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Alvarado-Castillo MA, Cortés-Mendoza S, Barquera-Lozada JE, Delgado F, Toscano RA, Ortega-Alfaro MC, López-Cortés JG. Well-defined Cu(I) complexes based on [N,P]-pyrrole ligands catalyzed a highly endoselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:2231-2241. [PMID: 38193761 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03692h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
We herein report the synthesis and catalytic application of a new family of dinuclear Cu(I) complexes based on [N,P]-pyrrole ligands. The Cu(I) complexes (4a-d) were obtained in good yields and their catalytic properties were evaluated in the1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides and electron-deficient alkenes. The air-stable complexes 4a-d exhibited high endo-diasteroselectivity to obtain substituted pyrrolidines, and the catalytic system showed excellent reactivity and wide substitution tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Alvarado-Castillo
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04360 CdMx, Mexico.
- Departamento de Química Organica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Instituto Politécnico Nacional Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala, S/N, CdMx, 11340, Mexico
| | - Salvador Cortés-Mendoza
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04360 CdMx, Mexico.
| | - José E Barquera-Lozada
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04360 CdMx, Mexico.
| | - Francisco Delgado
- Departamento de Química Organica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas Instituto Politécnico Nacional Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala, S/N, CdMx, 11340, Mexico
| | - Ruben A Toscano
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04360 CdMx, Mexico.
| | - M Carmen Ortega-Alfaro
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510 CdMx, Mexico
| | - José G López-Cortés
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04360 CdMx, Mexico.
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2
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Rosko MC, Wheeler JP, Alameh R, Faulkner AP, Durand N, Castellano FN. Enhanced Visible Light Absorption in Heteroleptic Cuprous Phenanthrolines. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:1692-1701. [PMID: 38190287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
This work presents a series of Cu(I) heteroleptic 1,10-phenanthroline chromophores featuring enhanced UVA and visible-light-harvesting properties manifested through vectorial control of the copper-to-phenanthroline charge-transfer transitions. The molecules were prepared using the HETPHEN strategy, wherein a sterically congested 2,9-dimesityl-1,10-phenanthrolne (mesPhen) ligand was paired with a second phenanthroline ligand incorporating extended π-systems in their 4,7-positions. The combination of electrochemistry, static and time-resolved electronic spectroscopy, 77 K photoluminescence spectra, and time-dependent density functional theory calculations corroborated all of the experimental findings. The model chromophore, [Cu(mesPhen)(phen)]+ (1), lacking 4,7-substitutions preferentially reduces the mesPhen ligand in the lowest energy metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excited state. The remaining cuprous phenanthrolines (2-4) preferentially reduce their π-conjugated ligands in the low-lying MLCT excited state. The absorption cross sections of 2-4 were enhanced (εMLCTmax = 7430-9980 M-1 cm-1) and significantly broadened across the UVA and visible regions of the spectrum compared to 1 (εMLCTmax = 6494 M-1 cm-1). The excited-state decay mechanism mirrored those of long-lived homoleptic Cu(I) phenanthrolines, yielding three distinguishable time constants in ultrafast transient absorption experiments. These represent pseudo-Jahn-Teller distortion (τ1), singlet-triplet intersystem crossing (τ2), and the relaxed MLCT excited-state lifetime (τ3). Effective light-harvesting from Cu(I)-based chromophores can now be rationalized within the HETPHEN strategy while achieving directionality in their respective MLCT transitions, valuable for integration into more complex donor-acceptor architectures and longer-lived photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Rosko
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jonathan P Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Reem Alameh
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Adrienne P Faulkner
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Nicolas Durand
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Felix N Castellano
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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3
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Conradie J. DFT study of UV-vis-properties of thiophene-containing Cu(β-diketonato) 2 - Application for DSSC. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 121:108459. [PMID: 36963304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Experimental and theoretically calculated UV-vis properties of three Cu(β-diketonato)2 complexes are presented. The Cu(β-diketonato)2 contains β-diketones without (β-diketone = acetylacetone, (CH3)COCH2CO(CH3), complex (1)), with one (β-diketone = thenoyltrifluoroacetone, (CF3)COCH2CO(C4H3S), complex (2)) and with two thiophene (β-diketone = (CF3)COCH2CO(C4H2S) (C4H3S), complex (3)) groups. More thiophenes on the β-diketonato ligand of Cu(β-diketonato)2, lead to a red shift of the experimental absorbance maxima of the UV-vis of the complex, from 295 nm for complex (1), to 340 nm for complex (2) to 390 nm for complex (3). Theoretical time dependant density functional theory calculations indicate that both the two strongest absorbance peaks of the ultraviolet-visible spectrum of Cu(acetylacetonato)2 are mainly ligand-to-metal charge-transfer excitations. However, the absorbance maxima of the UV-vis of thiophene-containing Cu(β-diketonato)2 are mainly ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer excitations. Calculated properties such as light harvesting energy (LHE = 0.47, 0.94 and 0.99 for (1)-(3) respectively), driving force for electron injection (ΔGinject = 1.43, 0.76 and 0.63 for (1)-(3) respectively), and driving force of dye regeneration (ΔGregenerate = 1.85, 2.16 and 1.49 for (1)-(3) respectively), are favourable for (1)-(3) to be considered as dyes in DSSCs. However, some structural modifications are needed to prevent intramolecular charge recombination after excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanet Conradie
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
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4
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Risi G, Devereux M, Prescimone A, Housecroft CE, Constable EC. Back to the future: asymmetrical DπA 2,2'-bipyridine ligands for homoleptic copper(i)-based dyes in dye-sensitised solar cells. RSC Adv 2023; 13:4122-4137. [PMID: 36744279 PMCID: PMC9890583 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00437f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal complexes used as sensitisers in dye-sensitised solar cells (DSCs) are conventionally constructed using a push-pull strategy with electron-releasing and electron-withdrawing (anchoring) ligands. In a new paradigm we have designed new DπA ligands incorporating diarylaminophenyl donor substituents and phosphonic acid anchoring groups. These new ligands function as organic dyes. For two separate classes of DπA ligands with 2,2'-bipyridine metal-binding domains, the DSCs containing the copper(i) complexes [Cu(DπA)2]+ perform better than the push-pull analogues [Cu(DD)(AA)]+. Furthermore, we have shown for the first time that the complexes [Cu(DπA)2]+ perform better than the organic DπA dye in DSCs. The synthetic studies and the device performances are rationalised with the aid of density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Risi
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselBPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a4058 BaselSwitzerland
| | - Mike Devereux
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselKlingelbergstrasse 80CH-4056 BaselSwitzerland
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselBPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a4058 BaselSwitzerland
| | - Catherine E. Housecroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselBPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a4058 BaselSwitzerland
| | - Edwin C. Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of BaselBPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a4058 BaselSwitzerland
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5
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Beaudelot J, Oger S, Peruško S, Phan TA, Teunens T, Moucheron C, Evano G. Photoactive Copper Complexes: Properties and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16365-16609. [PMID: 36350324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalyzed and photosensitized chemical processes have seen growing interest recently and have become among the most active areas of chemical research, notably due to their applications in fields such as medicine, chemical synthesis, material science or environmental chemistry. Among all homogeneous catalytic systems reported to date, photoactive copper(I) complexes have been shown to be especially attractive, not only as alternative to noble metal complexes, and have been extensively studied and utilized recently. They are at the core of this review article which is divided into two main sections. The first one focuses on an exhaustive and comprehensive overview of the structural, photophysical and electrochemical properties of mononuclear copper(I) complexes, typical examples highlighting the most critical structural parameters and their impact on the properties being presented to enlighten future design of photoactive copper(I) complexes. The second section is devoted to their main areas of application (photoredox catalysis of organic reactions and polymerization, hydrogen production, photoreduction of carbon dioxide and dye-sensitized solar cells), illustrating their progression from early systems to the current state-of-the-art and showcasing how some limitations of photoactive copper(I) complexes can be overcome with their high versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Beaudelot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samuel Oger
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefano Peruško
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tuan-Anh Phan
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Titouan Teunens
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000Mons, Belgium
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium
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6
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Abstract
The production of electricity in a greener and more sustainable way by employing renewable sources is a great challenge in modern times. Photovoltaic systems represent an important possibility because sunlight is the most abundant renewable source. In this review article, recent studies (from 2018 to the present) involving novel iron and copper complexes employed as dyes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) are reported; mono- and bimetallic Fe complexes, Cu-based dyes, and devices presenting both metals are discussed, together with the performances of the DSSCs reported in the papers and the corresponding values of the main parameters employed to characterize such solar cells. The feasibility of DSSCs employing copper and iron dyes, alone or in combination with other earth-abundant metals, is demonstrated. The proper optimization of the sensitizers, together with that of the electrolyte and of the semiconducting layer, will likely lead to the development of highly performing and cheap photovoltaic devices for future applications on a much larger scale.
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7
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Mishra R, Jain K, Sharma VP, Kishor S, Ramaniah LM. Heteroleptic Cu(I) bis-diimine complexes as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs): on some factors affecting intramolecular charge transfer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:17217-17232. [PMID: 35793081 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01880b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A set of eight heteroleptic bis-diimine copper dye complexes with two different ancillary ligands (functionalised 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dmp) and functionalised 6,6'-diphenyl-2,2'-bipyridine (dpbpy)) are investigated for their potential use as sensitizers in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), using first principles density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent DFT (TDDFT). A detailed analysis of the structural properties, projected density of electronic states and Kohn-Sham energy levels, and optical absorption spectra in the UV-visible region reveals that substituting the thiophene group in the ancillary ligand, and enhancing conjugation in the anchoring ligand, lead to increase in the light harvesting efficiency (LHE). However, a natural transition orbital (NTO) analysis, shows that the nature of charge transfer depends mainly on the nature of the parent ancillary group and is not significantly affected by the structural modifications. Importantly, the lower energy excitations lead to favourable mixed metal to ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and ligand to ligand charge transfer (LLCT), as well as good electron injection. The best charge transfer directionality is found in the dmp-based dyes, particularly thiophene substituted dyes, thus making these the more effective sensitizers in DSSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Meerut College, Meerut, U.P.-250001, India
| | - Kalpna Jain
- Department of Physics, Digambar Jain College, Baraut, U.P.-250611, India
| | | | - Shyam Kishor
- Department of Chemistry, Janta Vedic College, Baraut, U.P.-250611, India.
| | - Lavanya M Ramaniah
- High Pressure and Synchrotron Radiation Physics Divison, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400085, India.
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8
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Yang Y, Doettinger F, Kleeberg C, Frey W, Karnahl M, Tschierlei S. How the Way a Naphthalimide Unit is Implemented Affects the Photophysical and -catalytic Properties of Cu(I) Photosensitizers. Front Chem 2022; 10:936863. [PMID: 35783217 PMCID: PMC9247301 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.936863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Driven by the great potential of solar energy conversion this study comprises the evaluation and comparison of two different design approaches for the improvement of copper based photosensitizers. In particular, the distinction between the effects of a covalently linked and a directly fused naphthalimide unit was assessed. For this purpose, the two heteroleptic Cu(I) complexes CuNIphen (NIphen = 5-(1,8-naphthalimide)-1,10-phenanthroline) and Cubiipo (biipo = 16H-benzo-[4′,5′]-isoquinolino-[2′,1′,:1,2]-imidazo-[4,5-f]-[1,10]-phenanthroline-16-one) were prepared and compared with the novel unsubstituted reference compound Cuphen (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline). Beside a comprehensive structural characterization, including two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and X-ray analysis, a combination of electrochemistry, steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy was used to determine the electrochemical and photophysical properties in detail. The nature of the excited states was further examined by (time-dependent) density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. It was found that CuNIphen exhibits a greatly enhanced absorption in the visible and a strong dependency of the excited state lifetimes on the chosen solvent. For example, the lifetime of CuNIphen extends from 0.37 µs in CH2Cl2 to 19.24 µs in MeCN, while it decreases from 128.39 to 2.6 µs in Cubiipo. Furthermore, CuNIphen has an exceptional photostability, allowing for an efficient and repetitive production of singlet oxygen with quantum yields of about 32%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingya Yang
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Energy Conversion, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Florian Doettinger
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Energy Conversion, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christian Kleeberg
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- University of Stuttgart, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Michael Karnahl
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Energy Conversion, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Michael Karnahl, ; Stefanie Tschierlei,
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Energy Conversion, Braunschweig, Germany
- *Correspondence: Michael Karnahl, ; Stefanie Tschierlei,
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9
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Novel Copper Complexes as Visible Light Photoinitiators for the Synthesis of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs). Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14101998. [PMID: 35631880 PMCID: PMC9145974 DOI: 10.3390/polym14101998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This work is devoted to the study of two copper complexes (Cu) bearing pyridine ligands, which were synthesized, evaluated and tested as new visible light photoinitiators for the free radical photopolymerization (FRP) of acrylates functional groups in thick and thin samples upon light-emitting diodes (LED) at 405 and 455 nm irradiation. These latter wavelengths are considered to be safe to produce polymer materials. The photoinitiation abilities of these organometallic compounds were evaluated in combination with an iodonium (Iod) salt and/or amine (e.g., N-phenylglycine—NPG). Interestingly, high final conversions and high polymerization rates were obtained for both compounds using two and three-component photoinitiating systems (Cu1 (or Cu2)/Iodonium salt (Iod) (0.1%/1% w/w) and Cu1 (or Cu2)/Iod/amine (0.1%/1%/1% w/w/w)). The new proposed copper complexes were also used for direct laser write experiments involving a laser diode at 405 nm, and for the photocomposite synthesis with glass fibers using a UV-conveyor at 395 nm. To explain the obtained polymerization results, different methods and characterization techniques were used: steady-state photolysis, real-time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (RT-FTIR), emission spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry.
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10
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Gimeno L, Phelan BT, Sprague-Klein EA, Roisnel T, Blart E, Gourlaouen C, Chen LX, Pellegrin Y. Bulky and Stable Copper(I)-Phenanthroline Complex: Impact of Steric Strain and Symmetry on the Excited-State Properties. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7296-7307. [PMID: 35507920 PMCID: PMC9116384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The steric strain around copper(I) in typical [Cu(NNR)2]+ complexes, where NNR is a diimine ligand substituted in α-positions of the nitrogen atoms by R, is known to strongly impact the excited-state properties. Generally speaking, the larger the R, the longer the emission lifetime and the higher the quantum yield. However, the stability of the coordination scaffold can be at stake if the steric strain imposed by R is too large. In this work, we explore a way of fine-tuning the steric strain around Cu(I) to reach a balance between high emission quantum yield and stability in a highly bulky copper(I) complex. Taking stable [Cu(dipp)2]+ and unstable [Cu(dtbp)2]+ (where dipp and dtbp are, respectively, 2,9-diisopropyl-1,10-phenanthroline and 2,9-di-tert-butyl-1,10-phenanthroline) as the boundary of two least and most sterically strained structures, we designed and characterized the nonsymmetrical ligand 2-isopropyl-9-tert-butyl-1,10-phenanthroline (L1) and corresponding complex [Cu(L1)2]+ (Cu1). The key experimental findings are that Cu1 exhibits a rigid tetrahedral geometry in the ground state, close to that of [Cu(dtbp)2]+ and with an intermediate stability between that of [Cu(dipp)2]+ and [Cu(dtbp)2]+. Conversely, the nonsymmetrical nature of ligand L1 leads to a shorter emission lifetime and smaller quantum yield than those of either [Cu(dipp)2]+ or [Cu(dtbp)2]+. This peculiar behavior is rationalized through the in depth analysis of the ultrafast dynamics of the excited state measured with optical transient absorption spectroscopy and theoretical calculations performed on the ground and excited state of Cu1. Our main findings are that the obtained complex is significantly more stable than [Cu(dtbp)2]+ despite the sterically strained coordination sphere. The nonsymmetrical nature of the ligand translates into a strongly distorted structure in the excited state. The distortion can be described as a rocking motion of one ligand, entailing the premature extinction of the excited state via several deactivation channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Gimeno
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Brian T Phelan
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Emily A Sprague-Klein
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Université de Rennes CNRS, Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Errol Blart
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Christophe Gourlaouen
- Laboratoire de Chimie Quantique Institut de Chimie UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 4, Rue Blaise Pascal CS 90032, F-67081 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Lin X Chen
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Yann Pellegrin
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, CEISAM UMR6230, F-44000 Nantes, France
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11
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Tran JH, Traber P, Seidler B, Görls H, Gräfe S, Schulz M. Ligand‐Induced Donor State Destabilisation – A New Route to Panchromatically Absorbing Cu(I) Complexes. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200121. [PMID: 35263478 PMCID: PMC9315043 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The intense absorption of light to covering a large part of the visible spectrum is highly desirable for solar energy conversion schemes. To this end, we have developed novel anionic bis(4H‐imidazolato)Cu(I) complexes (cuprates), which feature intense, panchromatic light absorption properties throughout the visible spectrum and into the NIR region with extinction coefficients up to 28,000 M−1 cm−1. Steady‐state absorption, (spectro)electrochemical and theoretical investigations reveal low energy (Vis to NIR) metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer absorption bands, which are a consequence of destabilized copper‐based donor states. These high‐lying copper‐based states are induced by the σ‐donation of the chelating anionic ligands, which also feature low energy acceptor states. The optical properties are reflected in very low, copper‐based oxidation potentials and three ligand‐based reduction events. These electronic features reveal a new route to panchromatically absorbing Cu(I) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens H. Tran
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Philipp Traber
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Bianca Seidler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstr. 8 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (Fraunhofer IOF) Albert-Einstein-Str.7 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Martin Schulz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Friedrich Schiller University Jena Helmholtzweg 4 07743 Jena Germany
- Department Functional Interfaces Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT) Albert-Einstein-Str. 9 07745 Jena Germany
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12
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Gimeno L, Queffelec C, Blart E, Pellegrin Y. Copper(I) Bis(diimine) Complexes with High Photooxidation Power: Reductive Quenching of the Excited State with a Benzimidazoline Sacrificial Donor. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:13112-13119. [PMID: 35474762 PMCID: PMC9026092 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The reductive quenching of photoexcited photosensitizers is a very efficient way to achieve challenging reduction reactions. In this process, the excited photosensitizer is reduced by a sacrificial electron donor. This mechanism is rarely observed with copper(I) bis(diimine) complexes, which are nevertheless acknowledged as very promising photosensitizers. This is due to the fact that they are very poor photooxidants and prove unable to react with common donors once promoted in their excited state. In this article, we evidence the rare reductive quenching cycle with two specially designed copper(I) complexes. These complexes exhibit improved photooxidation power thanks to an optimized coordination sphere made of strongly π-accepting ligands. Reductive quenching of the excited state of the latter complexes with a classical benzimidazoline sacrificial donor is monitored, and reduced complexes are accumulated during prolonged photolysis. Trials to utilize the photogenerated reductive power are presented.
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13
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Housecroft CE, Constable EC. Solar energy conversion using first row d-block metal coordination compound sensitizers and redox mediators. Chem Sci 2022; 13:1225-1262. [PMID: 35222908 PMCID: PMC8809415 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06828h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of renewable energy is essential for the future of the Earth, and solar photons are the ultimate source of energy to satisfy the ever-increasing global energy demands. Photoconversion using dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) is becoming an established technology to contribute to the sustainable energy market, and among state-of-the art DSCs are those which rely on ruthenium(ii) sensitizers and the triiodide/iodide (I3 -/I-) redox mediator. Ruthenium is a critical raw material, and in this review, we focus on the use of coordination complexes of the more abundant first row d-block metals, in particular copper, iron and zinc, as dyes in DSCs. A major challenge in these DSCs is an enhancement of their photoconversion efficiencies (PCEs) which currently lag significantly behind those containing ruthenium-based dyes. The redox mediator in a DSC is responsible for regenerating the ground state of the dye. Although the I3 -/I- couple has become an established redox shuttle, it has disadvantages: its redox potential limits the values of the open-circuit voltage (V OC) in the DSC and its use creates a corrosive chemical environment within the DSC which impacts upon the long-term stability of the cells. First row d-block metal coordination compounds, especially those containing cobalt, and copper, have come to the fore in the development of alternative redox mediators and we detail the progress in this field over the last decade, with particular attention to Cu2+/Cu+ redox mediators which, when coupled with appropriate dyes, have achieved V OC values in excess of 1000 mV. We also draw attention to aspects of the recyclability of DSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Housecroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096 4058 Basel Switzerland
| | - Edwin C Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096 4058 Basel Switzerland
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14
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Polypyridyl copper complexes as dye sensitizer and redox mediator for dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrochem commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2021.107182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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15
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Szłapa-Kula A, Palion-Gazda J, Ledwon P, Erfurt K, Machura B. A fundamental role of solvent polarity and remote substitution of 2-(4-R-phenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline framework in controlling of ground- and excited-state properties of Re(I) chromophores [ReCl(CO) 3(R-C 6H 4-imphen)]. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:14466-14481. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02439j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of Re(I) carbonyl chromophores with 1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (imphen) ligand functionalized with electron-donating amine groups attached to the imidazole ring via phenylene linkage was designed to investigate the impact of...
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16
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Inomata T, Hatano M, Kawai Y, Matsunaga A, Kitagawa T, Wasada-Tsutsui Y, Ozawa T, Masuda H. Synthesis and Physico-Chemical Properties of Homoleptic Copper(I) Complexes with Asymmetric Ligands as a DSSC Dye. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226835. [PMID: 34833927 PMCID: PMC8623343 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop low-cost and efficient dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), we designed and prepared three homoleptic Cu(I) complexes with asymmetric ligands, M1, M2, and Y3, which have the advantages of heteroleptic-type complexes and compensate for their synthetic challenges. The three copper(I) complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, and electrochemical measurements. Their absorption spectra and orbital energies were evaluated and are discussed in the context of TD-DFT calculations. The complexes have high VOC values (0.48, 0.60, and 0.66 V for M1, M2, and Y3, respectively) which are similar to previously reported copper(I) dyes with symmetric ligands, although their energy conversion efficiencies are relatively low (0.17, 0.64, and 2.66%, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiko Inomata
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; (M.H.); (Y.K.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (Y.W.-T.); (T.O.)
- Correspondence: (T.I.); (H.M.)
| | - Mayuka Hatano
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; (M.H.); (Y.K.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (Y.W.-T.); (T.O.)
| | - Yuya Kawai
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; (M.H.); (Y.K.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (Y.W.-T.); (T.O.)
| | - Ayaka Matsunaga
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; (M.H.); (Y.K.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (Y.W.-T.); (T.O.)
| | - Takuma Kitagawa
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; (M.H.); (Y.K.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (Y.W.-T.); (T.O.)
| | - Yuko Wasada-Tsutsui
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; (M.H.); (Y.K.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (Y.W.-T.); (T.O.)
| | - Tomohiro Ozawa
- Department of Life Science and Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan; (M.H.); (Y.K.); (A.M.); (T.K.); (Y.W.-T.); (T.O.)
| | - Hideki Masuda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Aichi Institute of Technology, 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa-cho, Toyota 470-0392, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.I.); (H.M.)
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17
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Seidler B, Sittig M, Zens C, Tran JH, Müller C, Zhang Y, Schneider KRA, Görls H, Schubert A, Gräfe S, Schulz M, Dietzek B. Modulating the Excited-State Decay Pathways of Cu(I) 4 H-Imidazolate Complexes by Excitation Wavelength and Ligand Backbone. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:11498-11511. [PMID: 34617757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cu(I) 4H-imidazolato complexes are excellent photosensitizers with broad and intense light absorption properties, based on an earth-abundant metal, and hold great promise as photosensitizers in artificial photosynthesis and for accumulation of redox equivalents. In this study, the excited-state relaxation dynamics of three novel heteroleptic Cu(I) 4H-imidazolato complexes with phenyl, tolyl, and mesityl side groups are systematically investigated by femtosecond and nanosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy and theoretical methods, complemented by steady-state absorption spectroscopy and (spectro)electrochemistry. After photoexcitation into the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and intraligand charge transfer absorption band, fast (0.6-1 ps) intersystem crossing occurs into the triplet MLCT manifold. The triplet-state population relaxes via the geometrical planarization of the N-aryl rings on the Cu(I) 4H-imidazolato complexes. Depending on the initial Franck-Condon state, the remaining small singlet state population relaxes into two geometrically distinct minima geometries with similar energy, S1/2,relax and S3/4,relax. Subsequent ground-state recovery from S1/2,relax and internal conversion from S3/4,relax to S1/2,relax take place on a 100 ps time scale. The internal conversion can be understood as hole transfer from a dyz-orbital to a dxz-orbital, which is accompanied with the structural reorganization of the coordination environment. Generally, the photophysical processes are determined by the steric hindrance of the side groups on the ligands. And the excited singlet-state pathways are dependent on the excitation wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Seidler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Sittig
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Clara Zens
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jens H Tran
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Carolin Müller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kilian R A Schneider
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Schubert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (Fraunhofer IOF), Albert-Einstein-Str.7, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schulz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Centre for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC-Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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18
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Tomás FM, Peyrot AM, Fagalde F. Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and theoretical studies of polypyridine homoleptic Cu (I) complexes. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Electrolyte Tuning in Iron(II)-Based Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Different Ionic Liquids and I 2 Concentrations. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14113053. [PMID: 34205218 PMCID: PMC8200003 DOI: 10.3390/ma14113053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effects of different I2 concentrations and different ionic liquids (ILs) in the electrolyte on the performances of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) containing an iron(II) N-heterocyclic carbene dye and containing the I–/I3– redox shuttle have been investigated. Either no I2 was added to the electrolyte, or the initial I2 concentrations were 0.02, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 M. The short-circuit current density (JSC), open-circuit voltage (VOC), and the fill factor (ff) were influenced by changes in the I2 concentration for all the ILs. For 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazole iodide (HMII), low VOC and low ff values led to poor DSC performances. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed the causes to be increased electrolyte diffusion resistance and charge transfer resistance at the counter electrode. DSCs containing 1,3-dimethylimidazole iodide (DMII) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazole iodide (EMII) showed the highest JSC values when 0.10 M I2 was present initially. Short alkyl substituents (Me and Et) were more beneficial than longer chains. The lowest values of the transport resistance in the photoanode semiconductor were found for DMII, EMII, and 1-propyl-2,3-dimethylimidazole iodide (PDMII) when no I2 was added to the initial electrolyte, or when [I2] was less than 0.05 M. Higher [I2] led to decreases in the diffusion resistance in the electrolyte and the counter electrode resistance. The electron lifetime and diffusion length depended upon the [I2]. Overall, DMII was the most beneficial IL. A combination of DMII and 0.1 M I2 in the electrolyte produced the best performing DSCs with an average maximum photoconversion efficiency of 0.65% for a series of fully-masked cells.
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20
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Crystal structure, thin film preparation, theoretical and experimental study the nonlinear optical properties of a novel copper complex. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2021.108506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Yang K, Yang X, Zhang L, An J, Wang H, Deng Z. Copper redox mediators with alkoxy groups suppressing recombination for dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Copper Complexes as Alternative Redox Mediators in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26010194. [PMID: 33401723 PMCID: PMC7796243 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty years ago, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) emerged as a method for harnessing the sun's energy and converting it into electricity. Since then, a lot of work has been dedicated to improving their global photovoltaic efficiency and their eco-sustainability. Recently, various articles showed the great potential of copper complexes as a convenient and cheap alternative to the traditional ruthenium dyes. In addition, copper complexes demonstrate that they can act as redox mediators for DSSCs, thus being an answer to the problems related to the I3-/I- redox couple. The aim of this review is to report on the most recent impact made by copper complexes as alternative redox mediators. The coverage, mainly from 2016 up to now, is not exhaustive, but allows us to understand the great role played by copper complexes in the design of eco-sustainable DSSCs.
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23
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Giordano M, Volpi G, Bonomo M, Mariani P, Garino C, Viscardi G. Methoxy-substituted copper complexes as possible redox mediators in dye-sensitized solar cells. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02577e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Methoxy-substituted aromatic diimines and corresponding homoleptic copper(i) and copper(ii) complexes as possible redox mediators in dye-sensitized solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Giordano
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio Volpi
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Bonomo
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Mariani
- CHOSE and Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Garino
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Guido Viscardi
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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24
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Behm K, McIntosh RD. Application of Discrete First-Row Transition-Metal Complexes as Photosensitisers. Chempluschem 2020; 85:2611-2618. [PMID: 33263950 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202000610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This Minireview summarises and critically evaluates recent advances in the utilisation of discrete first-row transition-metal (TM) complexes as photosensitisers. Whilst many compounds absorb light, TM complexes are generally more desirable for photochemical applications, as they usually exhibit strong absorption of visible light, making them ideally suited to exploiting the sun as a freely available light source. Due to their outstanding activities, precious metals, such as iridium and ruthenium, are currently still at the forefront of photochemistry research. However, they also bear disadvantages with respect to abundance, cost and toxicity. Therefore, it is desirable to move to more abundant and less expensive systems that retain good photosensitising abilities. This Minireview will focus on first-row transition-metals, specifically titanium, copper, iron, and zinc, which have become the focus of increased attention over recent years as potential replacements for noble metals as photosensitisers. Their structure - activity relationships are explored and challenges in designing the ligands and complexes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Behm
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Ruaraidh D McIntosh
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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25
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Singh Z, Donnarumma PR, Majewski MB. Molecular Copper(I)-Copper(II) Photosensitizer-Catalyst Photoelectrode for Water Oxidation. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12994-12999. [PMID: 32909755 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Copper(II)-based electrocatalysts for water oxidation in aqueous solution have been studied previously, but photodriving these systems still remains a challenge. In this work, a bis(diimine)copper(I)-based donor-chromophore-acceptor system is synthesized and applied as the light-harvesting component of a photoanode. This molecular assembly was integrated onto a zinc oxide nanowire surface, and upon photoexcitation, chronoamperometric studies reveal that the integrated triad can inject electrons directly into the conduction band of zinc oxide, generating oxidizing equivalents that are then transferred to a copper(II) water oxidation catalyst in aqueous solution, yielding O2 from water with a Faradaic efficiency of 76%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zujhar Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Centre for NanoScience Research Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - P Rafael Donnarumma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Centre for NanoScience Research Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Marek B Majewski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Centre for NanoScience Research Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
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26
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Müller C, Schulz M, Obst M, Zedler L, Gräfe S, Kupfer S, Dietzek B. Role of MLCT States in the Franck-Condon Region of Neutral, Heteroleptic Cu(I)-4 H-imidazolate Complexes: A Spectroscopic and Theoretical Study. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:6607-6616. [PMID: 32701275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c04351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The impact of the electronic structure of a series of 4H-imidazolate ligands in neutral, heteroleptic Cu(I) complexes is investigated. Remarkable broad and strong ligand-dependent absorption in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum renders the studied complexes promising photosensitizers for photocatalytic applications. The electronic structure of the Cu(I) complexes and the localization of photoexcited states in the Franck-Condon region are unraveled by means of UV-vis absorption and resonance Raman (rR) spectroscopy supported by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations. The visible absorption bands stem from a superposition of bright metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) and π-π* as well as weakly absorbing MLCT states. Additionally, the analysis of involved molecular orbitals and rR spectra upon excitation of MLCT and π-π* states highlights the impact of the electronic structure of the 4H-imidazolate ligands on the properties of the corresponding Cu(I) complexes to avail a toolbox for predictive studies and efficient complex design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Müller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schulz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Obst
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Linda Zedler
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
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27
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Wu T, Zhao F, Hu Q, Cui Y, Huang T, Zheng D, Liu Q, Lei Y, Jia L, Luo C. Structural characterization, DFT studied, luminescent properties of cationic/neutral three‐coordinated copper (I) complexes and application in warm‐white light‐emitting diode. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tian‐Cheng Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University of Science & Engineering Zigong 643000 China
| | - Fang‐Zheng Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University of Science & Engineering Zigong 643000 China
| | - Qiao‐Long Hu
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University of Science & Engineering Zigong 643000 China
| | - Yi‐Shun Cui
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University of Science & Engineering Zigong 643000 China
| | - Ting‐Hong Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University of Science & Engineering Zigong 643000 China
- School of Materials and Energy University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu 611731 China
| | - Dan Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University of Science & Engineering Zigong 643000 China
| | - Qiang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Protection Engineering Southwest University for Nationalities Chengdu 610041 China
| | - Ying Lei
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University of Science & Engineering Zigong 643000 China
| | - Lin Jia
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University of Science & Engineering Zigong 643000 China
| | - Cheng Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering Sichuan University of Science & Engineering Zigong 643000 China
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28
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Abstract
Copper coordination complexes have emerged as a group of transition metal complexes that play important roles in solar energy conversion, utilization and storage, and have the potential to replace the quintessential commonly used transition metals, like Co, Pt, Ir and Ru as light sensitizers, redox mediators, electron donors and catalytic centers. The applications of copper coordination compounds in chemistry and energy related technologies are many and demonstrate their rightful place as sustainable, low toxicity and Earth-abundant alternative materials. In this perspective we show the most recent impact made by copper coordination complexes in dye-sensitized solar cells and other energy relevant applications.
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29
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Feng X, Pi Y, Song Y, Brzezinski C, Xu Z, Li Z, Lin W. Metal–Organic Frameworks Significantly Enhance Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution and CO2 Reduction with Earth-Abundant Copper Photosensitizers. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:690-695. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyu Feng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Yunhong Pi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | | | - Ziwan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Zhong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Wenbin Lin
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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30
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Karpacheva M, Wyss V, Housecroft CE, Constable EC. There Is a Future for N-Heterocyclic Carbene Iron(II) Dyes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Improving Performance through Changes in the Electrolyte. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E4181. [PMID: 31842390 PMCID: PMC6947502 DOI: 10.3390/ma12244181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
By systematic tuning of the components of the electrolyte, the performances of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) with an N-heterocyclic carbene iron(II) dye have been significantly improved. The beneficial effects of an increased Li+ ion concentration in the electrolyte lead to photoconversion efficiencies (PCEs) up to 0.66% for fully masked cells (representing 11.8% relative to 100% set for N719) and an external quantum efficiency maximum (EQEmax) up to approximately 25% due to an increased short-circuit current density (JSC). A study of the effects of varying the length of the alkyl chain in 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide ionic liquids (ILs) shows that a longer chain results in an increase in JSC with an overall efficiency up to 0.61% (10.9% relative to N719 set at 100%) on going from n-methyl to n-butyl chain, although an n-hexyl chain leads to no further gain in PCE. The results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) support the trends in JSC and open-circuit voltage (VOC) parameters. A change in the counterion from I- to [BF4]- for 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide ionic liquid leads to DSCs with a remarkably high JSC value for an N-heterocyclic carbene iron(II) dye of 4.90 mA cm-2, but a low VOC of 244 mV. Our investigations have shown that an increased concentration of Li+ in combination with an optimized alkyl chain length in the 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide IL in the electrolyte leads to iron(II)-sensitized DSC performances comparable with those of containing some copper(I)-based dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Edwin C. Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland; (M.K.); (V.W.); (C.E.H.)
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31
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Colombo A, Dragonetti C, Fagnani F, Roberto D, Melchiorre F, Biagini P. Improving the efficiency of copper-dye-sensitized solar cells by manipulating the electrolyte solution. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:9818-9823. [PMID: 31135007 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01448a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of a copper(i) dye, bearing a 2,9-dimesityl-1,10-phenanthroline and a 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dibenzoic acid, was investigated in DSSCs with various electrolyte solutions based on two different redox mediators, namely the common I-/I3- couple and an interesting copper electron shuttle. The experimental results provide evidence of the importance of the redox mediator concentration and the crucial role of additives such as 4-tert-butylpyridine and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide in the performance of sustainable "full-copper" DSSCs, consolidating the way to DSSCs with Earth-abundant components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Chimica dell'Università degli Studi di Milano, UdR-INSTM, via Golgi 19, I-20133, Milano, Italy. and ISTM-CNR and SmartMatLab dell'Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Dragonetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica dell'Università degli Studi di Milano, UdR-INSTM, via Golgi 19, I-20133, Milano, Italy. and ISTM-CNR and SmartMatLab dell'Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Fagnani
- Dipartimento di Chimica dell'Università degli Studi di Milano, UdR-INSTM, via Golgi 19, I-20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Dominique Roberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica dell'Università degli Studi di Milano, UdR-INSTM, via Golgi 19, I-20133, Milano, Italy. and ISTM-CNR and SmartMatLab dell'Università degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, I-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Melchiorre
- Research Center for Renewable Energy & Enviromental Istituto Donegani, Eni S.p.A., via Fauser 4, I-28100, Novara, Italy.
| | - Paolo Biagini
- Research Center for Renewable Energy & Enviromental Istituto Donegani, Eni S.p.A., via Fauser 4, I-28100, Novara, Italy.
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