +39 cm−1, respectively, with the S = 1/2 state at lower energy.
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10
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Muthuramalingam S, Velusamy M, Mayilmurugan R. Fixation of atmospheric CO 2 as C1-feedstock by nickel(ii) complexes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:7984-7994. [PMID: 34018501 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03887c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The development of molecular catalysts for the activation and conversion of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) into a value-added product is a great challenge. A series of nickel(ii) complexes, [Ni(L)(CH3CN)3](BPh4)2, 1-4 of diazepane based ligands, 4-methyl-1-[(pyridin-2-yl-methyl)]-1,4-diazepane (L1), 4-methyl-1-[2-(pyridine-2-yl)ethyl]-1,4-diazepane (L2), 4-methyl-1-[(quinoline-2-yl)-methyl]-1,4-diazepane (L3) and 1-[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl-pyridin-2-yl)methyl]-4-methyl-1,4-diazepane (L4), have been synthesized and characterized as catalysts for the activation of atmospheric CO2. The single-crystal X-ray structure of 1 shows a distorted octahedral geometry with a cis-β configuration around the NiN6 coordination sphere. All the complexes are used as catalysts for the conversion of atmospheric CO2 and epoxides into cyclic carbonates at 1 atmosphere (atm) pressure and in the presence of Et3N. Catalyst 4 was found to be the most efficient catalyst and showed a 31% formation of cyclic carbonates with a TON of 620 under 1 atm air as the CO2 source. This yield was enhanced to 94% with a TON of 1880 under 1 atm pure CO2 gas and it is the highest catalytic efficiency known for nickel(ii)-based catalysts. Catalyst 4 enabled the transformation of a wide range of epoxides (eight examples) into corresponding cyclic carbonates with excellent selectivity (>99%) and yields of 59-94% and 11-31% under pure CO2 and atmospheric CO2, respectively. The catalytic efficiency is strongly influenced by the electronic nature of the complexes. The CO2 fixation reactions without an epoxide substrate led to the formation of the carbonate bridged dinuclear nickel(ii) complexes [(LNiII)2CO3](BPh4)21a-4a, which are speculated as catalytically active intermediates. The formation of these species was accompanied by the formation of new absorption bands around 592-681 nm and was further confirmed by the ESI-MS and IR spectral studies. The molecular structures of these carbonate-bridged key intermediates were determined by X-ray analysis. The structures contain two Ni2+-centers bridged via a carbonate ion that originated from CO2. Distorted square pyramidal geometries are adopted around each Ni(ii) center. All these results support that CO2 fixation reactions occur via CO2-bound nickel key intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sethuraman Muthuramalingam
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory/Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-625021, India.
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11
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Masferrer‐Rius E, Borrell M, Lutz M, Costas M, Klein Gebbink RJM. Aromatic C−H Hydroxylation Reactions with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by Bulky Manganese Complexes. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Masferrer‐Rius
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Margarida Borrell
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) Departament de Química Universitat de Girona Campus Montilivi E-17071 Girona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Martin Lutz
- Structural Biochemistry Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research Utrecht University Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Miquel Costas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) Departament de Química Universitat de Girona Campus Montilivi E-17071 Girona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Robertus J. M. Klein Gebbink
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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Wei D, Huang L, Liang H, Zou J, Chen W, Yang C, Hou Y, Zheng D, Zhang J. Photocatalytic hydroxylation of benzene to phenol over organosilane-functionalized FeVO4 nanorods. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00890k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Surface silylation of FeVO4 with organosilane functional groups is a promising strategy to realize kinetic control of photocatalytic benzene hydroxylation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, University Town, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Lianqi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, University Town, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Hanying Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, University Town, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Junhua Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, University Town, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- College of Environment & Resources, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, University Town, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Can Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, University Town, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yidong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, University Town, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Dandan Zheng
- College of Environment & Resources, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, University Town, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jinshui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, University Town, Fuzhou 350108, China
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13
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One-Step Catalytic or Photocatalytic Oxidation of Benzene to Phenol: Possible Alternative Routes for Phenol Synthesis? Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10121424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenol is an important chemical compound since it is a precursor of the industrial production of many materials and useful compounds. Nowadays, phenol is industrially produced from benzene by the multi-step “cumene process”, which is energy consuming due to high temperature and high pressure. Moreover, in the “cumene process”, the highly explosive cumene hydroperoxide is produced as an intermediate. To overcome these disadvantages, it would be useful to develop green alternatives for the synthesis of phenol that are more efficient and environmentally benign. In this regard, great interest is devoted to processes in which the one-step oxidation of benzene to phenol is achieved, thanks to the use of suitable catalysts and oxidant species. This review article discusses the direct oxidation of benzene to phenol in the liquid phase using different catalyst formulations, including homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts and photocatalysts, and focuses on the reaction mechanisms involved in the selective conversion of benzene to phenol in the liquid phase.
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14
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Sohtun WP, Muthuramalingam S, Sankaralingam M, Velusamy M, Mayilmurugan R. Copper(II) complexes of tripodal ligand scaffold (N 3O) as functional models for phenoxazinone synthase. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 216:111313. [PMID: 33277049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The copper(II) complexes [Cu(L)NO3] (1-9) of newer N3O ligands (L1-L9) have been synthesized and characterized. The molecular structure of 1, 4, and 7 exhibited nearly a perfect square pyramidal geometry (τ, 0.04-0.11). The Cu-OPhenolate bonds (~ 1.91 Å) are shorter than the Cu-N bonds (~ 2.06 Å) due to the stronger coordination of anionic phenolate oxygen. The Cu(II)/Cu(I) redox potentials of 1-9 appeared around -0.102 to -0.428 V versus Ag/Ag+ in water. The electronic spectra of the complexes showed the d-d transitions around 643-735 nm and axial EPR parameter (g||, 2.243-2.270; A||, 164-179 × 10-4 cm-1) that corresponds to square pyramidal geometry. The bonding parameters α2, 0.760-0.825; β2, 0.761-0.994; γ2, 0.504-0.856 and K||, 0.698-0.954 and K⊥, 0.383-0.820 calculated from EPR spectra and energies of d-d transitions. The complexes catalyzed the conversion of substrate 2-aminophenol into 2-aminophenoxazine-3-one using molecular oxygen in the water and exhibited the yields of 41-61%. The formation of the product is accomplished by the appearance of a new absorption band at 430 nm and the rates of formation were calculated as 6.98-15.65 × 10-3 s-1 in water. The reaction follows Michaelis-Menten enzymatic reaction kinetics with turnover numbers (kcat) 9.11 × 105 h-1 for 1 and 4.66 × 105 h-1 for 9 in water. The spectral, redox and kinetic studies were performed in water to mimic the enzymatic oxidation reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winaki P Sohtun
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Sethuraman Muthuramalingam
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory/Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muniyandi Sankaralingam
- Bioinspired & Biomimetic Inorganic Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kozhikode, Kerala 673601, India
| | - Marappan Velusamy
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India.
| | - Ramasamy Mayilmurugan
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory/Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, Tamil Nadu, India.
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15
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Kumari S, Muthuramalingam S, Dhara AK, Singh UP, Mayilmurugan R, Ghosh K. Cu(I) complexes obtained via spontaneous reduction of Cu(II) complexes supported by designed bidentate ligands: bioinspired Cu(I) based catalysts for aromatic hydroxylation. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:13829-13839. [PMID: 33001072 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02413a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Copper(i) complexes [Cu(L1-7)2](ClO4) (1-7) of bidentate ligands (L1-L7) have been synthesized via spontaneous reduction and characterized as catalysts for aromatic C-H activation using H2O2 as the oxidant. The single crystal X-ray structure of 1 exhibited a distorted tetrahedral geometry. All the copper(i) complexes catalyzed direct hydroxylation of benzene to form phenol with good selectivity up to 98%. The determined kinetic isotope effect (KIE) values, 1.69-1.71, support the involvement of a radical type mechanism. The isotope-labeling experiments using H218O2 showed 92% incorporation of 18O into phenol and confirm that H2O2 is the key oxygen supplier. Overall, the catalytic efficiencies of the complexes are strongly influenced by the electronic and steric factor of the ligand, which is fine-tuned by the ligand architecture. The benzene hydroxylation reaction possibly proceeded via a radical mechanism, which was confirmed by the addition of radical scavengers (TEMPO) to the catalytic reaction that showed a reduction in phenol formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheela Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India.
| | - Sethuraman Muthuramalingam
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory/Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-625021, India.
| | - Ashish Kumar Dhara
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India.
| | - U P Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India.
| | - Ramasamy Mayilmurugan
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory/Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai-625021, India.
| | - Kaushik Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, India.
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16
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Ottenbacher RV, Talsi EP, Bryliakov KP. Recent progress in catalytic oxygenation of aromatic C–H groups with the environmentally benign oxidants H
2
O
2
and O
2. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman V. Ottenbacher
- Novosibirsk State University, Faculty of Natural Sciences Pirogova, 1 Novosibisk 630090 Russia
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis Pr. Lavrentieva 5 Novosibisk 630090 Russia
| | - Evgenii P. Talsi
- Novosibirsk State University, Faculty of Natural Sciences Pirogova, 1 Novosibisk 630090 Russia
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis Pr. Lavrentieva 5 Novosibisk 630090 Russia
| | - Konstantin P. Bryliakov
- Novosibirsk State University, Faculty of Natural Sciences Pirogova, 1 Novosibisk 630090 Russia
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis Pr. Lavrentieva 5 Novosibisk 630090 Russia
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17
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Muthuramalingam S, Anandababu K, Velusamy M, Mayilmurugan R. Benzene Hydroxylation by Bioinspired Copper(II) Complexes: Coordination Geometry versus Reactivity. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:5918-5928. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sethuraman Muthuramalingam
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory/Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India
| | - Karunanithi Anandababu
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory/Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India
| | - Marappan Velusamy
- Department of Chemistry, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Ramasamy Mayilmurugan
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory/Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India
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18
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Anandababu K, Muthuramalingam S, Velusamy M, Mayilmurugan R. Single-step benzene hydroxylation by cobalt(ii) catalysts via a cobalt(iii)-hydroperoxo intermediate. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy02601k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt(ii) complexes reported as efficient and selective catalysts for single-step phenol formation from benzene using H2O2. The catalysis proceeds likely via cobalt(iii)-hydroperoxo species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karunanithi Anandababu
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory/Physical Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Madurai Kamaraj University
- Madurai-625021
- India
| | - Sethuraman Muthuramalingam
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory/Physical Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Madurai Kamaraj University
- Madurai-625021
- India
| | - Marappan Velusamy
- Department of Chemistry
- North Eastern Hill University
- Shillong-793022
- India
| | - Ramasamy Mayilmurugan
- Bioinorganic Chemistry Laboratory/Physical Chemistry
- School of Chemistry
- Madurai Kamaraj University
- Madurai-625021
- India
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