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Le Dé Q, Valyaev DA, Simonneau A. Nitrogen Fixation by Manganese Complexes - Waiting for the Rush? Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400784. [PMID: 38709147 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Manganese is currently experiencing a great deal of attention in homogeneous catalysis as a sustainable alternative to platinum group metals due to its abundance, affordable price and low toxicity. While homogeneous nitrogen fixation employing well-defined transition metal complexes has been an important part of coordination chemistry, manganese derivatives have been only sporadically used in this research area. In this contribution, the authors systematically cover manganese organometallic chemistry related to N2 activation spanning almost 60 years, identify apparent pitfalls and outline encouraging perspectives for its future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Le Dé
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP44099, F-31077, Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Dmitry A Valyaev
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP44099, F-31077, Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Antoine Simonneau
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP44099, F-31077, Toulouse cedex 4, France
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Fairlamb IJS, Lynam JM. Unveiling Mechanistic Complexity in Manganese-Catalyzed C-H Bond Functionalization Using IR Spectroscopy Over 16 Orders of Magnitude in Time. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:919-932. [PMID: 38412502 PMCID: PMC10956383 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
ConspectusAn understanding of the mechanistic processes that underpin reactions catalyzed by 3d transition metals is vital for their development as potential replacements for scarce platinum group metals. However, this is a significant challenge because of the tendency of 3d metals to undergo mechanistically diverse pathways when compared with their heavier congeners, often as a consequence of one-electron transfer reactions and/or intrinsically weaker metal-ligand bonds. We have developed and implemented a new methodology to illuminate the pathways that underpin C-H bond functionalization pathways in reactions catalyzed by Mn-carbonyl compounds. By integrating measurements performed on catalytic reactions with in situ reaction monitoring and state-of-the-art ultrafast spectroscopic methods, unique insight into the mode of action and fate of the catalyst have been obtained.Using a combination of time-resolved spectroscopy and in situ low-temperature NMR studies, we have shown that photolysis of manganese-carbonyl precatalysts results in rapid (<5 ps) CO dissociation─the same process that occurs under thermal catalytic conditions. This enabled the detection of the key states relevant to catalysis, including solvent and alkyne complexes and their resulting transformation into manganacycles, which results from a migratory insertion reaction into the Mn-C bond. By systematic variation of the substrates (many of which are real-world structurally diverse substrates and not simple benchmark systems) and quantification of the resulting rate constants for the insertion step, a universal model for this migratory insertion process has been developed. The time-resolved spectroscopic method gave insight into fundamental mechanistic pathways underpinning other aspects of modern synthetic chemistry. The most notable was the first direct experimental observation of the concerted metalation deprotonation (CMD) mechanism through which carboxylate groups are able to mediate C-H bond activation at a metal center. This step underpins a host of important synthetic applications. This study demonstrated how the time-resolved multiple probe spectroscopy (TRMPS) method enables the observation of mechanistic process occurring on time scales from several picoseconds through to μs in a single experiment, thereby allowing the sequential observation of solvation, ligand substitution, migratory insertion, and ultimate protonation of a Mn-C bond.These studies have been complemented by an investigation of the "in reaction flask" catalyst behavior, which has provided additional insight into new pathways for precatalyst activation, including evidence that alkyne C-H bond activation may occur before heterocycle activation. Crucial insight into the fate of the catalyst species showed that excess water played a key role in deactivation to give higher-order hydroxyl-bridged manganese carbonyl clusters, which were independently found to be inactive. Traditional in situ IR and NMR spectroscopic analysis on the second time scale bridges the gap to the analysis of real catalytic reaction systems. As a whole, this work has provided unprecedented insight into the processes underpinning manganese-catalyzed reactions spanning 16 orders of magnitude in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Jason M. Lynam
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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Le Dé Q, Bouammali A, Bijani C, Vendier L, Del Rosal I, Valyaev DA, Dinoi C, Simonneau A. An Experimental and Computational Investigation Rules Out Direct Nucleophilic Addition on the N 2 Ligand in Manganese Dinitrogen Complex [Cp(CO) 2 Mn(N 2 )]. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305235. [PMID: 37379032 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
We have re-examined the reactivity of the manganese dinitrogen complex [Cp(CO)2 Mn(N2 )] (1, Cp=η5 -cyclopentadienyl, C5 H5 ) with phenylithium (PhLi). By combining experiment and density functional theory (DFT), we have found that, unlike previously reported, the direct nucleophilic attack of the carbanion onto coordinated dinitrogen does not occur. Instead, PhLi reacts with one of the CO ligands to provide an anionic acylcarbonyl dinitrogen metallate [Cp(CO)(N2 )MnCOPh]Li (3) that is stable only below -40 °C. Full characterization of 3 (including single crystal X-ray diffraction) was performed. This complex decomposes quickly above -20 °C with N2 loss to give a phenylate complex [Cp(CO)2 MnPh]Li (2). The latter compound was erroneously formulated as an anionic diazenido compound [Cp(CO)2 MnN(Ph)=N]Li in earlier reports, ruling out the claimed and so-far unique behavior of the N2 ligand in 1. DFT calculations were run to explore both the hypothesized and the experimentally verified reactivity of 1 with PhLi and are fully consistent with our results. Direct attack of a nucleophile on metal-coordinated N2 remains to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Le Dé
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP44099, 31077, Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Amal Bouammali
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP44099, 31077, Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Christian Bijani
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP44099, 31077, Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Laure Vendier
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP44099, 31077, Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Iker Del Rosal
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Dmitry A Valyaev
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP44099, 31077, Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Chiara Dinoi
- LPCNO, CNRS & INSA, Université Paul Sabatier, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Antoine Simonneau
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, BP44099, 31077, Toulouse cedex 4, France
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Eastwood JB, Hammarback LA, Burden TJ, Clark IP, Towrie M, Robinson A, Fairlamb IJS, Lynam JM. Understanding Precatalyst Activation and Speciation in Manganese-Catalyzed C–H Bond Functionalization Reactions. Organometallics 2023. [PMID: 37502314 PMCID: PMC10369674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.3c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
An investigation into species formed following precatalyst activation in Mn-catalyzed C-H bond functionalization reactions is reported. Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy demonstrates that light-induced CO dissociation from precatalysts [Mn(C^N)(CO)4] (C^N = cyclometalated 2-phenylpyridine (1a), cyclometalated 1,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)methanimine (1b)) in a toluene solution of 2-phenylpyridine (2a) or 1,1-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)methanimine (2b) results in the initial formation of solvent complexes fac-[Mn(C^N)(CO)3(toluene)]. Subsequent solvent substitution on a nanosecond time scale then yields fac-[Mn(C^N)(CO)3(κ1-(N)-2a)] and fac-[Mn(C^N)(CO)3(κ1-(N)-2b)], respectively. When the experiments are performed in the presence of phenylacetylene, the initial formation of fac-[Mn(C^N)(CO)3(toluene)] is followed by a competitive substitution reaction to give fac-[Mn(C^N)(CO)3(2)] and fac-[Mn(C^N)(CO)3(η2-PhC2H)]. The fate of the reaction mixture depends on the nature of the nitrogen-containing substrate used. In the case of 2-phenylpyridine, migratory insertion of the alkyne into the Mn-C bond occurs, and fac-[Mn(C^N)(CO)3(κ1-(N)-2a)] remains unchanged. In contrast, when 2b is used, substitution of the η2-bound phenylacetylene by 2b occurs on a microsecond time scale, and fac-[Mn(C^N)(CO)3(κ1-(N)-2b)] is the sole product from the reaction. Calculations with density functional theory indicate that this difference in behavior may be correlated with the different affinities of 2a and 2b for the manganese. This study therefore demonstrates that speciation immediately following precatalyst activation is a kinetically controlled event. The most dominant species in the reaction mixture (the solvent) initially binds to the metal. The subsequent substitution of the metal-bound solvent is also kinetically controlled (on a ns time scale) prior to the thermodynamic distribution of products being obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B. Eastwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - L. Anders Hammarback
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J. Burden
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian P. Clark
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Towrie
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Robinson
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG Schaffhauserstrasse, 4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Jason M. Lynam
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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Hammarback LA, Eastwood JB, Burden TJ, Pearce CJ, Clark IP, Towrie M, Robinson A, Fairlamb IJS, Lynam JM. A comprehensive understanding of carbon-carbon bond formation by alkyne migratory insertion into manganacycles. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9902-9913. [PMID: 36199635 PMCID: PMC9431456 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02562k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Migratory insertion (MI) is one of the most important processes underpinning the transition metal-catalysed formation of C-C and C-X bonds. In this work, a comprehensive model of MI is presented, based on the direct observation of the states involved in the coupling of alkynes with cyclometallated ligands, augmented with insight from computational chemistry. Time-resolved spectroscopy demonstrates that photolysis of complexes [Mn(C^N)(CO)4] (C^N = cyclometalated ligand) results in ultra-fast dissociation of a CO ligand. Performing the experiment in a toluene solution of an alkyne results in the initial formation of a solvent complex fac-[Mn(C^N)(toluene)(CO)3]. Solvent substitution gives an η2-alkyne complex fac-[Mn(C^N)(η2-R1C2R2)(CO)3] which undergoes MI of the unsaturated ligand into the Mn-C bond. These data allowed for the dependence of second order rate constants for solvent substitution and first order rate constants for C-C bond formation to be determined. A systematic investigation into the influence of the alkyne and C^N ligand on this process is reported. The experimental data enabled the development of a computational model for the MI reaction which demonstrated that a synergic interaction between the metal and the nascent C-C bond controls both the rate and regiochemical outcome of the reaction. The time-resolved spectroscopic method enabled the observation of a multi-step reaction occurring over 8 orders of magnitude in time, including the formation of solvent complexes, ligand substitution and two sequential C-C bond formation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas J Burden
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Callum J Pearce
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Ian P Clark
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus Didcot Oxfordshire OX11 0QX UK
| | - Michael Towrie
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus Didcot Oxfordshire OX11 0QX UK
| | - Alan Robinson
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG Münchwilen Breitenloh 5,4333 Switzerland
| | - Ian J S Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Jason M Lynam
- Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
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Turner JJ, George MW, Poliakoff M, Perutz RN. Photochemistry of transition metal carbonyls. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:5300-5329. [PMID: 35708003 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00826a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this Tutorial Review is to outline the fundamental photochemistry of metal carbonyls, and to show how the advances in technology have increased our understanding of the detailed mechanisms, particularly how relatively simple experiments can provide deep understanding of complex problems. We recall some important early experiments that demonstrate the key principles underlying current research, concentrating on the binary carbonyls and selected substituted metal carbonyls. At each stage, we illustrate with examples from recent applications. This review first considers the detection of photochemical intermediates in three environments: glasses and matrices; gas phase; solution. It is followed by an examination of the theory underpinning these observations. In the final two sections, we briefly address applications to the characterization and behaviour of complexes with very labile ligands such as N2, H2 and alkanes, concentrating on key mechanistic points, and also describe some principles and examples of photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Turner
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | | | | | - Robin N Perutz
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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Hammarback LA, Bishop AL, Jordan C, Athavan G, Eastwood JB, Burden TJ, Bray JTW, Clarke F, Robinson A, Krieger JP, Whitwood A, Clark IP, Towrie M, Lynam JM, Fairlamb IJS. Manganese-Mediated C–H Bond Activation of Fluorinated Aromatics and the ortho-Fluorine Effect: Kinetic Analysis by In Situ Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis and Time-Resolved Methods. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy L. Bishop
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Jordan
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Gayathri Athavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Thomas J. Burden
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua T. W. Bray
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Francis Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Robinson
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse, Basel 4332, Switzerland
| | | | - Adrian Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian P. Clark
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Towrie
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Jason M. Lynam
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J. S. Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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8
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Firth JD, Hammarback LA, Burden TJ, Eastwood JB, Donald JR, Horbaczewskyj CS, McRobie MT, Tramaseur A, Clark IP, Towrie M, Robinson A, Krieger JP, Lynam JM, Fairlamb IJS. Light- and Manganese-Initiated Borylation of Aryl Diazonium Salts: Mechanistic Insight on the Ultrafast Time-Scale Revealed by Time-Resolved Spectroscopic Analysis. Chemistry 2021; 27:3979-3985. [PMID: 33135818 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Manganese-mediated borylation of aryl/heteroaryl diazonium salts emerges as a general and versatile synthetic methodology for the synthesis of the corresponding boronate esters. The reaction proved an ideal testing ground for delineating the Mn species responsible for the photochemical reaction processes, that is, involving either Mn radical or Mn cationic species, which is dependent on the presence of a suitably strong oxidant. Our findings are important for a plethora of processes employing Mn-containing carbonyl species as initiators and/or catalysts, which have considerable potential in synthetic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Firth
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Thomas J Burden
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - James R Donald
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Matthew T McRobie
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Adam Tramaseur
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ian P Clark
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Michael Towrie
- Central Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Alan Robinson
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, 4333, Münchwilen, Switzerland
| | | | - Jason M Lynam
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ian J S Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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Hammarback LA, Aucott BJ, Bray JTW, Clark IP, Towrie M, Robinson A, Fairlamb IJS, Lynam JM. Direct Observation of the Microscopic Reverse of the Ubiquitous Concerted Metalation Deprotonation Step in C-H Bond Activation Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1356-1364. [PMID: 33428402 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ability of carboxylate groups to promote the direct functionalization of C-H bonds in organic compounds is unquestionably one of the most important discoveries in modern chemical synthesis. Extensive computational studies have indicated that this process proceeds through the deprotonation of a metal-coordinated C-H bond by the basic carboxylate, yet experimental validation of these predicted mechanistic pathways is limited and fraught with difficulty, mainly as rapid proton transfer is frequently obscured in ensemble measures in multistep reactions (i.e., a catalytic cycle consisting of several steps). In this paper, we describe a strategy to experimentally observe the microscopic reverse of the key C-H bond activation step underpinning functionalization processes (viz. M-C bond protonation). This has been achieved by utilizing photochemical activation of the thermally robust precursor [Mn(ppy)(CO)4] (ppy = metalated 2-phenylpyridine) in neat acetic acid. Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy on the picosecond-millisecond time scale allows direct observation of the states involved in the proton transfer from the acetic acid to the cyclometalated ligand, providing direct experimental evidence for the computationally predicted reaction pathways. The power of this approach to probe the mechanistic pathways in transition-metal-catalyzed reactions is demonstrated through experiments performed in toluene solution in the presence of PhC2H and HOAc. These allowed for the observation of sequential displacement of the metal-bound solvent by the alkyne, C-C bond formation though insertion in the Mn-C bond, and a slower protonation step by HOAc to generate the product of a Mn(I)-catalyzed C-H bond functionalization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin J Aucott
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Joshua T W Bray
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Ian P Clark
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Michael Towrie
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K
| | - Alan Robinson
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Breitenloh 5, Münchwilen 433, Switzerland
| | - Ian J S Fairlamb
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Jason M Lynam
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
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