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Szych LS, Denker L, Feld J, Goicoechea JM. Trapping an Elusive Phosphanyl-Phosphaalumene. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401326. [PMID: 38607965 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
We describe our efforts to access a compound with an Al=P double bond by reaction of Al(Nacnac) towards [H2CN(Dipp)]2P(PCO) (Nacnac=HC[C(Me)N(Dipp)]2; Dipp=2,6-iPr2C6H3). Our observations are consistent with the formation of a transient phosphanyl-phosphaalumene at low temperatures (-70 °C), however this species was found to readily undergo intramolecular C-H activation of the β-diketiminato ligand upon warming to room temperature. The reactivity of the transient complex toward small molecules including dihydrogen, carbon dioxide, phosphaketenes, amines and silanes could be explored at low temperatures, showcasing that the target compound can react as both a frustrated Lewis pair (via the pendant phosphanyl moiety) or in hydroelementation reactions of the Al=P bond. The elusive target molecule could be trapped by addition of a Lewis base (tetrahydrofuran) affording an isolable molecular species that reacts in an analogous fashion to the base-free compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian S Szych
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, U.K
| | - Lars Denker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, U.K
| | - Joey Feld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, U.K
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave, 47405-7102, Bloomington, IN, U.S.A
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2
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Abstract
Heteroatom-centered diradical(oid)s have been in the focus of molecular main group chemistry for nearly 30 years. During this time, the diradical concept has evolved and the focus has shifted to the rational design of diradical(oid)s for specific applications. This review article begins with some important theoretical considerations of the diradical and tetraradical concept. Based on these theoretical considerations, the design of diradical(oid)s in terms of ligand choice, steric, symmetry, electronic situation, element choice, and reactivity is highlighted with examples. In particular, heteroatom-centered diradical reactions are discussed and compared with closed-shell reactions such as pericyclic additions. The comparison between closed-shell reactivity, which proceeds in a concerted manner, and open-shell reactivity, which proceeds in a stepwise fashion, along with considerations of diradical(oid) design, provides a rational understanding of this interesting and unusual class of compounds. The application of diradical(oid)s, for example in small molecule activation or as molecular switches, is also highlighted. The final part of this review begins with application-related details of the spectroscopy of diradical(oid)s, followed by an update of the heteroatom-centered diradical(oid)s and tetraradical(oid)s published in the last 10 years since 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hinz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie (AOC), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jonas Bresien
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Frank Breher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie (AOC), Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT), Engesserstrasse 15, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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3
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Steffenfauseweh H, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler H, Andrada DM, Ghadwal RS. Isolation of an Arsenic Diradicaloid with a Cyclic C 2 As 2 -Core. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207415. [PMID: 35652361 PMCID: PMC9545666 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report on the synthesis, characterization, and reactivity studies of the first cyclic C2 As2 -diradicaloid {(IPr)CAs}2 (6) (IPr = C{N(Dipp)CH}2 ; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ). Treatment of (IPr)CH2 (1) with AsCl3 affords the Lewis adduct {(IPr)CH2 }AsCl3 (2). Compound 2 undergoes stepwise dehydrochlorination to yield {(IPr)CH}AsCl2 (3) and {(IPr)CAsCl}2 (5 a) or [{(IPr)CAs}2 Cl]OTf (5 b). Reduction of 5 a (or 5 b) with magnesium turnings gives 6 as a red crystalline solid in 90% yield. Compound 6 featuring a planar C2 As2 ring is diamagnetic and exhibits well resolved NMR signals. DFT calculations reveal a singlet ground state for 6 with a small singlet-triplet energy gap of 8.7 kcal mol-1 . The diradical character of 6 amounts to 20% (CASSCF, complete active space self consistent field) and 28% (DFT). Treatments of 6 with (PhSe)2 and Fe2 (CO)9 give rise to {(IPr)CAs(SePh)}2 (7) and {(IPr)CAs}2 Fe(CO)4 (8), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henric Steffenfauseweh
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Yury V. Vishnevskiy
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and TechnologyDepartment of ChemistrySaarland UniversityCampus C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstr. 2533615BielefeldGermany
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Steffenfauseweh H, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Andrada DM, Ghadwal R. Isolation of an Arsenic Diradicaloid with a Cyclic C2As2‐Core. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Beate Neumann
- Bielefeld University: Universitat Bielefeld Chemistry GERMANY
| | | | - Diego M. Andrada
- Saarland University: Universitat des Saarlandes Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Rajendra Ghadwal
- Universitat Bielefeld Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universitätstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld GERMANY
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5
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Beer H, Linke A, Bresien J, Mlostoń G, Celeda M, Villinger A, Schulz A. Synthesis of Bicyclic P,S-Heterocycles via the Addition of Thioketones to a Phosphorus-Centered Open-Shell Singlet Biradical. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:2031-2038. [PMID: 35041414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Formal addition reactions between the open-shell singlet biradical [P(μ-NTer)]2 (1Ter) and xanthione, thioxanthione, as well as ferrocenyl naphthyl thioketone were studied in detail. Reactions were performed at room temperature and led to the formation of strained [2.1.1]-cage P,S-heterocycles (3). All addition products were isolated and fully characterized by spectroscopic methods. Furthermore, reversible cleavage of the xanthenthione-biradical addition product into the parent compounds (biradical and thioketone) could be demonstrated by 31P{1H} NMR spectroscopy. The thermodynamic stability of all cyclization products with respect to the elimination of thioketone was studied by quantum-chemical computations including solvent effects. Regarding the dissociation of addition products 3 into the fragment molecules 1Ter and ketone/thioketone, calculations prove that a significantly larger distortion energy in ketones compared with thioketones causes lower thermodynamic stability of the ketone adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Beer
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Linke
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse eV, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jonas Bresien
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Grzegorz Mlostoń
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, PL-91-403 Łódź Poland
| | - Małgorzata Celeda
- Department of Organic and Applied Chemistry, University of Łódź, Tamka 12, PL-91-403 Łódź Poland
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse eV, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 3a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse eV, Universität Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
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Vrána J, Němec V, Samsonov MA, Růžička A. On the edge of the steric repulsion and reactivity of bulky anilines; a case study of chloro(imino)phosphine synthesis. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:14352-14361. [PMID: 34568883 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02445k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
2-Benzhydryl-4-methyl-6-(1,1'-diphenyl-2-phenyl-ethyl)aniline was prepared by a three-step process. 2,6-Bis(benzhydryl)-4-methyl-aniline was protected by Schiff coupling, then benzylated and finally dealkylated by using hydrochloric acid and methanol. The resulting compound exhibits one of the highest buried volumes around the nitrogen atom of anilines prepared so far, but it reacts with phosphorus trichloride and triethylamine to give a monomeric chloro(imino)phosphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vrána
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Vlastimil Němec
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Maksim A Samsonov
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, CZ-532 10, Pardubice, Czech Republic.
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Ota K, Kinjo R. Heavier element-containing aromatics of [4 n+2]-electron systems. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:10594-10673. [PMID: 34369490 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01354d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While the implication of the aromaticity concept has been dramatically expanded to date since its emergence in 1865, the classical [4n+2]/4n-electron counting protocol still plays an essential role in evaluating the aromatic nature of compounds. Over the last few decades, a variety of heavier heterocycles featuring the formal [4n+2] π-electron arrangements have been developed, which allows for assessing their aromatic nature. In this review, we present recent developments of the [4n+2]-electron systems of heavier heterocycles involving group 13-15 elements. The synthesis, spectroscopic data, structural parameters, computational data, and reactivity are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ota
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Rei Kinjo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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Ritter C, Weigend F, von Hänisch C. Synthesis of a Molecule with Five Different Adjacent Pnictogens. Chemistry 2020; 26:8536-8540. [PMID: 32428313 PMCID: PMC7383748 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The first molecular compound with all five pnictogens was obtained by a multi-step reaction. Lithiation of the (bisamido)diazadiarsetidine (tBuNAs)2 (tBuNH)2 in aliphatic solvents leads to the dimeric metallated species [(tBuNAs)2 (tBuNLi)2 ]2 (12 ). Upon reactions with AsCl3 , SbCl3 and BiCl3 the polycyclic compounds [(tBuNAs)2 (tBuN)2 ]PnCl (Pn=As (2), Sb (3), Bi (4)) can be obtained. Conversion of 2-4 with [tBu2 SbP(tBu)Li(OEt2 )]2 leads to the remarkable interpnictogens [(tBuNAs)2 (tBuN)2 ]PnP(tBu)SbtBu2 (Pn=As (5), Sb (6), Bi (7)), whereby 7 is the first example of a molecule containing all five Group 15 elements. The compound with adjacent AsNBiPSb-chains is surprisingly stable and does not show high sensibility against light as the labile Bi-P bond might suggest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ritter
- Department of Chemistry andWissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW)Philipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435032MarburgGermany
| | - Florian Weigend
- Department of ChemistryPhilipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435032MarburgGermany
| | - Carsten von Hänisch
- Department of Chemistry andWissenschaftliches Zentrum für Materialwissenschaften (WZMW)Philipps-Universität MarburgHans-Meerwein-Straße 435032MarburgGermany
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Bresien J, Eickhoff L, Schulz A, Suhrbier T, Villinger A. A Systematic Survey of the Reactivity of Chlorinated N 2 P 2 , NP 3 and P 4 Ring Systems. Chemistry 2019; 25:16311-16319. [PMID: 31589354 PMCID: PMC6973262 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of the four-membered NP3 ring system [RN(μ-PCl)2 PR] (R=Mes*=2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl) towards Lewis acids, Lewis bases, and reducing agents was investigated. Comparisons with the literature-known, analogous cyclic compounds [ClP(μ-NR)]2 (R=Ter=2,6-dimesitylphenyl) and [ClP(μ-PR)]2 (R=Mes*) are drawn, to obtain a better systematic understanding of the reactivity of cyclic NP species. Apart from experimental results, DFT computations are discussed to further the insight into bonding and electronic structure of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bresien
- Institut für ChemieUniversität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Liesa Eickhoff
- Institut für ChemieUniversität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Axel Schulz
- Institut für ChemieUniversität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
- Abteilung MaterialdesignLeibniz-Institut für Katalyse an der, Universität Rostock e.V.Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Tim Suhrbier
- Institut für ChemieUniversität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
| | - Alexander Villinger
- Institut für ChemieUniversität RostockAlbert-Einstein-Str. 3a18059RostockGermany
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