1
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Kumar P, Kumar N, Ghule VD, Dharavath S. Zwitterionic fused pyrazolo-triazole based high performing energetic materials. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1646-1649. [PMID: 38236126 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05920k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
A series of nitrogen-rich fused energetic materials were synthesized from commercially available inexpensive starting materials and fully characterized using 1H and 13C NMR, IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and DSC. The structure of zwitterionic compound 2 was supported by SCXRD data. Among all, 3 and 4 possess excellent detonation velocity (8956 and 9163 m s-1) and are insensitive towards friction (>360 N) and impact (10 J), having moderate to excellent thermal stability (171-262 °C). It is worth mentioning that the zwitterionic fused pyrazolo-triazole compound 2 and its energetic salts offer remarkable performance as new-generation thermally stable energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parasar Kumar
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Navaneet Kumar
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Vikas D Ghule
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Kurukshetra, Kurukshetra-136119, Haryana, India
| | - Srinivas Dharavath
- Energetic Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur-208016, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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2
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Lechner JT, Riedelsheimer C, Endraß SMJ, Gerold NM, Heidrich J, Krumm B, Stierstorfer J, Klapötke TM. Synthesis of Bridged Tetrazoles with Promising Properties and Potential Applications by a One-Step Finkelstein Reaction. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303021. [PMID: 37843881 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Numerous nitramine bridged compounds which show promising combinations of properties have already been identified in the area of energetic materials. In this work, four new nitrazapropane bridged tetrazoles, as well as four new trinitrazaheptane tetrazoles and three oxapropane bridged tetrazoles were synthesized and fully characterized. These new compounds can all be synthesized by a simple, one-step synthesis using Finkelstein conditions. All of these new energetic materials were characterized using NMR spectroscopy, single crystal X-ray diffraction, vibrational analysis and elemental analysis. The thermal behaviour of these compounds was studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and partly by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The BAM standard method was used to determine the sensitivities towards impact (IS) and friction (FS). The enthalpies of formation were calculated at the CBS-4M level, and the energetic performances were calculated using the EXPLO5 (V6.06.01) computer code. The properties of the new compounds were compared to each other as well as to the known energetic material RDX. Moreover, the iron(II) and copper(II) perchlorate complexes with 1,3-bis-1,1-tetrazolylnitrazapropane as ligand were prepared and investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin T Lechner
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
- EMTO GmbH - Energetic Materials Technology, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Riedelsheimer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Simon M J Endraß
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
- EMTO GmbH - Energetic Materials Technology, Munich, Germany
| | - Nina M Gerold
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Jennifer Heidrich
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Burkhard Krumm
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
- EMTO GmbH - Energetic Materials Technology, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas M Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13 (D), 81377, Munich, Germany
- EMTO GmbH - Energetic Materials Technology, Munich, Germany
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3
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Reinhardt E, Lenz T, Bauer L, Stierstorfer J, Klapötke TM. Synthesis and Characterization of Azido- and Nitratoalkyl Nitropyrazoles as Potential Melt-Cast Explosives. Molecules 2023; 28:6489. [PMID: 37764265 PMCID: PMC10535347 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Desirable advancements in the field of explosive materials include the development of novel melt-castable compounds with melting points ranging from 80 to 110 °C. This is particularly important due to the limited performance and high toxicity associated with TNT (trinitrotoluene). In this study, a series of innovative melt-castable explosives featuring nitratoalkyl and azidoalkyl functionalities attached to the 3-nitro-, 4-nitro-, 3,4-dinitropyrazole, or 3-azido-4-nitropyrazole scaffold are introduced. These compounds were synthesized using straightforward methods and thoroughly characterized using various analytical techniques, including single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, and DTA. Furthermore, the energetic properties such as (theoretical) performance data, sensitivities, and compatibilities of the compounds were evaluated and compared among the different structures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jörg Stierstorfer
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5–13, 81377 Munich, Germany; (E.R.); (T.L.); (L.B.)
| | - Thomas M. Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Butenandtstr. 5–13, 81377 Munich, Germany; (E.R.); (T.L.); (L.B.)
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4
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Singh J, Chinnam AK, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. Energetic Salts of Sensitive N,N'-(3,5-Dinitropyrazine-2,6-diyl)dinitramide Stabilized through Three-Dimensional Intermolecular Interactions. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:16493-16500. [PMID: 36194387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c02800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
N-nitration of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine (ANPZ) leads to a sensitive energetic compound N,N'-(3,5-dinitropyrazine-2,6-diyl)dinitramide. This nitro(nitroamino) compound was stabilized by synthesizing energetic salts, dipotassium (3,5-dinitropyrazine-2,6-diyl)bis(nitroamide) (3) and diammonium (3,5-dinitropyrazine-2,6-diyl)bis(nitroamide) (4). Compounds 3 and 4 are fully characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 3 exhibits a three-dimensional energetic metal-organic framework (3D EMOF) structure and an outstanding overall performance by combining high experimental density (2.10 g cm-3), good thermal stability (Td(onset) = 220 °C), and good calculated performance of detonation (D = 8300 m s-1, P = 29.9 GPa). Compound 4 has acceptable thermal stability (155 °C), moderate experimental density (1.73 g cm-3), and good calculated performance of detonation (D = 8624 m s-1, P = 30.8 GPa). The sensitivities of compounds 3 and 4 toward impact and friction were determined following standard methods (BAM). The energetic character of compounds 3 and 4 was determined using red-hot needle and heated plate tests. The results highlight a 3D EMOF (3) based on a six-membered heterocycle as a potential energetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Ajay Kumar Chinnam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Richard J Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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5
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Zhang X, Wu Y, Wang P, Lin Q, Chen S, Jin S, Xu Y, Lu M. A Solvent‐free energetic coordination polymer [N, N‐(3,4‐dinitropyrazolate)Ag]: synthesis, structure and energetic performance. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202100395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu 210094 China
| | - Yige Wu
- Research Institute of Gansu Yinguang Chemical Industry Group Baiyin Gansu 730900 China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu 210094 China
| | - Qiuhan Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu 210094 China
| | - Shusen Chen
- School of Materials Science & Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Shaohua Jin
- School of Materials Science & Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Yuangang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu 210094 China
| | - Ming Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing Jiangsu 210094 China
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6
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Zhang W, Li T, Xu H, Jiang X, Yang J, Zhang T. Theoretical study on the structure and the isomerization mechanism of
N
‐nitropyrazole. INT J CHEM KINET 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weijing Zhang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Tong Li
- North Technology Information Institution Beijing P. R. China
| | - Hongtao Xu
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Xibo Jiang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Jian Yang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an P. R. China
| | - Tonglai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology, School of Mechatronical Engineering Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing P. R. China
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7
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Xue Q, Bi F, Luo Y, Zhang J, Yang K, Wang B, Xue G. Methyl nitrate energetic compounds based on bicyclic scaffolds of furazan-isofurazan (isoxazole): syntheses, crystal structures and detonation performances. RSC Adv 2022; 12:7712-7719. [PMID: 35424754 PMCID: PMC8982173 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00215a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two energetic bicyclic scaffolds (furazan-isoxazole and furazan-1,3,4-oxadiazole) were constructed via different cyclization reactions. Based on the energetic bicyclic scaffolds, the energetic compounds, 3-(4-nitraminofurazan-3-ly)-isoxazole-5-methylnitrate 1c and 5-(4-nitraminofurazan-3-ly)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-methylnitrate 2c, were designed and synthesized in good yields. Because of the acidity of nitramine, the corresponding energetic ionic salts, ammonium 3-(4-nitraminofurazan-3-ly)isoxazole-5-methylnitrate 1d and ammonium 5-(4-nitraminofurazan-3-ly)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-methylnitrate 2e, were also obtained and well characterized, their structures were further determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction. To have a better understanding of the structure-property relationships of furazan-bicyclic scaffolds and nitrate groups, their thermal behaviors, detonation performances and the sensitivities were investigated via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), ESP analysis, Hirshfeld surfaces calculation, EXPLO5 program and BAM standard techniques. Compared with those of ammonium 5-(4-nitraminofurazan-3-ly)-1,2,4-oxadiazole-2-methylnitrate 3e, the results show that all these methyl nitrate energetic compounds based on bicyclic scaffolds of furazan-isofurazan exhibit good detonation performances and extraordinary insensitivities. As supported by experimental and theoretical data, the formation of energetic ionic salts causes an increase of the weak interactions, significantly improving the thermal performance over 110 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xue
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 China .,State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Fuqiang Bi
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 China .,State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Yifen Luo
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 China .,State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Jiarong Zhang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 China .,State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Kaidi Yang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 China .,State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Bozhou Wang
- Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute Xi'an 710065 China .,State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals Xi'an 710065 China
| | - Ganglin Xue
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry, Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China
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8
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Regioisomeric 3,5-di(nitropyrazolyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazoles and their energetic properties. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-022-03054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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9
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Singh J, Staples RJ, Shreeve JM. Pushing the Limit of Nitro Groups on a Pyrazole Ring with Energy-Stability Balance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:61357-61364. [PMID: 34920662 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polynitro compounds exhibit high density and good oxygen balance, which are desirable for energetic material applications, but their syntheses are often very challenging. Now, the design and syntheses of a new three-dimensional (3D) energetic metal-organic framework (EMOF) and high-energy-density materials (HEDMs) with good thermal stabilities and detonation properties based on a polynitro pyrazole are reported. Dipotassium 3,5-bis(dinitromethyl)-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (5) exhibits a 3D EMOF structure with good thermal stability (202 °C), a high density of 2.15 g cm-3 at 100 K (2.10 g cm-3 at 298 K) in combination with superior detonation performance (Dv = 7965 m s-1, P = 29.3 GPa). Dihydrazinium 3,5-bis(dinitromethyl)-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (7) exhibits a good density of 1.88 g cm-3 at 100 K (1.83 g cm-3 at 298 K) and superior thermal stability (218 °C), owing to the presence of 3D hydrogen-bonding networks. Its detonation velocity (8931 m s-1) and detonation pressure (35.9 GPa) are considerably superior to those of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). The results highlight the syntheses of a 3D EMOF (5) and HEDM (7) with five nitro groups as potential energetic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatinder Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
| | - Richard J Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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10
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11
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Du Y, Qu Z, Wang H, Cui H, Wang X. Review on the Synthesis and Performance for 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole‐Based Energetic Materials. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202000318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Du
- High-Tech Institute of Xi'an Xi'an Shaanxi 710025 China
| | - Zhongkai Qu
- High-Tech Institute of Xi'an Xi'an Shaanxi 710025 China
| | - Huanchun Wang
- High-Tech Institute of Xi'an Xi'an Shaanxi 710025 China
- Shaanxi Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Energy Technology School of Materials Science & Engineering Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an Shaanxi 710119 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Special Fuel Chemistry and Material Xi'an Shaanxi 710025 China
| | - Hu Cui
- High-Tech Institute of Xi'an Xi'an Shaanxi 710025 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Special Fuel Chemistry and Material Xi'an Shaanxi 710025 China
| | - Xuanjun Wang
- High-Tech Institute of Xi'an Xi'an Shaanxi 710025 China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Special Fuel Chemistry and Material Xi'an Shaanxi 710025 China
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12
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Yin Z, Huang W, Tang Y. Synthesis and Properties of Lead‐Free Primary Explosive: Potassium 5‐(2,2‐Diamino‐1‐nitrovinyl)tetrazolate. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.202100079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Yin
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
| | - Yongxing Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering Nanjing University of Science and Technology Nanjing 210094 China
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13
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Lu T, He Y, Song J, Hou Z, Yin H, Fan G, Chen FX. Synthesis and properties of gem-dinitro energetic salts based on 1,2,4-oxadiazole with low impact sensitivity. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05530a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The compounds in this study are insensitive to impact and more energetic than TNT, giving new insights into gem-dinitro-derived compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lu
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
| | - Yuna He
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
| | - Jia Song
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
| | - Zhengwen Hou
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
| | - Hongquan Yin
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
| | - Guijuan Fan
- Institute of Chemical Materials
- CAEP
- Mianyang 621050
- China
| | - Fu-Xue Chen
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology (Liangxiang Campus)
- Beijing 102488
- China
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14
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Ueda M, Yasui M, Hasegawa M, Konishi K, Takeda N. Dihalogenative Cyclization for the Synthesis of 4-Bromo-1-bromoalkyl-5-aryl/alkyl/alkenyl-pyrazoles. HETEROCYCLES 2021. [DOI: 10.3987/com-20-s(k)43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Guo B, Zhang X, Lin X, Huang H, Yang J. Combining potassium with positive oxygen-balanced polynitropyrazole: a promising way to develop green primary explosives. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04452d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel green primary explosive dipotassium 3,5-dinitro-4-nitramino-1-(dinitromethyl) pyrazole (compound 6) has been synthesized and its physicochemical and energetic properties have been fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyue Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Xiya Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Energy Regulation Materials, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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16
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Zhang S, Gao Z, Lan D, Jia Q, Liu N, Zhang J, Kou K. Recent Advances in Synthesis and Properties of Nitrated-Pyrazoles Based Energetic Compounds. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153475. [PMID: 32751631 PMCID: PMC7435826 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrated-pyrazole-based energetic compounds have attracted wide publicity in the field of energetic materials (EMs) due to their high heat of formation, high density, tailored thermal stability, and detonation performance. Many nitrated-pyrazole-based energetic compounds have been developed to meet the increasing demands of high power, low sensitivity, and eco-friendly environment, and they have good applications in explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics. Continuous and growing efforts have been committed to promote the rapid development of nitrated-pyrazole-based EMs in the last decade, especially through large amounts of Chinese research. Some of the ultimate aims of nitrated-pyrazole-based materials are to develop potential candidates of castable explosives, explore novel insensitive high energy materials, search for low cost synthesis strategies, high efficiency, and green environmental protection, and further widen the applications of EMs. This review article aims to present the recent processes in the synthesis and physical and explosive performances of the nitrated-pyrazole-based Ems, including monopyrazoles with nitro, bispyrazoles with nitro, nitropyrazolo[4,3-c]pyrazoles, and their derivatives, and to comb the development trend of these compounds. This review intends to prompt fresh concepts for designing prominent high-performance nitropyrazole-based EMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.Z.); (Z.G.); (D.L.); (Q.J.)
| | - Zhenguo Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.Z.); (Z.G.); (D.L.); (Q.J.)
| | - Di Lan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.Z.); (Z.G.); (D.L.); (Q.J.)
| | - Qian Jia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.Z.); (Z.G.); (D.L.); (Q.J.)
| | - Ning Liu
- Xi’an Modern Chemistry Institute, Xi’an 710065, China;
| | - Jiaoqiang Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.Z.); (Z.G.); (D.L.); (Q.J.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (K.K.)
| | - Kaichang Kou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China; (S.Z.); (Z.G.); (D.L.); (Q.J.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (K.K.)
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17
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Moses Abraham B. High pressure structural behaviour of 5,5'-bitetrazole-1,1'-diolate based energetic materials: a comparative study from first principles calculations. RSC Adv 2020; 10:24867-24876. [PMID: 35517445 PMCID: PMC9055204 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04782a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pressure on the scale of gigapascals can cause incredible variations in the physicochemical and detonation characteristics of energetic materials. As a continuation of our earlier work (B. Moses Abraham, et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2018, 20, 29693–29707), here we report the high pressure structural and vibrational properties of 5,5′-bitetrazole-1,1′-diolate based energetic ionic salts via dispersion-corrected density functional theory calculations. Remarkably, these energetic materials exhibit anisotropic behavior along three crystallographic directions with progressing pressure; especially, the maximum and minimum reduction in volume is observed for HA-BTO and TKX-50, respectively. The large bulk modulus of TKX-50 (28.64) indicates its hard nature when compared to other BTO-based energetic salts. The effect of pressure on hydrogen bonded D–H⋯A energetic materials induces spectral shift (lengthening/shortening) in the donor group (D–H) of the stretching vibrations and is widely recognized as the signature of hydrogen bonding. We observed unusual contraction of the D–H bond under compression due to the short range repulsive forces encountered by the H atom while the molecule attempts to stabilize. The Hirshfeld surface analysis highlights the pressure induced stabilization of HA-BTO due to increased N⋯H/H⋯N and O⋯H/H⋯O close contact of hydrogen bond acceptors and donors. These studies provide theoretical guidance as a function of pressure, on how the micro-structures and intermolecular interactions can tune macroscopic properties to enhance the energetic performance. We report the high pressure structural and vibrational properties of 5,5′-bitetrazole-1,1′-diolate based energetic ionic salts via dispersion-corrected density functional theory calculations.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- B Moses Abraham
- Advanced Centre of Research in High Energy Materials (ACRHEM), University of Hyderabad Prof. C. R. Rao Road, Gachibowli Hyderabad-500046 Telangana India
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Ma J, Zhang J, Imler GH, Parrish DA, Shreeve JM. gem-Dinitromethyl-Functionalized 5-Amino-1,3,4-oxadiazolate Derivatives: Alternate Route, Characterization, and Property Analysis. Org Lett 2020; 22:4771-4775. [PMID: 32515978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new, safer, and more cost-effective methodology to synthesize salts based on gem-dinitromethyl-functionalized 5-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazolate is given. Cyclization, deprotection, nitration, and neutralization reactions were conducted to obtain products in high yield. All compounds were fully characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Crystal structure analysis, property tests, and theoretical calculations confirm good detonation performance and high mechanical stabilities of the salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States.,Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Biomaterials Research Center, Zhuhai 519003, China
| | - Jiaheng Zhang
- Zhuhai Institute of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Biomaterials Research Center, Zhuhai 519003, China.,Research Centre of Flexible Printed Electronic Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Gregory H Imler
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Damon A Parrish
- Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Avenue, Washington, D.C. 20375, United States
| | - Jean'ne M Shreeve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844-2343, United States
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