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Welsh A, Matshitse R, Khan SF, Nyokong T, Prince S, Smith GS. Trinuclear ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes: Evaluation as photosensitizers for enhanced cervical cancer treatment. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 256:112545. [PMID: 38581803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Trinuclear ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes anchored to benzimidazole-triazine / trisamine scaffolds were investigated as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy. The trinuclear complexes were noted to produce a significant amount of singlet oxygen in both DMF and aqueous media, are photostable and show appreciable emission quantum yields (ɸem). In our experimental setting, despite the moderate phototoxic activity in the HeLa cervical cancer cell line, the phototoxic indices (PI) of the trinuclear complexes are superior relative to the PIs of a clinically approved photosensitizer, Photofrin®, and the pro-drug 5-aminolevulinic acid (PI: >7 relative to PI: >1 and PI: 4.4 for 5-aminolevulinic acid and Photofrin®, respectively). Furthermore, the ruthenium complexes were noted to show appreciable long-term cytotoxicity upon light irradiation in HeLa cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Consequently, this long-term activity of the ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes embodies their ability to reduce the probability of the recurrence of cervical cancer. Taken together, this presents a strong motivation for the development of polymetallic complexes as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athi Welsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, ,South Africa
| | - Refilwe Matshitse
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Saif F Khan
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Science, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Tebello Nyokong
- Institute for Nanotechnology Innovation, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Sharon Prince
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Science, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Gregory S Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, ,South Africa.
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2
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Welsh A, Serala K, Prince S, Smith GS. Selective Targeting of Regulated Rhabdomyosarcoma Cells by Trinuclear Ruthenium(II)-Arene Complexes. J Med Chem 2024; 67:6673-6686. [PMID: 38569098 PMCID: PMC11056987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The use of benzimidazole-based trinuclear ruthenium(II)-arene complexes (1-3) to selectively target the rare cancer rhabdomyosarcoma is reported. Preliminary cytotoxic evaluations of the ruthenium complexes in an eight-cancer cell line panel revealed enhanced, selective cytotoxicity toward rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RMS). The trinuclear complex 1 was noted to show superior short- and long-term cytotoxicity in RMS cell lines and enhanced selectivity relative to cisplatin. Remarkably, 1 inhibits the migration of metastatic RMS cells and maintains superior activity in a 3D multicellular spheroid model in comparison to that of the clinically used cisplatin. Mechanistic insights reveal that 1 effectively induces genomic DNA damage, initiates autophagy, and prompts the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways in RMS cells. To the best of our knowledge, 1 is the first trinuclear ruthenium(II) arene complex to selectively kill RMS cells in 2D and 3D cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athi Welsh
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Karabo Serala
- Department
of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7935, South Africa
| | - Sharon Prince
- Department
of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Science, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7935, South Africa
| | - Gregory S. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
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3
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Kanyora AK, Omondi RO, Ongoma P, Omolo JO, Welsh A, Prince S, Gichumbi J, Mambanda A, Smith GS. Mononuclear η 6-arene ruthenium(II) complexes with pyrazolyl-pyridazine ligands: synthesis, CT-DNA binding, reactivity towards glutathione, and cytotoxicity. J Biol Inorg Chem 2024; 29:251-264. [PMID: 38494554 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-024-02043-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Organometallic η6-arene ruthenium(II) complexes with 3-chloro-6-(1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridazine (Ru1, Ru2, and Ru5) and 3-chloro-6-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)pyridazine (Ru3-4) N,N' heterocyclic and η6-arene (cymene (Ru1-4) or toluene (Ru 5)) have been synthesized. The ruthenium(II) complexes have common "three-legged piano-stool" pseudo-octahedral structures known for half-sandwich complexes. Evolution of their UV-Visible absorption spectra in PBS buffer or DMSO over 24 h confirmed their good solvolysis stability. Titrations of the complexes with the calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) were monitored using UV-Visible absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. The complexes interact moderately with CT-DNA and their binding constants are in the order of 104 M-1. Competitive binding of the complexes to a DNA-Hoechst 33,258 depicted competitive displacement of Hoechst from DNA's minor grooves. These complexes bind to glutathione forming GSH-adducts through S coordination by replacement of a halide, with the iodo-analogues having higher binding constants than the chloro-complexes. Cyclic voltammograms of the complexes exhibited one electron-transfer quasi-reversible process. Trends in the molecular docking data of Ru1-5/DNA were similar to those for DNA binding constants. Of the five, only Ru1, Ru3 and Ru5 showed some activity (moderate) against the MCF-7 breast cancer cells with IC50 values in the range of 59.2-39.9 for which Ru5 was the most active. However, the more difficult-to-treat cell line, MDA-MB 231 cell was recalcitrant to the treatment by these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos K Kanyora
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya.
| | - Reinner O Omondi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Peter Ongoma
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Josiah O Omolo
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya
| | - Athi Welsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Sharon Prince
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Science, Observatory, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Joel Gichumbi
- Department of Physical Sciences, Chuka University, P.O. Box 109-60400, Chuka, Kenya
| | - Allen Mambanda
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg, 3209, South Africa
| | - Gregory S Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
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Zinman PS, Welsh A, Omondi RO, Khan S, Prince S, Nordlander E, Smith GS. Aminoquinoline-based Re(I) tricarbonyl complexes: Insights into their antiproliferative activity and mechanisms of action. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 266:116094. [PMID: 38219660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.116094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
In an effort to develop new potent anticancer agents, two Schiff base rhenium(I) tricarbonyl complexes, containing the ubiquitous aminoquinoline scaffold, were synthesized. Both aminoquinoline ligands and Re(I) complexes showed adequate stability over a 48-h incubation period. Furthermore, the cytotoxic activity of the precursor ligands and rhenium(I) complexes were evaluated against the hormone-dependent MCF-7 and hormone-independent triple negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. Inclusion of the [Re(CO)3Cl]+ entity significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of the aminoquinoline Schiff base ligands against the tested cancer cell lines. Remarkably, the incorporation of the Schiff-base iminoquinolyl entity notably enhanced the cytotoxic activity of the Re(I) complexes, in comparison with the iminopyridyl entity. Notably, the quinolyl-substituted complex showed up to three-fold higher activity than cisplatin against breast cancer cell lines, underpinning the significance of the quinoline pharmacophore in rational drug design. In addition, the most active Re(I) complex showed better selectivity towards the breast cancer cells over non-tumorigenic FG-0 cells. Western blotting revealed that the complexes increased levels of γH2AX, a key DNA damage response protein. Moreover, apoptosis was confirmed in both cell lines due to the detection of cleaved PARP. The complexes show favourable binding affinities towards both calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA), and bovine serum albumin (BSA), and the order of their interactions align with their cytotoxic effects. The in silico molecular simulations of the complexes were also performed with CT-DNA and BSA targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige S Zinman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Athi Welsh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Reinner O Omondi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Saif Khan
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Science, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Sharon Prince
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Science, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Ebbe Nordlander
- Chemical Physics, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, SE-221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gregory S Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa.
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Khushal A, Farooq U, Khan S, Rasul A, Wani TA, Zargar S, Shahzad SA, Bukhari SM, Khan NA. Bioactivity-Guided Synthesis: In Silico and In Vitro Studies of β-Glucosidase Inhibitors to Cope with Hepatic Cytotoxicity. Molecules 2023; 28:6548. [PMID: 37764324 PMCID: PMC10538174 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The major cause of hyperglycemia can generally be attributed to β-glucosidase as per its involvement in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. This clinical condition leads to liver carcinoma (HepG2 cancer). The phthalimides and phthalamic acid classes possess inhibitory potential against glucosidase, forming the basis for designing new phthalimide and phthalamic acid analogs to test their ability as potent inhibitors of β-glucosidase. The study also covers in silico (molecular docking and MD simulations) and in vitro (β-glucosidase and HepG2 cancer cell line assays) analyses. The phthalimide and phthalamic acid derivatives were synthesized, followed by spectroscopic characterization. The mechanistic complexities associated with β-glucosidase inhibition were identified via the docking of the synthesized compounds inside the active site of the protein, and the results were analyzed in terms of the best binding energy and appropriate docking pose. The top-ranked compounds were subjected to extensive MD simulation studies to understand the mode of interaction of the synthesized compounds and binding energies, as well as the contribution of individual residues towards binding affinities. Lower RMSD/RMSF values were observed for 2c and 3c, respectively, in the active site, confirming more stabilized, ligand-bound complexes when compared to the free state. An anisotropic network model was used to unravel the role of loop fluctuation in the context of ligand binding and the dynamics that are distinct to the bound and free states, supported by a 3D surface plot. An in vitro study revealed that 1c (IC50 = 1.26 µM) is far better than standard acarbose (2.15 µM), confirming the potential of this compound against the target protein. Given the appreciable potential of the candidate compounds against β-glucosidase, the synthesized compounds were further tested for their cytotoxic activity against hepatic carcinoma on HepG2 cancer cell lines. The cytotoxicity profile of the synthesized compounds was performed against HepG2 cancer cell lines. The resultant IC50 value (0.048 µM) for 3c is better than the standard (thalidomide: IC50 0.053 µM). The results promise the hypothesis that the synthesized compounds might become potential drug candidates, given the fact that the β-glucosidase inhibition of 1c is 40% better than the standard, whereas compound 3c holds more anti-tumor activity (greater than 9%) against the HepG2 cell line than the known drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneela Khushal
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Umar Farooq
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Sara Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Department of Zoology, GC University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Tanveer A Wani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seema Zargar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sohail Anjum Shahzad
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Syed Majid Bukhari
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
| | - Nazeer Ahmad Khan
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Abbottabad 22060, Pakistan
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6
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Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Unmodified Paddlewheel Dirhodium(II,II)-Acetate/-Formamidinate Complexes and Their Axially Modified Low-Valent Metallodendrimers. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062671. [PMID: 36985643 PMCID: PMC10055960 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Two diphenyl formamidine ligands, four dirhodium(II,II) complexes, and three axially modified low-valent dirhodium(II,II) metallodendrimers were synthesized and evaluated as anticancer agents against the A2780, A2780cis, and OVCAR-3 human ovarian cancer cell lines. The dirhodium(II,II) complexes show moderate cytotoxic activity in the tested tumor cell lines, with acetate and methyl-substituted formamidinate compounds displaying increased cytotoxicity that is relative to cisplatin in the A2780cis cisplatin resistant cell line. Additionally, methyl- and fluoro-substituted formamidinate complexes showed comparable and increased cytotoxic activity in the OVCAR-3 cell line when compared to cisplatin. The low-valent metallodendrimers show some activity, but a general decrease in cytotoxicity was observed when compared to the precursor complexes in all but one case, which is where the more active acetate-derived metallodendrimer showed a lower IC50 value in the OVCAR-3 cell line in comparison with the dirhodium(II,II) tetraacetate.
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7
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Aroua LM, Alhag SK, Al-Shuraym LA, Messaoudi S, Mahyoub JA, Alfaifi MY, Al-Otaibi WM. Synthesis and characterization of different complexes derived from Schiff base and evaluation as a potential anticancer, antimicrobial, and insecticide agent. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103598. [PMID: 36874197 PMCID: PMC9982043 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The condensation of (1H-benzimidazole-2-yl) methanamine, with 2-hydroxy naphthaldehyde lead to Schiff base ligand (H2L) (1). This was later reacted with metal salts (ZnCl2, CrCl3·6H2O, and MnCl2·4H2O) to afford the corresponding metal complexes. Biological activity findings indicate that the metal complexes have promising activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis and modest activity against Aspergillus niger. The in vitro anticancer activities of Zn (II), Cr (III), and Mn (II) complexes were investigated and the best results were observed with Mn (II) complex as the most potent cytotoxic agent toward human cell lines colorectal adenocarcinoma HCT 116, hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 with 0.7, 1.1 and 6.7 μg of inhibitory concentration IC50 values respectively. Consequently, the Mn (II) complex and ligand were docked inside the energetic site of ERK2 and exhibited favorable energy for binding. The investigation of biological tests towards mosquito larvae indicates that Cr (III) and Mn (II) complexes manifest strong toxicity against Aedes aegypti larvae with 3.458 and 4.764 ppm values of lethal concentration LC50, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotfi M Aroua
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraydah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadeq K Alhag
- Biology Department, College of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Muhayl Asser, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laila A Al-Shuraym
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabri Messaoudi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraydah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jazem A Mahyoub
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Y Alfaifi
- Biology Department, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Second and third-row transition metal compounds containing benzimidazole ligands: An overview of their anticancer and antitumour activity. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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9
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Akhter S, Arjmand F, Pettinari C, Tabassum S. Ru(II)( ƞ6- p-cymene) Conjugates Loaded onto Graphene Oxide: An Effective pH-Responsive Anticancer Drug Delivery System. Molecules 2022; 27:7592. [PMID: 36364418 PMCID: PMC9655566 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene oxide-based nanodrug delivery systems are considered one of the most promising platforms to deliver therapeutic drugs at the target site. In this study, Ru(II)(ƞ6-p-cymene) complexes containing the benzothiazole ligand were covalently anchored on graphene oxide using the ultrasonication method. The nanoconjugates GO-NCD-1 and GO-NCD-2 were characterized by FT-IR, UV-visible, 1H NMR, TGA, SEM, and TEM techniques, which confirmed the successful loading of both the complexes (NCD 1 and NCD 2) on the carrier with average particle diameter sizes of 17 ± 6.9 nm and 25 ± 6.5 nm. In vitro DNA binding studies of the nanoconjugates were carried out by employing various biophysical methods to investigate the binding interaction with the therapeutic target biomolecule and to quantify the intrinsic binding constant values useful to understand their binding affinity. Our results suggest (i) high Kb and Ksv values of the graphene-loaded conjugates (ii) effective cleavage of plasmid DNA at a lower concentration of 7.5 µM and 10 µM via an oxidative pathway, and (iii) fast release of NCD 2 at an acidic pH that could have a good impact on the controlled delivery of drug. It was found that 90% of the drug was released in an acidic pH (5.8 pH) environment in 48 h, therefore suggesting pH-responsive behavior of the drug delivery system. Molecular docking, DFT studies, and cytotoxicity activity against three cancer cell lines by SRB assay were also performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suffora Akhter
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Farukh Arjmand
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Claudio Pettinari
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Sartaj Tabassum
- Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
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Msimango N, Welsh A, Prince S, Smith GS. Synthesis and anticancer evaluation of trinuclear N^N quinolinyl-benzimidazole-based PGM complexes. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2022.109840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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11
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Antiproliferative Ruthenium Complexes Containing Curcuminoid Ligands Tested In Vitro on Human Ovarian Tumor Cell Line A2780, towards Their Capability to Modulate the NF-κBTranscription Factor, FGF-2 Growth Factor, and MMP-9 Pathway. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144565. [PMID: 35889441 PMCID: PMC9322753 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
So far, the polyphenolic components of turmeric have shown a significant pharmacological preventative activity for a wide spectrum of diseases, including oncological disorders. This type of natural product could be of great interest for the inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, displaying less side effects in comparison to classical chemotherapeutics. The poor bioavailability and quick metabolism of such natural compounds require new investigative methods to improve their stability in the organisms. A synthetic approach to increase the efficiency of curcuminoids is to coordinate them to metals through the beta-dicarbonyl moiety. We report the synthesis and the biological attempts on human ovarian carcinoma A2780 of ruthenium(II) complexes 1–4, containing curcuminoid ligands. The cytotoxicity of complexes 1–4 proves their antiproliferative capability, and a correlation between the IC50 values and NF-κB transcription factor, FGF-2, and MMP-9 levels was figured out through the principal component analysis (PCA).
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12
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Synthesis, structural characterization and anticancer properties of p-cymene Ru(II) complexes with 2-(N-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)pyridines. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-022-00503-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Khan RA, AlFawaz A, Farshori NN, Paul A, Jaafar MH, Alsalme A. Aminobenzimidazoles based (η
6
‐p‐cymene)Ruthenium (II) complexes as Nascent Anticancer Chemotherapeutics: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, DFT Studies, HSA Interactions, Molecular Docking, and Cytotoxicity. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rais Ahmad Khan
- Department of Chemistry College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh KSA
| | - Amal AlFawaz
- Department of Chemistry College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh KSA
| | - Nida N. Farshori
- Department of Pharmacognosy College of Pharmacy, King Saud University Riyadh KSA
| | - Anup Paul
- Centro de Quimica Estrutural, Instituto Superior Tecnio, Unversidade de Lisboa Lisboa Portugal
| | - Mohammed H. Jaafar
- Department of Chemistry College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh KSA
| | - Ali Alsalme
- Department of Chemistry College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh KSA
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14
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Motimani NM, Ngubane S, Smith GS. Polynuclear heteroleptic ruthenium(II) photoredox catalysts: Evaluation in blue-light-mediated, regioselective thiol-ene reactions. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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15
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Welsh A, Mbaba M, Prince S, Smith GS. Synthesis, molecular modeling and preliminary anticancer evaluation of 2-ferrocenylbenzimidazole metallofragments. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Rodríguez-Prieto T, Michlewska S, Hołota M, Ionov M, de la Mata FJ, Cano J, Bryszewska M, Gómez R. Organometallic dendrimers based on Ruthenium(II) N-heterocyclic carbenes and their implication as delivery systems of anticancer small interfering RNA. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 223:111540. [PMID: 34273717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the purpose of obtaining a new dendritic system against cancer, this paper is focused on the synthesis of spherical carbosilane metallodendrimers of different generations holding Ru(II) N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) on the periphery from the imidazolium precursors. Both imidazolium salt dendrimers and their metallodendrimers counterparts showed promising anticancer activity, similar to cisplatin, mainly at high generations. In addition, both families of second and third generations were able to form dendriplexes with anticancer small interfering RNA (siRNA), protecting the cargo against RNAse and being able to internalize it in HEPG2 (human liver cancer) tumour cells. The characterization and effectiveness of the dendriplexes were evaluated by various analytical techniques such as zeta potential, electrophoresis and circular dichroism, the stability of the system and the protective nature of the dendrimer estimated using RNAse and the internalization of dendriplexes by confocal microscopy. The major advantage observed with the ruthenium metallodendrimers with respect to the imidazolium salts precursors was in cellular uptake, where the internalization of Mcl-1-FITC siRNA (myeloid cell leukaemia-1 fluorescein labelled siRNA) proceeded more efficiently. Therefore, we propose here that both imidazolium and Ru metallodendrimers are interesting candidates in cancer due to their double action, as anticancer per se and as carrier for anticancer siRNA, providing in this way a combined action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Rodríguez-Prieto
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, and Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. Del Río" (IQAR), University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain; Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), IRYCIS, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Sylwia Michlewska
- Laboratory of Microscopic Imaging & Specialized Biological Techniques, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 12/16 Banacha St., 90-237 Lodz, Poland; Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Hołota
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maksim Ionov
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - F Javier de la Mata
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, and Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. Del Río" (IQAR), University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain; Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), IRYCIS, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Jesús Cano
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, and Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. Del Río" (IQAR), University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain; Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), IRYCIS, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Maria Bryszewska
- Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 141/143 Pomorska St., 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, and Research Institute in Chemistry "Andrés M. Del Río" (IQAR), University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain; Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), IRYCIS, Spain; Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
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17
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Nayeem N, Contel M. Exploring the Potential of Metallodrugs as Chemotherapeutics for Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Chemistry 2021; 27:8891-8917. [PMID: 33857345 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on studies of coordination and organometallic compounds as potential chemotherapeutics against triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) which has one of the poorest prognoses and worst survival rates from all breast cancer types. At present, chemotherapy is still the standard of care for TNBC since only one type of targeted therapy has been recently developed. References for metal-based compounds studied in TNBC cell lines will be listed, and those of metal-specific reviews, but a detailed overview will also be provided on compounds studied in vivo (mostly in mice models) and those compounds for which some preliminary mechanistic data was obtained (in TNBC cell lines and tumors) and/or for which bioactive ligands have been used. The main goal of this review is to highlight the most promising metal-based compounds with potential as chemotherapeutic agents in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazia Nayeem
- Brooklyn College Cancer Center BCCC-CURE, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, 11210, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, 11210, USA.,Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York, 11006, USA
| | - Maria Contel
- Brooklyn College Cancer Center BCCC-CURE, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, 11210, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York, 11210, USA.,Biology PhD Program, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York, 11006, USA.,Chemistry and Biochemistry PhD Programs, The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York, 11006, USA.,University of Hawaii Cancer Center, 701 Ilalo St, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813, USA
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18
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Melis DR, Hsiao CY, Combrinck JM, Wiesner L, Smith GS. Subcellular Localisation of a Quinoline-Containing Fluorescent Cyclometallated Ir III Complex in Plasmodium falciparum. Chembiochem 2021; 22:1568-1572. [PMID: 33453069 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescent analogue of a previously synthesised N,N-chelated IrIII complex was prepared by coordination of the organic ligand to an extrinsic bis(2-phenylpyridine)iridium(III) fluorophore. This cyclometallated IrIII complex in itself displays good, micromolar activity against the chloroquine-sensitive NF54 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Live-cell confocal microscopy found negligible localisation of the fluorescent complex within the digestive vacuole of the parasite. This eliminated the haem detoxification pathway as a potential mechanism of action. Similarly, no localisation of the complex within the parasitic nucleus was found, thus suggesting that this complex probably does not interfere with the DNA replication process. A substantial saturation of fluorescence from the complex was found near phospholipid structures such as the plasma and nuclear membranes but not in neutral lipid bodies. This indicates that an association with these membranes, or organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum or branched mitochondrion, could be essential to the efficacies of these types of antimalarial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana R Melis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, PD Hahn, Chemistry Mall, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Chiao-Yu Hsiao
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jill M Combrinck
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gregory S Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, PD Hahn, Chemistry Mall, Rondebosch, 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
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Pardeshi VAS, Chundawat NS, Pathan SI, Sukhwal P, Chundawat TPS, Singh GP. A review on synthetic approaches of benzimidazoles. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2020.1841239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Priyal Sukhwal
- Department of Chemistry, Bhupal Nobles’ University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | | | - Girdhar Pal Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Bhupal Nobles’ University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
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20
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Importance of Fluorine in Benzazole Compounds. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204677. [PMID: 33066333 PMCID: PMC7587361 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorine-containing heterocycles continue to receive considerable attention due to their unique properties. In medicinal chemistry, the incorporation of fluorine in small molecules imparts a significant enhancement their biological activities compared to non-fluorinated molecules. In this short review, we will highlight the importance of incorporating fluorine as a basic appendage in benzothiazole and benzimidazole skeletons. The chemistry and pharmacological activities of heterocycles containing fluorine during the past years are compiled and discussed.
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21
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Liu JH, Pan FH, Wang ZF, Wang R, Yang L, Qin QP, Tan MX. Synthesis, crystal structure and biological evaluation of three new Rh(III) complexes incorporating benzimidazole derivatives. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2020.108017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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