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Woodward AW, Bramham JE, Brookfield A, Golovanov AP, Bowen AM. Simple and effective in situ sample illumination for electron paramagnetic resonance. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1012-1015. [PMID: 38170515 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04802k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Illumination into an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer is commonly carried out through the optical window, perpendicular to the sample and magnetic field. Here we show that significant improvements can be obtained by using the walls of the EPR tube as a light guide, with the light scattered only around the sample-containing area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Woodward
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
- Photon Science Institute, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- National Research Facility for Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jack E Bramham
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Adam Brookfield
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
- Photon Science Institute, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- National Research Facility for Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Alexander P Golovanov
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Alice M Bowen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
- Photon Science Institute, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- National Research Facility for Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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2
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Research progress of azido-containing Pt(IV) antitumor compounds. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 227:113927. [PMID: 34695775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a long-known incurable disease, and the medical use of cisplatin has been a significant discovery. However, the side-effects of cisplatin necessitate the development of new and improved drug. Therefore, in this study, we focused on the photoactivatable Pt(IV) compounds Pt[(X1)(X2)(Y1)(Y2)(N3)2], which have a completely novel mechanism of action. Pt(IV) can efficiently overcome the side-effects of cisplatin and other drugs. Here, we have demonstrated, summarized and discussed the effects and mechanism of these compounds. Compared to the relevant articles in the literature, we have provided a more detailed introduction and a made comprehensive classification of these compounds. We believe that our results can effectively provide a reference for the development of these drugs.
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3
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Yao K, Bertran A, Morgan J, Greenhalgh C, Edkins K, Bowen AM, Farrer NJ. Solvent-Dependent Reactivity and Photochemistry of Dinuclear and Mononuclear Platinum(IV) Azido Triazaolato Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021; 2021:1397-1404. [PMID: 34248415 PMCID: PMC8251955 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Reaction between the platinum(IV) azido complex trans,trans,trans-[Pt(py)2(N3)2(OH)2] (1) and 1,4-diphenyl-2-butyne-1,4-dione 2 in MeCN produces the intermediate peroxide-bridged dimeric platinum(IV) azido triazolato species (5), which has been characterised by X-ray crystallography. However, if the reaction between 1 and 2 is conducted in MeOH it results in decomposition. Over time in MeCN, dimer (5) converts into mononuclear complexes trans,trans,trans-[Pt(py)2(N3)(triazole)(OH)2] (3 a/3 b), which are in dynamic exchange. If resuspended in protic solvents (MeOH,H2O), 3 a/3 b undergo a slow (22 d) irreversible rearrangement to a cyclised platinum(IV) species 4 which contains a formally N,O-chelated ligand. Conversion of 3 a/3 b to 4 in d 4-MeOH can be accelerated (384x) by irradiation with visible light, although continued irradiation also produces N3 . and OH. radicals, and the [4-N3]+ species can be readily detected by ESI-MS. Solvent choice significantly effects both the cycloaddition reaction between 1 and 2, and the stability of the resultant complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezi Yao
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUnited Kingdom
| | - Arnau Bertran
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance and Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUnited Kingdom
| | - Jacques Morgan
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUnited Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Greenhalgh
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUnited Kingdom
| | - Katharina Edkins
- School of Health SciencesUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Alice M. Bowen
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance and Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUnited Kingdom
- The Department of Chemistry, Photon Science Institute and the National EPR Research FacilityUniversity of ManchesterOxford RoadManchesterM13 9PLUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicola J. Farrer
- Chemistry Research LaboratoryUniversity of Oxford12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUnited Kingdom
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4
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Zhang Q, Kuang G, Zhou D, Qi Y, Wang M, Li X, Huang Y. Photoactivated polyprodrug nanoparticles for effective light-controlled Pt(iv) and siRNA codelivery to achieve synergistic cancer therapy. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:5903-5911. [PMID: 32538396 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01103g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endo/lysosomal escape and the subsequent controllable/precise release of drugs and genes are key challenges for efficient synergistic cancer therapy. Herein, we report a photoactivated polyprodrug nanoparticle system (PPNPsiRNA) centered on effective light-controlled codelivery of Pt(iv) prodrug and siRNA for synergistic cancer therapy. Under green-light irradiation, PPNPsiRNA can sustainedly generate oxygen-independent azidyl radicals to facilitate endo/lysosomal escape through the photochemical internalization (PCI) mechanism. Besides, concurrent Pt(ii) release and siRNA unpacking could occur in a controllable manner after the decomposition of Pt(iv), main chain shattering of photoactivated polyprodrug and the PPNPsiRNA disassociation. Based on these innovative features, excellent synergistic therapeutic efficacy of chemo- and RNAi therapies of PPNPsiBcl-2 could be achieved on ovarian cancer cells under light irradiation. The facile synthesized and prepared photoactivatable polyprodrug nanoparticle system provides a new strategy for effective gene/drug codelivery, where controllable endo/lysosomal escape and the subsequent drug/gene release/unpacking play vital roles, which could be adopted as a versatile codelivery nanoplatform for the treatment of various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.
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5
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Peng K, Einsele R, Irmler P, Winter RF, Schatzschneider U. The iClick Reaction of a BODIPY Platinum(II) Azido Complex with Electron-Poor Alkynes Provides Triazolate Complexes with Good 1O2 Sensitization Efficiency. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Peng
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Richard Einsele
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Peter Irmler
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Rainer F. Winter
- Fachbereich Chemie, Universität Konstanz, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schatzschneider
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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6
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Farrer NJ, Griffith DM. Exploiting azide-alkyne click chemistry in the synthesis, tracking and targeting of platinum anticancer complexes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2020; 55:59-68. [PMID: 31945705 PMCID: PMC7254056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Click chemistry is fundamentally important to medicinal chemistry and chemical biology. It represents a powerful and versatile tool, which can be exploited to develop novel Pt-based anticancer drugs and to better understand the biological effects of Pt-based anticancer drugs at a cellular level. Innovative azide-alkyne cycloaddition-based approaches are being used to functionalise Pt-based complexes with biomolecules to enhance tumour targeting. Valuable information in relation to the mechanisms of action and resistance of Pt-based drugs is also being revealed through click-based detection, isolation and tracking of Pt drug surrogates in biological and cellular environments. Although less well-explored, inorganic Pt-click reactions enable synthesis of novel (potentially multimetallic) Pt complexes and provide plausible routes to introduce functional groups and monitoring Pt-azido drug localisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Farrer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Darren M Griffith
- Department of Chemistry, RCSI, 123 St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; SSPC, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, Ireland.
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7
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Yao K, Bertran A, Howarth A, Goicoechea JM, Hare SM, Rees NH, Foroozandeh M, Bowen AM, Farrer NJ. A visible-light photoactivatable di-nuclear Pt IV triazolato azido complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:11287-11290. [PMID: 31475995 PMCID: PMC6984334 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05310g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A novel PtIV triazolato azido complex [3]-[N1,N3] has been synthesised via a strain-promoted double-click reaction (SPDC) between a PtIV azido complex (1) and the Sondheimer diyne (2). Photoactivation of [3]-[N1,N3] with visible light (452 nm) in the presence of 5'-guanosine monophosphate (5'-GMP) produced both PtIV and PtII 5'-GMP species; EPR spectroscopy confirmed the production of both azidyl and hydroxyl radicals. Spin-trapping of photogenerated radicals - particularly hydroxyl radicals - was significantly reduced in the presence of 5'-GMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezi Yao
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
12 Mansfield Road
, Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
; Tel: +44 (0)1865 285131
| | - Arnau Bertran
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
12 Mansfield Road
, Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
; Tel: +44 (0)1865 285131
| | - Alison Howarth
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
12 Mansfield Road
, Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
; Tel: +44 (0)1865 285131
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
12 Mansfield Road
, Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
; Tel: +44 (0)1865 285131
| | - Samuel M. Hare
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
12 Mansfield Road
, Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
; Tel: +44 (0)1865 285131
| | - Nicholas H. Rees
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
12 Mansfield Road
, Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
; Tel: +44 (0)1865 285131
| | - Mohammadali Foroozandeh
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
12 Mansfield Road
, Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
; Tel: +44 (0)1865 285131
| | - Alice M. Bowen
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
12 Mansfield Road
, Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
; Tel: +44 (0)1865 285131
| | - Nicola J. Farrer
- Chemistry Research Laboratory
, University of Oxford
,
12 Mansfield Road
, Oxford
, OX1 3TA
, UK
.
; Tel: +44 (0)1865 285131
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