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Chiang YF, Huang KC, Chen HY, Hamdy NM, Huang TC, Chang HY, Shieh TM, Huang YJ, Hsia SM. Hinokitiol Inhibits Breast Cancer Cells In Vitro Stemness-Progression and Self-Renewal with Apoptosis and Autophagy Modulation via the CD44/Nanog/SOX2/Oct4 Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3904. [PMID: 38612715 PMCID: PMC11011552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) represents one of the most prevalent malignant threats to women globally. Tumor relapse or metastasis is facilitated by BC stemness progression, contributing to tumorigenicity. Therefore, comprehending the characteristics of stemness progression and the underlying molecular mechanisms is pivotal for BC advancement. Hinokitiol (β-thujaplicin), a tropolone-related compound abundant in the heartwood of cupressaceous plants, exhibits antimicrobial activity. In our study, we employed three BC cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, and T47D) to assess the expression of stemness-, apoptosis-, and autophagy-related proteins. Hinokitiol significantly reduced the viability of cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we observed that hinokitiol enhances apoptosis by increasing the levels of cleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and phospho-p53. It also induces dysfunction in autophagy through the upregulation of LC3B and p62 protein expression. Additionally, hinokitiol significantly suppressed the number and diameter of cancer cell line spheres by reducing the expression of cluster of differentiation44 (CD44) and key transcription factors. These findings underscore hinokitiol's potential as a therapeutic agent for breast cancer, particularly as a stemness-progression inhibitor. Further research and clinical studies are warranted to explore the full therapeutic potential of hinokitiol in the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fen Chiang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan; (Y.-F.C.); (K.-C.H.); (H.-Y.C.)
| | - Ko-Chieh Huang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan; (Y.-F.C.); (K.-C.H.); (H.-Y.C.)
| | - Hsin-Yuan Chen
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan; (Y.-F.C.); (K.-C.H.); (H.-Y.C.)
| | - Nadia M. Hamdy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Tsui-Chin Huang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan;
| | - Hsin-Yi Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
| | - Tzong-Ming Shieh
- School of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ju Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan City 710301, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Min Hsia
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan; (Y.-F.C.); (K.-C.H.); (H.-Y.C.)
- School of Food and Safety, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center for Digestive Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
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Zhao M, Qiao C, Yang S, Tang Y, Sun W, Sun S, Guo Q, Du F, Zhang N, Ning T, Wu J, Xu J, Li P. Hinokitiol protects gastric injury from ethanol exposure via its iron sequestration capacity. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 966:176340. [PMID: 38244759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Hinokitiol is a natural bioactive tropolone derivative isolated from Chamaecyparis obtusa and Thuja plicata, which exhibits promising potential in terms of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and possesses potent iron-binding capacity. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential role of hinokitiol in protecting against ethanol-induced gastric injury and elucidate the underlying mechanism. Our results demonstrated that hinokitiol effectively attenuated hemorrhagic gastric lesions, epithelial cell loss, and inflammatory response in mice with ethanol-induced gastric injury. Intriguingly, we found that ethanol exposure affects iron levels both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, the disturbed iron homeostasis was involved in the development of ethanol-induced injury. Iron depletion was found to enhance defense against ethanol-induced damage, while iron repletion showed the opposite effect. To further explore the role of iron sequestration in the protective effects of hinokitiol, we synthesized methylhinokitiol, a compound that shields the iron binding capacity of hinokitiol with a methyl group. Interestingly, this compound significantly diminishes the protective effect against ethanol-induced injury. These findings collectively demonstrated that hinokitiol could potentially be used to prevent or improve gastric injury induced by ethanol through regulating cellular iron homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Chen Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shuyue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yefeng Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shanshan Sun
- National Institute of Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qingdong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Feng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - TingTing Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Junxuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Health, Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Disease, Beijing Digestive Disease Center, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Zhao H, Zhang M, Zhang J, Sun Z, Zhang W, Dong W, Cheng C, Yao Y, Li K. Hinokitiol-iron complex is a ferroptosis inducer to inhibit triple-negative breast tumor growth. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:87. [PMID: 37179385 PMCID: PMC10182687 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01044-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ferroptosis is a unique cell death, dependent on iron and phospholipid peroxidation, involved in massive processes of physiopathology. Tremendous attention has been caught in oncology, particularly for those therapy-resistant cancers in the mesenchymal state prone to metastasis due to their exquisite vulnerability to ferroptosis. Therefore, a therapeutical ferroptosis inducer is now underway to be exploited. RESULTS A natural compound, hinokitiol (hino), has been considered to be an iron chelator. We have a novel finding that hino complexed with iron to form Fe(hino)3 can function as a ferroptosis inducer in vitro. The efficiency, compared with the same concentration of iron, increases nearly 1000 folds. Other iron chelators, ferroptosis inhibitors, or antioxidants can inhibit Fe(hino)3-induced ferroptosis. The complex Fe(hino)3 efficacy is further confirmed in orthotopic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) tumor models that Fe(hino)3 significantly boosted lipid peroxidation to induce ferroptosis and significantly reduced the sizes of TNBC cell-derived tumors. The drug's safety was also evaluated, and no detrimental side effects were found with the tested dosage. CONCLUSIONS When entering cells, the chelated iron by hinokitiol as a complex Fe(hino)3 is proposed to be redox-active to vigorously promote the production of free radicals via the Fenton reaction. Thus, Fe(hino)3 is a ferroptosis inducer and, therapeutically, exhibits anti-TNBC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongting Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Jinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Zichen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Weichen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yongzhong Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Kuanyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Medical School, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing, 210093, China.
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Different Cell Responses to Hinokitiol Treatment Result in Senescence or Apoptosis in Human Osteosarcoma Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031632. [PMID: 35163553 PMCID: PMC8835861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hinokitiol is a tropolone-related compound isolated from the heartwood of cupressaceous plants. It is known to exhibit various biological functions including antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant activities. In the study, we investigated the antitumor activities of hinokitiol against human osteosarcoma cells. The results revealed that hinokitiol treatment inhibited cell viability of human osteosarcoma U-2 OS and MG-63 cells in the MTT assay. Further study revealed that hinokitiol exposure caused cell cycle arrest at the S phase and a DNA damage response with the induction of γ-H2AX foci in both osteosarcoma cell lines. In U-2 OS cells with wild-type tumor suppressor p53, we found that hinokitiol exposure induced p53 expression and cellular senescence, and knockdown of p53 suppressed the senescence. However, in MG-63 cells with mutated p53, a high percentage of cells underwent apoptosis with cleaved-PARP expression and Annexin V staining after hinokitiol treatment. In addition, up-regulated autophagy was observed both in hinokitiol-exposed U-2 OS and MG-63 cells. As the autophagy was suppressed through the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine, hinokitiol-induced senescence in U-2 OS cells was significantly enhanced accompanying more abundant p53 expression. In MG-63 cells, co-treatment of chloroquine increased hinokitiol-induced apoptosis and decreased cell viability of the treated cells. Our data revealed that hinokitiol treatment could result in different cell responses, senescence or apoptosis in osteosarcoma cell lines, and suppression of autophagy could promote these effects. We hypothesize that the analysis of p53 status and co-administration of autophagy inhibitors might provide more precise and efficacious therapies in hinokitiol-related trials for treating osteosarcoma.
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Chen HY, Cheng WP, Chiang YF, Hong YH, Ali M, Huang TC, Wang KL, Shieh TM, Chang HY, Hsia SM. Hinokitiol Exhibits Antitumor Properties through Induction of ROS-Mediated Apoptosis and p53-Driven Cell-Cycle Arrest in Endometrial Cancer Cell Lines (Ishikawa, HEC-1A, KLE). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158268. [PMID: 34361036 PMCID: PMC8348875 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hinokitiol is a natural tropolone derivative that is present in the heartwood of cupressaceous plants, and has been extensively investigated for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor properties in the context of various diseases. To date, the effects of hinokitiol on endometrial cancer (EC) has not been explored. The purpose of our study was to investigate the anti-proliferative effects of hinokitiol on EC cells. Cell viability was determined with an MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, and the quantification of apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROSs) was performed by using flow cytometry, while protein expression was measured with the Western blotting technique. Hinokitiol significantly suppressed cell proliferation through the inhibition of the expression of cell-cycle mediators, such as cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), as well as the induction of the tumor suppressor protein p53. In addition, hinokitiol increased the number of apoptotic cells and increased the protein expression of cleaved-poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) and active cleaved-caspase-3, as well as the ratio of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) to B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2). Interestingly, except for KLE cells, hinokitiol induced autophagy by promoting the accumulation of the microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B (LC3B) and reducing the sequestosome-1 (p62/SQSTM1) protein level. Furthermore, hinokitiol triggered ROS production and upregulated the phosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK1/2) in EC cells. These results demonstrate that hinokitiol has potential anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic benefits in the treatment of endometrial cancer cell lines (Ishikawa, HEC-1A, and KLE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yuan Chen
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (Y.-F.C.)
- Department of Nutrition, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Pin Cheng
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei 11101, Taiwan;
| | - Yi-Fen Chiang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (Y.-F.C.)
| | - Yong-Han Hong
- Department of Nutrition, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan;
| | - Mohamed Ali
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Tsui-Chin Huang
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Kai-Lee Wang
- Department of Nursing, Ching Kuo Institute of Management and Health, Keelung 20301, Taiwan;
| | - Tzong-Ming Shieh
- School of Dentistry, College of Dentistry, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
| | - Hsin-Yi Chang
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Min Hsia
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.-Y.C.); (Y.-F.C.)
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- School of Food and Safety, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-2736-1661 (ext. 6558)
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Susanti NMP, Tjahjono DH. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 and 6 Inhibitors in Cell Cycle Dysregulation for Breast Cancer Treatment. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154462. [PMID: 34361615 PMCID: PMC8348313 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In cell development, the cell cycle is crucial, and the cycle progression’s main controllers are endogenous CDK inhibitors, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and cyclins. In response to the mitogenic signal, cyclin D is produced and retinoblastoma protein (Rb) is phosphorylated due to activated CDK4/CDK6. This causes various proteins required in the cell cycle progression to be generated. In addition, complexes of CDK1-cyclin A/B, CDK2-cyclin E/A, and CDK4/CDK6-cyclin D are required in each phase of this progression. Cell cycle dysregulation has the ability to lead to cancer. Based on its role in the cell cycle, CDK has become a natural target of anticancer therapy. Therefore, understanding the CDK structures and the complex formed with the drug, helps to foster the development of CDK inhibitors. This development starts from non-selective CDK inhibitors to selective CDK4/CDK6 inhibitors, and these have been applied in clinical cancer treatment. However, these inhibitors currently require further development for various hematologic malignancies and solid tumors, based on the results demonstrated. In drug development, the main strategy is primarily to prevent and asphyxiate drug resistance, thus a determination of specific biomarkers is required to increase the therapy’s effectiveness as well as patient selection suitability in order to avoid therapy failure. This review is expected to serve as a reference for early and advanced-stage researchers in designing new molecules or repurposing existing molecules as CDK4/CDK6 inhibitors to treat breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Made Pitri Susanti
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia;
- Study Program of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Udaya, Jalan Bukit Jimbaran, Badung 80361, Indonesia
| | - Daryono Hadi Tjahjono
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Jalan Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +62-812-2240-0120
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Wang CC, Chen BK, Chen PH, Chen LC. Hinokitiol induces cell death and inhibits epidermal growth factor-induced cell migration and signaling pathways in human cervical adenocarcinoma. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 59:698-705. [PMID: 32917321 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the antitumor activity of hinokitiol for its clinical application in the treatment of human cervical carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cervical carcinoma HeLa cells were treated by different concentrations of hinokitiol. Flow cytometry was used to analyze cell cycle. Senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) assay was used to identify senescent cells. The effects of hinokitiol on EGF-induced cell migration were determined by wound healing and transwell migration assays. Western blot was used to detect proteins involved in cell cycle progression, apoptosis, autophagy, and EGF-induced signaling pathways. RESULTS Hinokitiol suppressed cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that hinokitiol treatment resulted in cell cycle arrest at G1 phase, with reduced number of cells in the G2/M phase. Western blot analysis further demonstrated that hinokitiol treatment increased the levels of p53 and p21, and concomitantly reduced the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins, including cyclin D and cyclin E. SA-β-gal assay showed that hinokitiol treatment significantly induced β-galactosidase activity. In addition, treatment with hinokitiol increased the accumulation of the autophagy regulators, beclin 1 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3-II), in a dose-dependent manner; however, it did not induce caspase-3 activation and poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. In addition, epidermal growth factor-induced cell migration and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation were significantly inhibited by hinokitiol. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed that hinokitiol might serve as a potential therapeutic agent for cervical carcinoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, E-Da Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ben-Kuen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Peng-Hsu Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lei-Chin Chen
- Department of Nutrition, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
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Ding L, Cao J, Lin W, Chen H, Xiong X, Ao H, Yu M, Lin J, Cui Q. The Roles of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases in Cell-Cycle Progression and Therapeutic Strategies in Human Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061960. [PMID: 32183020 PMCID: PMC7139603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are serine/threonine kinases whose catalytic activities are regulated by interactions with cyclins and CDK inhibitors (CKIs). CDKs are key regulatory enzymes involved in cell proliferation through regulating cell-cycle checkpoints and transcriptional events in response to extracellular and intracellular signals. Not surprisingly, the dysregulation of CDKs is a hallmark of cancers, and inhibition of specific members is considered an attractive target in cancer therapy. In breast cancer (BC), dual CDK4/6 inhibitors, palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib, combined with other agents, were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently for the treatment of hormone receptor positive (HR+) advanced or metastatic breast cancer (A/MBC), as well as other sub-types of breast cancer. Furthermore, ongoing studies identified more selective CDK inhibitors as promising clinical targets. In this review, we focus on the roles of CDKs in driving cell-cycle progression, cell-cycle checkpoints, and transcriptional regulation, a highlight of dysregulated CDK activation in BC. We also discuss the most relevant CDK inhibitors currently in clinical BC trials, with special emphasis on CDK4/6 inhibitors used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive (ER+)/human epidermal growth factor 2-negative (HER2−) M/ABC patients, as well as more emerging precise therapeutic strategies, such as combination therapies and microRNA (miRNA) therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ding
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jiaqi Cao
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Wen Lin
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Hongjian Chen
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xianhui Xiong
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Hongshun Ao
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Min Yu
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Qinghua Cui
- Lab of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; (L.D.); (J.C.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (X.X.); (H.A.); (M.Y.); (J.L.)
- Key Lab of Molecular Cancer Biology, Yunnan Education Department, Kunming 650091, China
- Correspondence:
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Kim D, Lim JW, Kim H. β-carotene Inhibits Expression of c-Myc and Cyclin E in Helicobacter pylori-infected Gastric Epithelial Cells. J Cancer Prev 2019; 24:192-196. [PMID: 31624725 PMCID: PMC6786805 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2019.24.3.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori infection is a major risk factor in the development of gastric cancer. H. pylori infection of gastric epithelial cells increases the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activates oncogenes, and leads to β-catenin-mediated hyper-proliferation. β-Carotene reduces ROS levels, inhibits oxidant-mediated activation of inflammatory signaling and exhibits anticancer properties. The present study was carried out to determine if β-carotene inhibits H. pylori-induced cell proliferation and the expression of oncogenes c-myc and cyclin E by reducing the levels of β-catenin and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (p-GSK3β). Methods Gastric epithelial AGS cells were pre-treated with β-carotene (5 and 10 μM) for 2 hours prior to H. pylori infection and cultured for 6 hours (for determination of the levels of p-GSK3β, GSK3β, and β-catenin) and 24 hours (for determination of cell viability and protein levels of c-myc and cyclin E). Cell viability was determined by the MTT assay and protein levels were determined via western blot-based analysis. Results β-Carotene inhibited H. pylori-induced increases in the percentage of viable cells, phosphorylated GSK3β (p-GSK3β), and the levels of β-catenin, c-myc and cyclin E. Conclusions β-Carotene inhibits H. pylori-induced hyper-proliferation of gastric epithelial cells by suppressing β-catenin signaling and oncogene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahye Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Weon Lim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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