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Shombe GB, Khan MD, Choi J, Gupta RK, Opallo M, Revaprasadu N. Tuning composition of CuCo 2S 4-NiCo 2S 4 solid solutions via solvent-less pyrolysis of molecular precursors for efficient supercapacitance and water splitting. RSC Adv 2022; 12:10675-10685. [PMID: 35424992 PMCID: PMC8985221 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00815g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed metal sulfides are increasingly being investigated because of their prospective applications for electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Their high electronic conductivity and high density of redox sites result in significant improvement of their electrochemical properties. Herein, the composition-dependent supercapacitive and water splitting performance of a series of Ni(1−x)CuxCo2S4 (0.2 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) solid solutions prepared via solvent-less pyrolysis of a mixture of respective metal ethyl xanthate precursors is reported. The use of xanthate precursors resulted in the formation of surface clean nanomaterials at low-temperature. Their structural, compositional, and morphological features were examined by p-XRD, SEM, and EDX analyses. Both supercapacitive and electrocatalytic (HER, OER) properties of the synthesized materials significantly vary with composition (Ni/Cu molar content). However, the optimal composition depends on the application. The highest specific capacitance of 770 F g−1 at a current density of 1 A g−1 was achieved for Ni0.6Cu0.4Co2S4 (NCCS-2). This electrode exhibits capacitance retention (CR) of 67% at 30 A g−1, which is higher than that observed for pristine NiCo2S4 (838 F g−1 at 1 A g−1, 47% CR at 30 A g−1). On the contrary, Ni0.4Cu0.6Co2S4 (NCCS-3) exhibits the lowest overpotential of 124 mV to deliver a current density of 10 mA cm−2. Finally, the best OER activity with an overpotential of 268 mV at 10 mA cm−2 was displayed by Ni0.8Cu0.2Co2S4 (NCCS-1). The prepared electrodes exhibit high stability, as well as durability. A multi-component CuCo2S4 and NiCo2S4 thiospinel solid solution is prepared over an entire range by a low-temperature solvent-less route. The synergistic effect from both thiospinels on water splitting and capacitance is studied.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginena Bildard Shombe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand Private Bag X1001 KwaDlangezwa 3880 South Africa .,Chemistry Department, University of Dar-es-Salaam P. O. Box 35091 Dar es Salaam Tanzania
| | - Malik Dilshad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand Private Bag X1001 KwaDlangezwa 3880 South Africa .,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Jonghyun Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas Polymer Research Center, Pittsburg State University Pittsburg KS 66762 USA
| | - Ram K Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas Polymer Research Center, Pittsburg State University Pittsburg KS 66762 USA
| | - Marcin Opallo
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Neerish Revaprasadu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand Private Bag X1001 KwaDlangezwa 3880 South Africa
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2
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Shombe GB, Razzaque S, Khan MD, Nyokong T, Mashazi P, Choi J, Bhoyate S, Gupta RK, Revaprasadu N. Low temperature scalable synthetic approach enabling high bifunctional electrocatalytic performance of NiCo 2S 4 and CuCo 2S 4 thiospinels. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31533-31546. [PMID: 35496864 PMCID: PMC9041439 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02309h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ternary metal sulfides are currently in the spotlight as promising electroactive materials for high-performance energy storage and/or conversion technologies. Extensive research on metal sulfides has indicated that, amongst other factors, the electrochemical properties of the materials are strongly influenced by the synthetic protocol employed. Herein, we report the electrochemical performance of uncapped NiCo2S4 and CuCo2S4 ternary systems prepared via solventless thermolysis of the respective metal ethyl xanthate precursors at 200 and 300 °C. The structural, morphological and compositional properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were examined by powder X-ray diffraction (p-XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) techniques. Electrochemical studies indicate that NiCo2S4 nanoparticles synthesized at 300 °C exhibit superior energy storage characteristics with a high specific capacitance of ca. 2650 F g−1 at 1 mV s−1, as compared to CuCo2S4 nanoparticles, which showcased a specific capacitance of ca. 1700 F g−1 at the same scan rate. At a current density of 0.5 A g−1, NiCo2S4 and CuCo2S4 nanoparticles displayed specific capacitances of 1201 and 475 F g−1, respectively. In contrast, CuCo2S4 nanoparticles presented a higher electrocatalytic activity with low overpotentials of 269 mV for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and 224 mV for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), at 10 mA cm−2. The stability of the catalysts was examined for 2000 cycles in which a negligible change in both OER and HER activities was observed. A scalable solventless approach is employed to prepare NiCo2S4 and CuCo2S4 with bare surface for enhanced supercapacitance and water splitting. The particles exhibit good energy storage and electrocatalytic activity as well as stability.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginena Bildard Shombe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand Private Bag X1001 KwaDlangezwa 3880 South Africa .,Chemistry Department, University of Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 35061 Dar es Salaam Tanzania
| | - Shumaila Razzaque
- Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry for Energy Conversion and Storage, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Luoyu Road No. 1037 Wuhan China
| | - Malik Dilshad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand Private Bag X1001 KwaDlangezwa 3880 South Africa .,Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University P.O. Box 94 Makhanda 6140 South Africa
| | - Philani Mashazi
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University P.O. Box 94 Makhanda 6140 South Africa.,Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University P. O. Box 94 Makhanda 6140 South Africa
| | - Jonghyun Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University Pittsburg KS 66762 USA
| | - Sanket Bhoyate
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University Pittsburg KS 66762 USA
| | - Ram K Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University Pittsburg KS 66762 USA
| | - Neerish Revaprasadu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand Private Bag X1001 KwaDlangezwa 3880 South Africa
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3
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Shaheen I, Ahmad KS, Zequine C, Gupta RK, Thomas AG, Malik MA. Facile ZnO-based nanomaterial and its fabrication as a supercapacitor electrode: synthesis, characterization and electrochemical studies. RSC Adv 2021; 11:23374-23384. [PMID: 35479794 PMCID: PMC9036585 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04341b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent times, tremendous efforts have been devoted to the efficient and cost-effective advancements of electrochemically active metal oxide nanomaterials. Here, we have synthesized a facile nanomaterial of ZnO@PdO/Pd by employing extracted fuel from E. cognata leaves following a hydrothermal route. The phyto-fueled ZnO@PdO/Pd nanomaterial was fabricated into a supercapacitor electrode and was scrutinized by galvanostatic charge–discharge, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry to evaluate its energy storage potential, and transport of electrons and conductivity. Substantial specific capacitance i.e., 178 F g−1 was obtained in the current study in aKOH electrolyte solution. A specific energy density of 3.7 W h Kg−1 was measured using the charge–discharge data. A high power density of 3718 W Kg−1 was observed for the ZnO@PdO/Pd electrode. Furthermore, the observed low internal resistance of 0.4 Ω suggested effective electron- and ion diffusion. Thus, the superb electrochemical behavior of the ZnO@PdO/Pd nanocomposite was exposed, as verified by the significant redox behavior shown by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge. In recent times, tremendous efforts have been devoted to the efficient and cost-effective advancements of electrochemically active metal oxide nanomaterials.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Irum Shaheen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University Rawalpindi Pakistan
| | - Khuram Shahzad Ahmad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University Rawalpindi Pakistan
| | - Camila Zequine
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University 1701 South Broadway Street Pittsburg KS 66762 USA
| | - Ram K Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University 1701 South Broadway Street Pittsburg KS 66762 USA
| | - Andrew G Thomas
- Department of Materials, Photon Science Institute and Sir Henry Royce Institute, Alan Turing Building The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Mohammad Azad Malik
- Department of Materials, Photon Science Institute and Sir Henry Royce Institute, Alan Turing Building The University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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Yan H, Li P, Liu X, Chen SM. 2D Bismuth nanosheet arrays as efficient alkaline hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04956a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bismuth nanosheets were prepared using ethylene glycol, which exhibit low overpotential and show great potential in the field of hydrogen evolution reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xiaoheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Soft Chemistry and Functional Materials, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Shen-ming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, 106, Taiwan, China
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Vakalopoulou E, Buchmaier C, Pein A, Saf R, Fischer RC, Torvisco A, Warchomicka F, Rath T, Trimmel G. Synthesis and characterization of zinc di( O-2,2-dimethylpentan-3-yl dithiocarbonates) bearing pyridine or tetramethylethylenediamine coligands and investigation of their thermal conversion mechanisms towards nanocrystalline zinc sulfide. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:14564-14575. [PMID: 33107536 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03065a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Metal xanthates are versatile single source precursors for the preparation of various metal sulfides. In this study, we present the synthesis of the two novel zinc xanthate complexes bis(O-2,2-dimethylpentan-3-yl-dithiocarbonato)(N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine)zinc(ii) and bis(O-2,2-dimethylpentan-3-yl-dithiocarbonato)(pyridine)zinc(ii). A thorough investigation of these compounds revealed distinct differences in their structural and thermal properties. While in the complex containing the chelating tetramethylethylenediamine, the xanthate groups coordinate in a monodentate way, they are bidentally coordinated to the zinc atom in the pyridine containing complex. Both compounds show a two-step thermal decomposition with an onset temperature of 151 °C and 156 °C for the tetramethylethylenediamine and pyridine containing complex, respectively. Moreover, different mechanisms are revealed for the two phases of the decomposition based on high resolution mass spectrometry investigations. By the thermal conversion process nanocrystalline zinc sulfide is produced and the coligand significantly influences its primary crystallite size, which is 4.4 nm using the tetramethylethylenediamine and 11.4 nm using the pyridine containing complex for samples prepared at a temperature of 400 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthymia Vakalopoulou
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Christine Buchmaier
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Andreas Pein
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Robert Saf
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Roland C Fischer
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ana Torvisco
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Fernando Warchomicka
- Institute of Materials Science, Joining and Forming, Graz University of Technology, Kopernikusgasse 24, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Rath
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Gregor Trimmel
- Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Khan HR, Akram B, Aamir M, Malik MA, Tahir AA, Choudhary MA, Akhtar J. Electronic Tuning of Zinc Oxide by Direct Fabrication of Chromium (Cr) incorporated photoanodes for Visible-light driven Water Splitting Applications. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9707. [PMID: 32546696 PMCID: PMC7297714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66589-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis of Cr incorporated ZnO sheets arrays microstructures and construction of photoelectrode through a direct aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition (AACVD) method. The as-prepared Cr incorporated ZnO microstructures were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, powdered X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV-Vis diffused reflectance spectroscopy. The Cr incorporation in ZnO red shifted the optical band gap of as-prepared photoanodes. The 15% Cr incorporation in ZnO has shown enhanced PEC performance. The AACVD method provides an efficient in situ incorporation approach for the manipulation of morphological aspects, phase purity, and band structure of photoelectrodes for an enhanced PEC performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humaira Rashid Khan
- Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, 10250, (AJK), Pakistan
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- Environment and Sustainability Institute (ESI), University of Exeter Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Bilal Akram
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Muhammad Aamir
- Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, 10250, (AJK), Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Azad Malik
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Asif Ali Tahir
- Environment and Sustainability Institute (ESI), University of Exeter Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Muhammad Aziz Choudhary
- Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, 10250, (AJK), Pakistan
| | - Javeed Akhtar
- Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, 10250, (AJK), Pakistan.
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7
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Shombe GB, Khan MD, Zequine C, Zhao C, Gupta RK, Revaprasadu N. Direct solvent free synthesis of bare α-NiS, β-NiS and α-β-NiS composite as excellent electrocatalysts: Effect of self-capping on supercapacitance and overall water splitting activity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3260. [PMID: 32094383 PMCID: PMC7039904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59714-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nickel sulfide is regarded as a material with tremendous potential for energy storage and conversion applications. However, it exists in a variety of stable compositions and obtaining a pure phase is a challenge. This study demonstrates a potentially scalable, solvent free and phase selective synthesis of uncapped α-NiS, β-NiS and α-β-NiS composites using nickel alkyl (ethyl, octyl) xanthate precursors. Phase transformation and morphology were observed by powder-X-ray diffraction (p-XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The comparative efficiency of the synthesized samples was investigated for energy storage and generation applications, in which superior performance was observed for the NiS synthesized from the short chain xanthate complex. A high specific capacitance of 1,940 F/g, 2,150 F/g and 2,250 F/g was observed at 2 mV/s for bare α-NiS, β-NiS and α-β-NiS composite respectively. At high current density of 1 A/g, α-NiS showed the highest capacitance of 1,287 F/g, with 100% of Coulombic efficiency and 79% of capacitance retention. In the case of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), β-NiS showed an overpotential of 139 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm2, with a Tafel slope of only 32 mV/dec, showing a fast and efficient process. It was observed that the increase in carbon chain of the synthesized self-capped nickel sulfide nanoparticles decreased the overall efficiency, both for energy storage and energy generation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginena Bildard Shombe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa
| | - Malik Dilshad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa.
| | - Camila Zequine
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, KS, 66762, USA
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, KS, 66762, USA
| | - Ram K Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, KS, 66762, USA
| | - Neerish Revaprasadu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, 3886, South Africa.
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Ayom GE, Khan MD, Ingsel T, Lin W, Gupta RK, Zamisa SJ, Zyl WE, Revaprasadu N. Flexible Molecular Precursors for Selective Decomposition to Nickel Sulfide or Nickel Phosphide for Water Splitting and Supercapacitance. Chemistry 2020; 26:2693-2704. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gwaza E. Ayom
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Zululand Private bag X1001 Kwa-Dlangezwa 3880 South Africa
| | - Malik D. Khan
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Zululand Private bag X1001 Kwa-Dlangezwa 3880 South Africa
| | - Tenzin Ingsel
- Department of ChemistryPittsburg State University Pittsburg 66762 Kansas USA
| | - Wang Lin
- Department of ChemistryPittsburg State University Pittsburg 66762 Kansas USA
| | - Ram K. Gupta
- Department of ChemistryPittsburg State University Pittsburg 66762 Kansas USA
| | - Sizwe J. Zamisa
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsUniversity of KwaZulu-Natal Private Bag X54001, Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Werner E. Zyl
- School of Chemistry and PhysicsUniversity of KwaZulu-Natal Private Bag X54001, Westville Campus Durban 4000 South Africa
| | - Neerish Revaprasadu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Zululand Private bag X1001 Kwa-Dlangezwa 3880 South Africa
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Ayesha B, Jabeen U, Naeem A, Kasi P, Malghani MNK, Khan SU, Akhtar J, Aamir M. Synthesis of zinc stannate nanoparticles by sol-gel method for photocatalysis of commercial dyes. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2020.100023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Shaheen I, Ahmad KS, Zequine C, Gupta RK, Thomas AG, Malik MA. Green synthesis of ZnO–Co 3O 4 nanocomposite using facile foliar fuel and investigation of its electrochemical behaviour for supercapacitors. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj03430d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the sustainable fabrication of supercapacitors with enhanced properties is one of the significant research hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irum Shaheen
- Department of Environmental Sciences
- Fatima Jinnah Women University
- Rawalpindi
- Pakistan
| | - Khuram Shahzad Ahmad
- Department of Environmental Sciences
- Fatima Jinnah Women University
- Rawalpindi
- Pakistan
| | | | - Ram K. Gupta
- Department of Chemistry
- Pittsburg State University
- USA
| | - Andrew G. Thomas
- Department of Materials
- Photon Science Institute and Sir Henry Royce Institute
- Alan Turing Building The University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
| | - Mohammad Azad Malik
- Department of Materials
- Photon Science Institute and Sir Henry Royce Institute
- Alan Turing Building The University of Manchester
- Manchester M13 9PL
- UK
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Saah SA, Boadi NO, Adu-Poku D, Wilkins C. Lead ethyl dithiocarbamates: efficient single-source precursors to PbS nanocubes. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:190943. [PMID: 31824708 PMCID: PMC6837187 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Lead ethyl dithiocarbamates have been successfully used as single-source precursors for the deposition of PbS using spin coating followed by annealing at moderate temperatures. The thin films were characterized using a powder X-ray diffractometer and were found to be face-centred cubic with the (200) plane being the most preferred orientation. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the formation of well-defined cubes. Optical band gaps of PbS thin films were estimated using Tauc plots as 0.72, 0.73 and 0.77 eV at annealing temperatures of 250, 300 and 400°C. These band gaps were all blue shifted from the bulk value of 0.41 eV. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis was used to determine the composition of the thin films which showed an approximately 1 : 1 Pb to S ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. A. Saah
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana
- Author for correspondence: S. A. Saah e-mail:
| | - N. O. Boadi
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - D. Adu-Poku
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana
| | - C. Wilkins
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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12
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Adekoya JA, Khan MD, Revaprasadu N. Phase transition in Cu2+xSnS3+y (0 ≤ x ≤ 2; 0 ≤ y ≤ 1) ternary systems synthesized from complexes of coumarin derived thiocarbamate motifs: optical and morphological properties. RSC Adv 2019; 9:35706-35716. [PMID: 35528095 PMCID: PMC9074746 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07376k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetragonal Cu2SnS3 and orthorhombic Cu4SnS4 nanocubes were synthesized by a heat up procedure with oleylamine (OLA) and dodecanethiol (DT) acting as both solvent and capping ligands. Both mohite–anorthic and monoclinic phases were obtained from the same variant of precursors mixture, by hot injection synthesis, at 200 and 250 °C. Changing the reaction conditions also leads to the formation of different morphologies. When OLA was used as a solvent, nanosheets or nanocubes were obtained, while the reaction with DT resulted in the formation of particles in the form of nanohexagons. The growth process of copper tin sulphide starts with the formation of Cu+ seeds, followed by the oxidation of Sn2+ to Sn4+. Dodecanethiol was an additional source of sulphur. The overall reaction leads to the formation of either phase pure Cu2SnS3 or Cu4SnS4, depending on the reaction conditions, with band-gap energies of 1.05–1.45 eV, which are in the optimum range for photovoltaic applications. Tetragonal Cu2SnS3 and orthorhombic Cu4SnS4 nanocubes were synthesized by a heat up procedure with oleylamine (OLA) and dodecanethiol (DT) acting as both solvent and capping ligands.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malik Dilshad Khan
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zululand
- Kwa-Dlangezwa 3880
- South Africa
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