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Park H, Park JJ, Bui PD, Yoon H, Grigoropoulos CP, Lee D, Ko SH. Laser-Based Selective Material Processing for Next-Generation Additive Manufacturing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307586. [PMID: 37740699 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
The connection between laser-based material processing and additive manufacturing is quite deeply rooted. In fact, the spark that started the field of additive manufacturing is the idea that two intersecting laser beams can selectively solidify a vat of resin. Ever since, laser has been accompanying the field of additive manufacturing, with its repertoire expanded from processing only photopolymer resin to virtually any material, allowing liberating customizability. As a result, additive manufacturing is expected to take an even more prominent role in the global supply chain in years to come. Herein, an overview of laser-based selective material processing is presented from various aspects: the physics of laser-material interactions, the materials currently used in additive manufacturing processes, the system configurations that enable laser-based additive manufacturing, and various functional applications of next-generation additive manufacturing. Additionally, current challenges and prospects of laser-based additive manufacturing are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijae Park
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Jung Jae Park
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Phuong-Danh Bui
- Laser and Thermal Engineering Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam, 13120, South Korea
| | - Hyeokjun Yoon
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Costas P Grigoropoulos
- Laser Thermal Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Daeho Lee
- Laser and Thermal Engineering Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam, 13120, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
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2
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Zhao P, Wang X, Tong Y, Zhao X, Tang Q, Liu Y. Transfer-Printing of Insoluble Conducting Polymer for Soft 3D Conformal All-Organic Transistors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309263. [PMID: 38321840 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The development of high-precision insoluble conducting polymer patterns for soft electronics is extremely challenging, mainly because of the incompatibility of the synthesis process with the underlying layers. In this study, a novel transfer-printing method is designed that enables the fabrication of photolithographic insoluble conducting polypyrrole (PPy) electrode patterns on soft substrates with high precision, demonstrating compatibility with various soft organic functional layers. Excellent mechanical stability, good biocompatibility, ultra-smooth surface, and outstanding conformability are observed. The photolithographic PPy electrode patterns, combined with an elastic organic semiconductor and dielectric, produce conformal all-organic transistors with mobility of 1.8 cm2 V-1 s-1. This study paves the way to use insoluble conducting polymers to develop complex, high-density flexible patterns and offers a promising organic electrode for the new-generation soft all-organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhao
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yanhong Tong
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Qingxin Tang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
| | - Yichun Liu
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Materials Research, and Key Lab of UV-Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130024, China
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Murakami T, Yada N, Yoshida S. Carbon Nanotube-Based Printed All-Organic Microelectrode Arrays for Neural Stimulation and Recording. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:650. [PMID: 38793223 PMCID: PMC11122866 DOI: 10.3390/mi15050650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we report a low-cost printing process of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based, all-organic microelectrode arrays (MEAs) suitable for in vitro neural stimulation and recording. Conventional MEAs have been mainly composed of expensive metals and manufactured through high-cost and complex lithographic processes, which have limited their accessibility for neuroscience experiments and their application in various studies. Here, we demonstrate a printing-based fabrication method for microelectrodes using organic CNT/paraffin ink, coupled with the deposition of an insulating layer featuring single-cell-sized sensing apertures. The simple microfabrication processes utilizing the economic and readily available ink offer potential for cost reduction and improved accessibility of MEAs. Biocompatibility of the fabricated microelectrode was suggested through a live/dead assay of cultured neural cells, and its large electric double layer capacitance was revealed by cyclic voltammetry that was crucial for preventing cytotoxic electrolysis during electric neural stimulation. Furthermore, the electrode exhibited sufficiently low electric impedance of 2.49 Ω·cm2 for high signal-to-noise ratio neural recording, and successfully captured model electric waves in physiological saline solution. These results suggest the easily producible and low-cost printed all-organic microelectrodes are available for neural stimulation and recording, and we believe that they can expand the application of MEA in various neuroscience research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shotaro Yoshida
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Communication Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan; (T.M.)
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Doshi S, Ludescher D, Karst J, Floess M, Carlström J, Li B, Mintz Hemed N, Duh YS, Melosh NA, Hentschel M, Brongersma M, Giessen H. Direct electron beam patterning of electro-optically active PEDOT:PSS. NANOPHOTONICS 2024; 13:2271-2280. [PMID: 38774765 PMCID: PMC11104293 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2023-0640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
The optical and electronic tunability of the conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has enabled emerging applications as diverse as bioelectronics, flexible electronics, and micro- and nano-photonics. High-resolution spatial patterning of PEDOT:PSS opens up opportunities for novel active devices in a range of fields. However, typical lithographic processes require tedious indirect patterning and dry etch processes, while solution-processing methods such as ink-jet printing have limited spatial resolution. Here, we report a method for direct write nano-patterning of commercially available PEDOT:PSS through electron-beam induced solubility modulation. The written structures are water stable and maintain the conductivity as well as electrochemical and optical properties of PEDOT:PSS, highlighting the broad utility of our method. We demonstrate the potential of our strategy by preparing prototypical nano-wire structures with feature sizes down to 250 nm, an order of magnitude finer than previously reported direct write methods, opening the possibility of writing chip-scale microelectronic and optical devices. We finally use the high-resolution writing capabilities to fabricate electrically-switchable optical diffraction gratings. We show active switching in this archetypal system with >95 % contrast at CMOS-compatible voltages of +2 V and -3 V, offering a route towards highly-miniaturized dynamic optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Doshi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305, USA
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA94305, USA
| | - Dominik Ludescher
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julian Karst
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Moritz Floess
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johan Carlström
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA94305, USA
| | - Bohan Li
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA94305, USA
| | - Nofar Mintz Hemed
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305, USA
| | - Yi-Shiou Duh
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA94305, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Melosh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA94305, USA
| | - Mario Hentschel
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mark Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, 476 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA94305, USA
| | - Harald Giessen
- 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
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Chebotarev O, Ugodnikov A, Simmons CA. Porous Membrane Electrical Cell-Substrate Impedance Spectroscopy for Versatile Assessment of Biological Barriers In Vitro. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2000-2011. [PMID: 38447196 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Cell culture models of endothelial and epithelial barriers typically use porous membrane inserts (e.g., Transwell inserts) as a permeable substrate on which barrier cells are grown, often in coculture with other cell types on the opposite side of the membrane. Current methods to characterize barrier function in porous membrane inserts can disrupt the barrier or provide bulk measurements that cannot isolate barrier cell resistance alone. Electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) addresses these limitations, but its implementation on porous membrane inserts has been limited by costly manufacturing, low sensitivity, and lack of validation for barrier assessment. Here, we present porous membrane ECIS (PM-ECIS), a cost-effective method to adapt ECIS technology to porous substrate-based in vitro models. We demonstrate high fidelity patterning of electrodes on porous membranes that can be incorporated into well plates of a variety of sizes with excellent cell biocompatibility with mono- and coculture set ups. PM-ECIS provided sensitive, real-time measurement of isolated changes in endothelial cell barrier impedance with cell growth and barrier disruption. Barrier function characterized by PM-ECIS resistance correlated well with permeability coefficients obtained from simultaneous molecular tracer permeability assays performed on the same cultures, validating the device. Integration of ECIS into conventional porous cell culture inserts provides a versatile, sensitive, and automated alternative to current methods to measure barrier function in vitro, including molecular tracer assays and transepithelial/endothelial electrical resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Chebotarev
- Translational Biology & Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Alisa Ugodnikov
- Translational Biology & Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Craig A Simmons
- Translational Biology & Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
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Matta R, Moreau D, O’Connor R. Printable devices for neurotechnology. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1332827. [PMID: 38440397 PMCID: PMC10909977 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1332827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Printable electronics for neurotechnology is a rapidly emerging field that leverages various printing techniques to fabricate electronic devices, offering advantages in rapid prototyping, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. These devices have promising applications in neurobiology, enabling the recording of neuronal signals and controlled drug delivery. This review provides an overview of printing techniques, materials used in neural device fabrication, and their applications. The printing techniques discussed include inkjet, screen printing, flexographic printing, 3D printing, and more. Each method has its unique advantages and challenges, ranging from precise printing and high resolution to material compatibility and scalability. Selecting the right materials for printable devices is crucial, considering factors like biocompatibility, flexibility, electrical properties, and durability. Conductive materials such as metallic nanoparticles and conducting polymers are commonly used in neurotechnology. Dielectric materials, like polyimide and polycaprolactone, play a vital role in device fabrication. Applications of printable devices in neurotechnology encompass various neuroprobes, electrocorticography arrays, and microelectrode arrays. These devices offer flexibility, biocompatibility, and scalability, making them cost-effective and suitable for preclinical research. However, several challenges need to be addressed, including biocompatibility, precision, electrical performance, long-term stability, and regulatory hurdles. This review highlights the potential of printable electronics in advancing our understanding of the brain and treating neurological disorders while emphasizing the importance of overcoming these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Matta
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Departement BEL, Gardanne, France
| | - David Moreau
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Departement BEL, Gardanne, France
| | - Rodney O’Connor
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Departement BEL, Gardanne, France
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Xia J, Zhang F, Zhang L, Cao Z, Dong S, Zhang S, Luo J, Zhou G. Magnetically Compatible Brain Electrode Arrays Based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Long-Term Implantation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:240. [PMID: 38334511 PMCID: PMC10856774 DOI: 10.3390/nano14030240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Advancements in brain-machine interfaces and neurological treatments urgently require the development of improved brain electrodes applied for long-term implantation, where traditional and polymer options face challenges like size, tissue damage, and signal quality. Carbon nanotubes are emerging as a promising alternative, combining excellent electronic properties and biocompatibility, which ensure better neuron coupling and stable signal acquisition. In this study, a new flexible brain electrode array based on 99.99% purity of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) was developed, which has 30 um × 40 um size, about 5.1 kΩ impedance, and 14.01 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The long-term implantation experiment in vivo in mice shows the proposed brain electrode can maintain stable LFP signal acquisition over 12 weeks while still achieving an SNR of 3.52 dB. The histological analysis results show that SWCNT-based brain electrodes induced minimal tissue damage and showed significantly reduced glial cell responses compared to platinum wire electrodes. Long-term stability comes from SWCNT's biocompatibility and chemical inertness, the electrode's flexible and fine structure. Furthermore, the new brain electrode array can function effectively during 7-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging, enabling the collection of local field potential and even epileptic discharges during the magnetic scan. This study provides a comprehensive study of carbon nanotubes as invasive brain electrodes, providing a new path to address the challenge of long-term brain electrode implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xia
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (J.X.); (L.Z.); (J.L.)
- Nanhu Brain-Computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (F.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Luxi Zhang
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (J.X.); (L.Z.); (J.L.)
- Nanhu Brain-Computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (J.X.); (L.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Shurong Dong
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (J.X.); (L.Z.); (J.L.)
- Nanhu Brain-Computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Shaomin Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Qiushi Academy for Advanced Studies, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (F.Z.); (S.Z.)
| | - Jikui Luo
- College of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; (J.X.); (L.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Guodong Zhou
- College of Integrated Circuits, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China;
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Kant C, Shukla A, McGregor SKM, Lo SC, Namdas EB, Katiyar M. Large area inkjet-printed OLED fabrication with solution-processed TADF ink. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7220. [PMID: 37940640 PMCID: PMC10632475 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This work demonstrates successful large area inkjet printing of a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) material as the emitting layer of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). TADF materials enable efficient light emission without relying on heavy metals such as platinum or iridium. However, low-cost manufacturing of large-scale TADF OLEDs has been restricted due to their incompatibility with solution processing techniques. In this study, we develop ink formulation for a TADF material and show successful ink jet printing of intricate patterns over a large area (6400 mm2) without the use of any lithography. The stable ink is successfully achieved using a non-chlorinated binary solvent mixture for a solution processable TADF material, 3-(9,9-dimethylacridin-10(9H)-yl)-9H-xanthen-9-one dispersed in 4,4'-bis-(N-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl host. Using this ink, large area ink jet printed OLEDs with performance comparable to the control spin coated OLEDs are successfully achieved. In this work, we also show the impact of ink viscosity, density, and surface tension on the droplet formation and film quality as well as its potential for large-area roll-to-roll printing on a flexible substrate. The results represent a major step towards the use of TADF materials for large-area OLEDs without employing any lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Kant
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
- National Centre for Flexible Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India
| | - Atul Shukla
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sarah K M McGregor
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shih-Chun Lo
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Ebinazar B Namdas
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
- School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Monica Katiyar
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India.
- National Centre for Flexible Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, India.
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Seiti M, Giuri A, Corcione CE, Ferraris E. Advancements in tailoring PEDOT: PSS properties for bioelectronic applications: A comprehensive review. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 154:213655. [PMID: 37866232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
In the field of bioelectronics, the demand for biocompatible, stable, and electroactive materials for functional biological interfaces, sensors, and stimulators, is drastically increasing. Conductive polymers (CPs) are synthetic materials, which are gaining increasing interest mainly due to their outstanding electrical, chemical, mechanical, and optical properties. Since its discovery in the late 1980s, the CP Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT:PSS) has become extremely attractive, being considered as one of the most capable organic electrode materials for several bioelectronic applications in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Main examples refer to thin, flexible films, electrodes, hydrogels, scaffolds, and biosensors. Within this context, the authors contend that PEDOT:PSS properties should be customized to encompass: i) biocompatibility, ii) conductivity, iii) stability in wet environment, iv) adhesion to the substrate, and, when necessary, v) (bio-)degradability. However, consolidating all these properties into a single functional solution is not always straightforward. Therefore, the objective of this review paper is to present various methods for acquiring and improving PEDOT:PSS properties, with the primary focus on ensuring its biocompatibility, and simultaneously addressing the other functional features. The last section highlights a collection of designated studies, with a particular emphasis on PEDOT:PSS/carbon filler composites due to their exceptional characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Seiti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, KU Leuven Campus De Nayer, Jan De Nayerlaan 5, Sint-Katelijne-Waver 2860, Belgium
| | - Antonella Giuri
- CNR-NANOTEC-Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Polo di Nanotecnologia, c/o Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Eleonora Ferraris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven, KU Leuven Campus De Nayer, Jan De Nayerlaan 5, Sint-Katelijne-Waver 2860, Belgium.
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Ghazal M, Susloparova A, Lefebvre C, Daher Mansour M, Ghodhbane N, Melot A, Scholaert C, Guérin D, Janel S, Barois N, Colin M, Buée L, Yger P, Halliez S, Coffinier Y, Pecqueur S, Alibart F. Electropolymerization processing of side-chain engineered EDOT for high performance microelectrode arrays. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 237:115538. [PMID: 37506488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Microelectrode Arrays (MEAs) are popular tools for in vitro extracellular recording. They are often optimized by surface engineering to improve affinity with neurons and guarantee higher recording quality and stability. Recently, PEDOT:PSS has been used to coat microelectrodes due to its good biocompatibility and low impedance, which enhances neural coupling. Herein, we investigate on electro-co-polymerization of EDOT with its triglymated derivative to control valence between monomer units and hydrophilic functions on a conducting polymer. Molecular packing, cation complexation, dopant stoichiometry are governed by the glycolation degree of the electro-active coating of the microelectrodes. Optimal monomer ratio allows fine-tuning the material hydrophilicity and biocompatibility without compromising the electrochemical impedance of microelectrodes nor their stability while interfaced with a neural cell culture. After incubation, sensing readout on the modified electrodes shows higher performances with respect to unmodified electropolymerized PEDOT, with higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and higher spike counts on the same neural culture. Reported SNR values are superior to that of state-of-the-art PEDOT microelectrodes and close to that of state-of-the-art 3D microelectrodes, with a reduced fabrication complexity. Thanks to this versatile technique and its impact on the surface chemistry of the microelectrode, we show that electro-co-polymerization trades with many-compound properties to easily gather them into single macromolecular structures. Applied on sensor arrays, it holds great potential for the customization of neurosensors to adapt to environmental boundaries and to optimize extracted sensing features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Ghazal
- Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN, UMR 8520) | Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Anna Susloparova
- Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN, UMR 8520) | Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Camille Lefebvre
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, Lille, France
| | - Michel Daher Mansour
- Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN, UMR 8520) | Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Najami Ghodhbane
- Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN, UMR 8520) | Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Alexis Melot
- Laboratoire Nanotechnologies & Nanosystèmes (LN2, UMI 3463) | CNRS, Université de Sherbrooke, J1X0A5, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Corentin Scholaert
- Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN, UMR 8520) | Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 59000, Lille, France
| | - David Guérin
- Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN, UMR 8520) | Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Janel
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Barois
- Université de Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Morvane Colin
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, Lille, France
| | - Luc Buée
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, Lille, France
| | - Pierre Yger
- Plasticity & SubjectivitY Team, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition Research Centre, University of Lille, INSERM U1172, Lille, France; Institut de La Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre National de La Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Halliez
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, Lille, France
| | - Yannick Coffinier
- Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN, UMR 8520) | Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 59000, Lille, France.
| | - Sébastien Pecqueur
- Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN, UMR 8520) | Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 59000, Lille, France.
| | - Fabien Alibart
- Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology (IEMN, UMR 8520) | Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, 59000, Lille, France; Laboratoire Nanotechnologies & Nanosystèmes (LN2, UMI 3463) | CNRS, Université de Sherbrooke, J1X0A5, Sherbrooke, Canada
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11
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Kant C, Mahmood S, Seetharaman M, Katiyar M. Large-Area Inkjet-Printed Flexible Hybrid Electrodes with Photonic Sintered Silver Grids/High Conductive Polymer. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2300638. [PMID: 37727075 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The field of printed organic electronics has not only made flexible devices accessible but also allows the production process toward a high throughput industrial scale. The current research involves the inkjet-printing of an indium tin oxide-free large-area flexible hybrid electrode compose of a high conductivity organic layer (PEDOT: PSS) as a main electrode and inorganic silver nanoparticles-based grid/film for the auxiliary electrode. The current bottleneck in the roll-to-roll production of printed electronics is the time required for the conductive inks to dry and sinter. Flash sintering is used to dry nano-silver conductive ink to 77.6 m Ω □-1 sheet resistance in <20 ms, the quickest annealing procedure, without damaging flexible substrates. Flexible organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are created with a large active area (500 mm2 ) to demonstrate the efficacy of the flexible hybrid electrodes and the excellent bending stability (4 mm bending radius) of OLEDs. Maximum current efficiency of 19.58 cd A-1 and a maximum luminescence of 8708 cd m-2 at a low turn-on voltage of 3.1 V for the small-area (16 mm2 ) OLEDs are achieved. This method is promising for reducing indium consumption and paving the way for creating new high throughout hybrid electrodes for large-area flexible printed electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Kant
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India
- National Centre for Flexible Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India
| | - Sadiq Mahmood
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India
- National Centre for Flexible Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India
| | - Madhu Seetharaman
- National Centre for Flexible Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India
| | - Monica Katiyar
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India
- National Centre for Flexible Electronics, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, UP, 208016, India
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12
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Alegret N, Dominguez-Alfaro A, Mecerreyes D, Prato M, Mestroni L, Peña B. Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes interfacing conductive polymers and carbon nanotubes. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:1627-1639. [PMID: 36029423 PMCID: PMC10243189 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09753-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have become promising advanced materials and a new tool to specifically interact with electroresponsive cells. Likewise, conductive polymers (CP) appear promising electroactive biomaterial for proliferation of cells. Herein, we have investigated CNT blends with two different conductive polymers, polypyrrole/CNT (PPy/CNT) and PEDOT/CNT to evaluate the growth, survival, and beating behavior of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM). The combination of CP/CNT not only shows excellent biocompatibility on NRVM, after 2 weeks of culture, but also exerts functional effects on networks of cardiomyocytes. NRVMs cultured on CNT-based substrates exhibited improved cellular function, i.e., homogeneous, non-arrhythmogenic, and more frequent spontaneous beating; particularly PEDOT/CNT substrates, which yielded to higher beating amplitudes, thus suggesting a more mature cardiac phenotype. Furthermore, cells presented enhanced structure: aligned sarcomeres, organized and abundant Connexin 43 (Cx43). Finally, no signs of induced hypertrophy were observed. In conclusion, the combination of CNT with CP produces high viability and promotes cardiac functionality, suggesting great potential to generate scaffolding supports for cardiac tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Alegret
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Bldg. P15, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Antonio Dominguez-Alfaro
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Electrical Engineering Divison, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida de Tolosa 72, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM Unit of Trieste, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Luisa Mestroni
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Bldg. P15, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Brisa Peña
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Institute, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Bldg. P15, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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13
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Khoury FC, Saleh SA, Habli ZS, Khraiche ML. Development of Inkjet-Printed PEDOT:PSS-Based Organic Electrochemical Transistor (OECT) for Biopotential Amplification. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2023; 2023:1-4. [PMID: 38083031 DOI: 10.1109/embc40787.2023.10341124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing need for miniaturized and biocompatible devices for physiological recordings, high signal fidelity and ease of fabrication are key to achieve reliable data collection. This calls for the development of active recording devices such as Organic Electrochemical Transistors (OECTs) which, compared to passive electrodes, offer local amplification. In this work, we built PEDOT:PSS based OECTs using novel inkjet printing technology, achieving a transconductance of 75 mS. The device was later used to amplify arbitrary signals simulating in vivo recordings. Gate voltage offset manipulation offered a range of current peak-to-peak amplitudes. Additionally, we demonstrate a simple circuit for voltage readings, where another resistor-dependent characterization involving voltage source and drain voltage is performed. At ideal operating point and when using a 220 Ω resistor, a gain of 14.5 is achieved.Clinical Relevance- 1This work demonstrates the ability to rapidly and easily develop OECT-based technology for potential signal sensing for more accurate diagnosis of pathologies and diseases.
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14
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Galliani M, Ferrari LM, Bouet G, Eglin D, Ismailova E. Tailoring inkjet-printed PEDOT:PSS composition toward green, wearable device fabrication. APL Bioeng 2023; 7:016101. [PMID: 36619686 PMCID: PMC9812513 DOI: 10.1063/5.0117278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Inkjet printing remains one of the most cost-efficient techniques for device prototyping and manufacturing, offering considerable freedom of digital design, non-contact, and additive fabrication. When developing novel wearable devices, a balanced approach is required between functional, user-safe materials and scalable manufacturing processes. Here, we propose a tailor-made ink formulation, based on non-hazardous materials, to develop green electronic devices aimed at interfacing with humans. We demonstrate that developed ink exhibits high-resolution inkjet printability, in line with theoretical prediction, on multiple wearable substrates. The ink's chemical composition ensures the pattern's enhanced electrical properties, mechanical flexibility, and stability in water. The cytocompatibility evaluations show no noxious effects from printed films in contact with human mesenchymal stem cells. Finally, we fabricated a printed wearable touch sensor on a non-woven fabric substrate, capable of tracking human steps. This is a step toward the development of green wearable electronics manufacturing, demonstrating a viable combination of materials and processes for biocompatible devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Galliani
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Département BEL, F-13541 Gardanne, France
| | | | - Guenaelle Bouet
- Mines Saint-Étienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Saint-Étienne F-42023, France
| | - David Eglin
- Mines Saint-Étienne, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Saint-Étienne F-42023, France
| | - Esma Ismailova
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Centre CMP, Département BEL, F-13541 Gardanne, France
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15
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Tringides CM, Boulingre M, Khalil A, Lungjangwa T, Jaenisch R, Mooney DJ. Tunable Conductive Hydrogel Scaffolds for Neural Cell Differentiation. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202221. [PMID: 36495560 PMCID: PMC10359022 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multielectrode arrays would benefit from intimate engagement with neural cells, but typical arrays do not present a physical environment that mimics that of neural tissues. It is hypothesized that a porous, conductive hydrogel scaffold with appropriate mechanical and conductive properties could support neural cells in 3D, while tunable electrical and mechanical properties could modulate the growth and differentiation of the cellular networks. By incorporating carbon nanomaterials into an alginate hydrogel matrix, and then freeze-drying the formulations, scaffolds which mimic neural tissue properties are formed. Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) incorporated in the scaffolds form neurite networks which span the material in 3D and differentiate into astrocytes and myelinating oligodendrocytes. Viscoelastic and more conductive scaffolds produce more dense neurite networks, with an increased percentage of astrocytes and higher myelination. Application of exogenous electrical stimulation to the scaffolds increases the percentage of astrocytes and the supporting cells localize differently with the surrounding neurons. The tunable biomaterial scaffolds can support neural cocultures for over 12 weeks, and enable a physiologically mimicking in vitro platform to study the formation of neuronal networks. As these materials have sufficient electrical properties to be used as electrodes in implantable arrays, they may allow for the creation of biohybrid neural interfaces and living electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Tringides
- Harvard Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Harvard–MIT Division in Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - Marjolaine Boulingre
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Andrew Khalil
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115
- Whitehead Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | | | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| | - David J Mooney
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
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16
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Tringides CM, Boulingre M, Mooney DJ. Metal-based porous hydrogels for highly conductive biomaterial scaffolds. OXFORD OPEN MATERIALS SCIENCE 2023; 3:itad002. [PMID: 38249777 PMCID: PMC10798674 DOI: 10.1093/oxfmat/itad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Multielectrode arrays are fabricated from thin films of highly conductive and ductile metals which cannot mimic the natural environment of biological tissues. These properties limit the conformability of the electrode to the underlying target tissue, and present challenges in developing seamless interfaces. By introducing porous, hydrogel materials that are embedded with metal additives, highly conductive hydrogels can be formed. Tuning the hydrogel composition, % volume and aspect ratio of different additive(s), and the processing conditions of these composite materials can alter the mechanical and electrical properties. The resulting materials have a high surface area, and can be used as biomaterial scaffolds to support the growth of macrophages for 5 days. Further optimization can enable the use of the materials for the electrodes in implantable arrays, or as living electrode platforms to study and modulate various cellular cultures. These advancements would benefit both in vivo and in vitro applications of tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Tringides
- Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard–MIT Division in Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Marjolaine Boulingre
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BP, United Kingdom
| | - David J Mooney
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02115, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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17
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Filho G, Júnior C, Spinelli B, Damasceno I, Fiuza F, Morya E. All-Polymeric Electrode Based on PEDOT:PSS for In Vivo Neural Recording. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:853. [PMID: 36290990 PMCID: PMC9599788 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
One of the significant challenges today in the brain-machine interfaces that use invasive methods is the stability of the chronic record. In recent years, polymer-based electrodes have gained notoriety for achieving mechanical strength values close to that of brain tissue, promoting a lower immune response to the implant. In this work, we fabricated fully polymeric electrodes based on PEDOT:PSS for neural recording in Wistar rats. We characterized the electrical properties and both in vitro and in vivo functionality of the electrodes. Additionally, we employed histological processing and microscopical visualization to evaluate the tecidual immune response at 7, 14, and 21 days post-implant. Electrodes with 400-micrometer channels showed a 12 dB signal-to-noise ratio. Local field potentials were characterized under two conditions: anesthetized and free-moving. There was a proliferation of microglia at the tissue-electrode interface in the early days, though there was a decrease after 14 days. Astrocytes also migrated to the interface, but there was not continuous recruitment of these cells in the tissue; there was inflammatory stability by day 21. The signal was not affected by this inflammatory action, demonstrating that fully polymeric electrodes can be an alternative means to prolong the valuable time of neural recordings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Filho
- Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience (ELS-IIN), Macaíba 59280-000, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Júnior
- Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience (ELS-IIN), Macaíba 59280-000, Brazil
| | - Bruno Spinelli
- Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience (ELS-IIN), Macaíba 59280-000, Brazil
| | - Igor Damasceno
- Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Felipe Fiuza
- Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience (ELS-IIN), Macaíba 59280-000, Brazil
| | - Edgard Morya
- Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience (ELS-IIN), Macaíba 59280-000, Brazil
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18
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Zub K, Hoeppener S, Schubert US. Inkjet Printing and 3D Printing Strategies for Biosensing, Analytical, and Diagnostic Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2105015. [PMID: 35338719 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Inkjet printing and 3D inkjet printing have found many applications in the fabrication of a great variety of devices, which have been developed with the aim to improve and simplify the design, fabrication, and performance of sensors and analytical platforms. Here, developments of these printing technologies reported during the last 10 years are reviewed and their versatile applicability for the fabrication of improved sensing platforms and analytical and diagnostic sensor systems is demonstrated. Illustrative examples are reviewed in the context of particular advantages provided by inkjet printing technologies. Next to aspects of device printing and fabrication strategies, the utilization of inkjet dispensing, which can be implemented into common analytical tools utilizing customized inkjet printing equipment as well as state-of-the-art consumer inkjet printing devices, is highlighted. This review aims to providing a comprehensive overview of examples integrating inkjet and 3D inkjet printing technologies into device layout fabrication, dosing, and analytical applications to demonstrate the versatile applicability of these technologies, and furthermore, to inspire the utilization of inkjet printing for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Zub
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hoeppener
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
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19
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Veerapandian S, Kim W, Kim J, Jo Y, Jung S, Jeong U. Printable inks and deformable electronic array devices. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:663-681. [PMID: 35660837 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00089j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Deformable printed electronic array devices are expected to revolutionize next-generation electronics. However, although remarkable technological advances in printable inks and deformable electronic array devices have recently been achieved, technical challenges remain to commercialize these technologies. In this review article a brief introduction to printing methods highlighting significant research studies on ink formation for conductors, semiconductors, and insulators is provided, and the structural design and successful printing strategies of deformable electronic array devices are described. Successful device demonstrations are presented in the applications of passive- and active-matrix array devices. Finally, perspectives and technological challenges to be achieved are pointed out to print practically available deformable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Veerapandian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woojo Kim
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngmin Jo
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjune Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Won D, Kim J, Choi J, Kim H, Han S, Ha I, Bang J, Kim KK, Lee Y, Kim TS, Park JH, Kim CY, Ko SH. Digital selective transformation and patterning of highly conductive hydrogel bioelectronics by laser-induced phase separation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo3209. [PMID: 35675404 PMCID: PMC9177068 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo3209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The patterning of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) hydrogels with excellent electrical property and spatial resolution is a challenge for bioelectronic applications. However, most PEDOT:PSS hydrogels are fabricated by conventional manufacturing processes such as photolithography, inkjet printing, and screen printing with complex fabrication steps or low spatial resolution. Moreover, the additives used for fabricating PEDOT:PSS hydrogels are mostly cytotoxic, thus requiring days of detoxification. Here, we developed a previously unexplored ultrafast and biocompatible digital patterning process for PEDOT:PSS hydrogel via phase separation induced by a laser. We enhanced the electrical properties and aqueous stability of PEDOT:PSS by selective laser scanning, which allowed the transformation of PEDOT:PSS into water-stable hydrogels. PEDOT:PSS hydrogels showed high electrical conductivity of 670 S/cm with 6-μm resolution in water. Furthermore, electrochemical properties were maintained even after 6 months in a physiological environment. We further demonstrated stable neural signal recording and stimulation with hydrogel electrodes fabricated by laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeyeon Won
- Soft Robotics Research Center, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhwa Choi
- Soft Robotics Research Center, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - HyeongJun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonggeun Han
- Soft Robotics Research Center, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Ha
- Soft Robotics Research Center, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyuk Bang
- Soft Robotics Research Center, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyun Kyu Kim
- Soft Robotics Research Center, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngseok Lee
- Soft Robotics Research Center, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Soo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hak Park
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - C-Yoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (S.H.K.); (C.-Y.K.)
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Soft Robotics Research Center, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machines and Design/Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author. (S.H.K.); (C.-Y.K.)
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21
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Tringides CM, Mooney DJ. Materials for Implantable Surface Electrode Arrays: Current Status and Future Directions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107207. [PMID: 34716730 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surface electrode arrays are mainly fabricated from rigid or elastic materials, and precisely manipulated ductile metal films, which offer limited stretchability. However, the living tissues to which they are applied are nonlinear viscoelastic materials, which can undergo significant mechanical deformation in dynamic biological environments. Further, the same arrays and compositions are often repurposed for vastly different tissues rather than optimizing the materials and mechanical properties of the implant for the target application. By first characterizing the desired biological environment, and then designing a technology for a particular organ, surface electrode arrays may be more conformable, and offer better interfaces to tissues while causing less damage. Here, the various materials used in each component of a surface electrode array are first reviewed, and then electrically active implants in three specific biological systems, the nervous system, the muscular system, and skin, are described. Finally, the fabrication of next-generation surface arrays that overcome current limitations is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Tringides
- Harvard Program in Biophysics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division in Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - David J Mooney
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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22
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Gemeiner P, Pavličková M, Hatala M, Hvojnik M, Homola T, Mikula M. The effect of secondary dopants on screen‐printed
PEDOT
:
PSS
counter‐electrodes for dye‐sensitized solar cells. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Gemeiner
- Department of Graphic Arts Technology and Applied Photochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Michaela Pavličková
- Department of Graphic Arts Technology and Applied Photochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Michal Hatala
- Department of Graphic Arts Technology and Applied Photochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Matej Hvojnik
- Department of Graphic Arts Technology and Applied Photochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Homola
- Department of Physical Electronics, Faculty of Science Masaryk University Brno Czechia
| | - Milan Mikula
- Department of Graphic Arts Technology and Applied Photochemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
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23
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Bianchi M, De Salvo A, Asplund M, Carli S, Di Lauro M, Schulze‐Bonhage A, Stieglitz T, Fadiga L, Biscarini F. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Based Neural Interfaces for Recording and Stimulation: Fundamental Aspects and In Vivo Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104701. [PMID: 35191224 PMCID: PMC9036021 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation neural interfaces for bidirectional communication with the central nervous system aim to achieve the intimate integration with the neural tissue with minimal neuroinflammatory response, high spatio-temporal resolution, very high sensitivity, and readout stability. The design and manufacturing of devices for low power/low noise neural recording and safe and energy-efficient stimulation that are, at the same time, conformable to the brain, with matched mechanical properties and biocompatibility, is a convergence area of research where neuroscientists, materials scientists, and nanotechnologists operate synergically. The biotic-abiotic neural interface, however, remains a formidable challenge that prompts for new materials platforms and innovation in device layouts. Conductive polymers (CP) are attractive materials to be interfaced with the neural tissue and to be used as sensing/stimulating electrodes because of their mixed ionic-electronic conductivity, their low contact impedance, high charge storage capacitance, chemical versatility, and biocompatibility. This manuscript reviews the state-of-the-art of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-based neural interfaces for extracellular recording and stimulation, focusing on those technological approaches that are successfully demonstrated in vivo. The aim is to highlight the most reliable and ready-for-clinical-use solutions, in terms of materials technology and recording performance, other than spot major limitations and identify future trends in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bianchi
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
| | - Anna De Salvo
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
- Sezione di FisiologiaUniversità di Ferraravia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
| | - Maria Asplund
- Division of Nursing and Medical TechnologyLuleå University of TechnologyLuleå971 87Sweden
- Department of Microsystems Engineering‐IMTEKUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
- BrainLinks‐BrainTools CenterUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
| | - Stefano Carli
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
- Present address:
Department of Environmental and Prevention SciencesUniversità di FerraraFerrara44121Italy
| | - Michele Di Lauro
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
| | - Andreas Schulze‐Bonhage
- BrainLinks‐BrainTools CenterUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
- Epilepsy CenterFaculty of MedicineUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
| | - Thomas Stieglitz
- Department of Microsystems Engineering‐IMTEKUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
- BrainLinks‐BrainTools CenterUniversity of FreiburgFreiburg79110Germany
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
- Sezione di FisiologiaUniversità di Ferraravia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
| | - Fabio Biscarini
- Center for Translational Neurophysiology of Speech and CommunicationFondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia Fossato di Mortara 17Ferrara44121Italy
- Life Science DepartmentUniversità di Modena e Reggio EmiliaVia Campi 103Modena41125Italy
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24
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Özsoylu D, Wagner T, Schöning MJ. Electrochemical Cell-based Biosensors for Biomedical Applications. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:713-733. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220304213617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:
Electrochemical cell-based biosensors have been showing increasing interest within the last 15 years, with a large number of reports generally dealing with the sensors’ sensitivity, selectivity, stability, signal-to-noise ratio, spatiotemporal resolution, etc. However, only a few of them are now available as commercial products on the market. In this review, technological advances, current challenges and opportunities of electrochemical cell-based biosensors are presented. The article encompasses emerging studies, mainly focusing on the last five years (from 2016 to mid 2021), towards cell-based biological field-effect devices, cell-based impedimetric sensors and cell-based microelectrode arrays. In addition, special attention lies on recent progress in recording at the single-cellular level, including intracellular monitoring with high spatiotemporal resolution as well as integration into microfluidics for lab-on-a-chip applications. Moreover, a comprehensive discussion on challenges and future perspectives will address the future potential of electrochemical cell-based biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dua Özsoylu
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany
| | - Torsten Wagner
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Research Centre Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael J. Schöning
- Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Research Centre Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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25
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Pitsalidis C, Pappa AM, Boys AJ, Fu Y, Moysidou CM, van Niekerk D, Saez J, Savva A, Iandolo D, Owens RM. Organic Bioelectronics for In Vitro Systems. Chem Rev 2021; 122:4700-4790. [PMID: 34910876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronics have made strides in improving clinical diagnostics and precision medicine. The potential of bioelectronics for bidirectional interfacing with biology through continuous, label-free monitoring on one side and precise control of biological activity on the other has extended their application scope to in vitro systems. The advent of microfluidics and the considerable advances in reliability and complexity of in vitro models promise to eventually significantly reduce or replace animal studies, currently the gold standard in drug discovery and toxicology testing. Bioelectronics are anticipated to play a major role in this transition offering a much needed technology to push forward the drug discovery paradigm. Organic electronic materials, notably conjugated polymers, having demonstrated technological maturity in fields such as solar cells and light emitting diodes given their outstanding characteristics and versatility in processing, are the obvious route forward for bioelectronics due to their biomimetic nature, among other merits. This review highlights the advances in conjugated polymers for interfacing with biological tissue in vitro, aiming ultimately to develop next generation in vitro systems. We showcase in vitro interfacing across multiple length scales, involving biological models of varying complexity, from cell components to complex 3D cell cultures. The state of the art, the possibilities, and the challenges of conjugated polymers toward clinical translation of in vitro systems are also discussed throughout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Pitsalidis
- Department of Physics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Anna-Maria Pappa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi 127788, UAE
| | - Alexander J Boys
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Ying Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology and Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1RD, U.K
| | - Chrysanthi-Maria Moysidou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Douglas van Niekerk
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Janire Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.,Microfluidics Cluster UPV/EHU, BIOMICs Microfluidics Group, Lascaray Research Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avenida Miguel de Unamuno, 3, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48011 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
| | - Donata Iandolo
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Université Jean Monnet, Mines Saint-Étienne, Université de Lyon, 42023 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Róisín M Owens
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge Philippa Fawcett Drive, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K
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26
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Zhang X, Yang W, Zhang H, Xie M, Duan X. PEDOT:PSS: From conductive polymers to sensors. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/10.0006866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wentuo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hainan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mengying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xuexin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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27
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Vėbraitė I, David-Pur M, Rand D, Głowacki ED, Hanein Y. Electrophysiological investigation of intact retina with soft printed organic neural interface. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34736225 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac36ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Understanding how the retina converts a natural image or an electrically stimulated one into neural firing patterns is the focus of on-going research activities.Ex vivo, the retina can be readily investigated using multi electrode arrays (MEAs). However, MEA recording and stimulation from an intact retina (in the eye) has been so far insufficient.Approach.In the present study, we report new soft carbon electrode arrays suitable for recording and stimulating neural activity in an intact retina. Screen-printing of carbon ink on 20µm polyurethane (PU) film was used to realize electrode arrays with electrodes as small as 40µm in diameter. Passivation was achieved with a holey membrane, realized using laser drilling in a thin (50µm) PU film. Plasma polymerized 3.4-ethylenedioxythiophene was used to coat the electrode array to improve the electrode specific capacitance. Chick retinas, embryonic stage day 13, both explanted and intact inside an enucleated eye, were used.Main results.A novel fabrication process based on printed carbon electrodes was developed and yielded high capacitance electrodes on a soft substrate.Ex vivoelectrical recording of retina activity with carbon electrodes is demonstrated. With the addition of organic photo-capacitors, simultaneous photo-electrical stimulation and electrical recording was achieved. Finally, electrical activity recordings from an intact chick retina (inside enucleated eyes) were demonstrated. Both photosensitive retinal ganglion cell responses and spontaneous retina waves were recorded and their features analyzed.Significance.Results of this study demonstrated soft electrode arrays with unique properties, suitable for simultaneous recording and photo-electrical stimulation of the retina at high fidelity. This novel electrode technology opens up new frontiers in the study of neural tissuein vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Vėbraitė
- School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 699780, Israel
| | - Moshe David-Pur
- School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 699780, Israel
| | - David Rand
- School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 699780, Israel
| | - Eric Daniel Głowacki
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Yael Hanein
- School of Electrical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 699780, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 699780, Israel
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28
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Ouyang L, Buchmann S, Benselfelt T, Musumeci C, Wang Z, Khaliliazar S, Tian W, Li H, Herland A, Hamedi MM. Rapid prototyping of heterostructured organic microelectronics using wax printing, filtration, and transfer. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2021; 9:14596-14605. [PMID: 34765224 PMCID: PMC8552910 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc03599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Conducting polymers are the natural choice for soft electronics. However, the main challenge is to pattern conducting polymers using a simple and rapid method to manufacture advanced devices. Filtration of conducting particle dispersions using a patterned membrane is a promising method. Here, we show the rapid prototyping of various micropatterned organic electronic heterostructures of PEDOT:PSS by inducing the formation of microscopic hydrogels, which are then filtered through membranes containing printed hydrophobic wax micropatterns. The hydrogels are retained on the un-patterned, hydrophilic regions, forming micropatterns, achieving a resolution reaching 100 μm. We further solve the problem of forming stacked devices by transferring the acidified PEDOT:PSS micropattern using the adhesive tape transfer method to form vertical heterostructures with other micropatterned electronic colloids such as CNTs, which are patterned using a similar technique. We demonstrate a number of different heterostructure devices including micro supercapacitors and organic electrochemical transistors and also demonstrate the use of acidified PEDOT:PSS microstructures in cell cultures to enable bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangqi Ouyang
- Fibre and Polymer Technology (FPT) School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56 Stockholm 11428 Sweden
| | - Sebastian Buchmann
- Division of Micro- and Nanosystems (MST), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Malvinas Väg 10 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Tobias Benselfelt
- Fibre and Polymer Technology (FPT) School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56 Stockholm 11428 Sweden
| | - Chiara Musumeci
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, ITN, Linkoping University, Campus Norrkoping SE 60221 Sweden
| | - Zhen Wang
- Fibre and Polymer Technology (FPT) School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56 Stockholm 11428 Sweden
| | - Shirin Khaliliazar
- Fibre and Polymer Technology (FPT) School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56 Stockholm 11428 Sweden
| | - Weiqian Tian
- Fibre and Polymer Technology (FPT) School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56 Stockholm 11428 Sweden
| | - Hailong Li
- Fysikum, Stockhohlm University, Roslagstullsbacken 21 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anna Herland
- Division of Micro- and Nanosystems (MST), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Malvinas Väg 10 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mahiar M Hamedi
- Fibre and Polymer Technology (FPT) School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56 Stockholm 11428 Sweden
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29
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Capel AJ, Smith MAA, Taccola S, Pardo-Figuerez M, Rimington RP, Lewis MP, Christie SDR, Kay RW, Harris RA. Digitally Driven Aerosol Jet Printing to Enable Customisable Neuronal Guidance. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:722294. [PMID: 34527674 PMCID: PMC8435718 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.722294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Digitally driven manufacturing technologies such as aerosol jet printing (AJP) can make a significant contribution to enabling new capabilities in the field of tissue engineering disease modeling and drug screening. AJP is an emerging non-contact and mask-less printing process which has distinct advantages over other patterning technologies as it offers versatile, high-resolution, direct-write deposition of a variety of materials on planar and non-planar surfaces. This research demonstrates the ability of AJP to print digitally controlled patterns that influence neuronal guidance. These consist of patterned poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) tracks on both glass and poly(potassium 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate) (PKSPMA) coated glass surfaces, promoting selective adhesion of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. The cell attractive patterns had a maximum height ≥0.2 μm, width and half height ≥15 μm, Ra = 3.5 nm, and RMS = 4.1. The developed biocompatible PEDOT:PSS ink was shown to promote adhesion, growth and differentiation of SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. SH-SY5Y cells cultured directly onto these features exhibited increased nuclei and neuronal alignment on both substrates. In addition, the cell adhesion to the substrate was selective when cultured onto the PKSPMA surfaces resulting in a highly organized neural pattern. This demonstrated the ability to rapidly and flexibly realize intricate and accurate cell patterns by a computer controlled process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Capel
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A A Smith
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Taccola
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Pardo-Figuerez
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Rowan P Rimington
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P Lewis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert W Kay
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Russell A Harris
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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30
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Zhong Y, Saleh A, Inal S. Decoding Electrophysiological Signals with Organic Electrochemical Transistors. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100187. [PMID: 34463019 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) has unique characteristics that distinguish it from other transistors and make it a promising electronic transducer of biological events. High transconductance, flexibility, and biocompatibility render OECTs ideal for detecting electrophysiological signals. Device properties such as transconductance, response time, and noise level should, however, be optimized to adapt to the needs of various application environments including in vitro cell culture, human skin, and inside of a living system. This review includes an overview of the origin of electrophysiological signals, the working principles of OECTs, and methods for performance optimization. While covering recent research examples of the use of OECTs in electrophysiology, a perspective is provided for next-generation bioelectric sensors and amplifiers for electrophysiology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Zhong
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulelah Saleh
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahika Inal
- Organic Bioelectronics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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31
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Zhang Z, Tian G, Duan X, Chen HL, Kim Richie DH. Nanostructured PEDOT Coatings for Electrode-Neuron Integration. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:5556-5565. [PMID: 35006733 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural electrodes have been developed for the diagnosis and treatment of stroke, sensory deficits, and neurological disorders based on the electrical stimulation of nerve tissue and recording of neural electrical activity. A low interface impedance and large active surface area for charge transfer and intimate contact between neurons and the electrode are critical to obtain high-quality neural signal and effective stimulation without causing damage to both tissue and electrode. In this study, a nanostructured poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) coating with lots of long protrusions was created via a one-step electrochemical polymerization from a dichloromethane solution without any rigid or soft templates. The nanostructures on the PEDOT coating were basically formed by intertwined PEDOT nanofibers, which further enhanced the active surface area. The fuzzy PEDOT-modified microelectrodes exhibited an impedance as low as 1 kΩ at 1 kHz, which is much lower than those produced from aqueous 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) solution, and it was comparable with PEDOT films or composites created from/with template materials. Also, more than 150 times larger charge storage capacity density was obtained compared to the unmodified microelectrode. An in vitro biocompatibility test performed on PC12 cells and primary cells suggested that the PEDOT coatings support cell adhesion, growth, and neurite extension. These results suggest the great potential of the nanostructured PEDOT coating as an electroactive and biosafe intimate contact between the implanted neural electrode and neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Zhang
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangzhao Tian
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoge Duan
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Lan Chen
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Hwan Kim Richie
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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32
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Grob L, Rinklin P, Zips S, Mayer D, Weidlich S, Terkan K, Weiß LJK, Adly N, Offenhäusser A, Wolfrum B. Inkjet-Printed and Electroplated 3D Electrodes for Recording Extracellular Signals in Cell Culture. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:3981. [PMID: 34207725 PMCID: PMC8229631 DOI: 10.3390/s21123981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent investigations into cardiac or nervous tissues call for systems that are able to electrically record in 3D as opposed to 2D. Typically, challenging microfabrication steps are required to produce 3D microelectrode arrays capable of recording at the desired position within the tissue of interest. As an alternative, additive manufacturing is becoming a versatile platform for rapidly prototyping novel sensors with flexible geometric design. In this work, 3D MEAs for cell-culture applications were fabricated using a piezoelectric inkjet printer. The aspect ratio and height of the printed 3D electrodes were user-defined by adjusting the number of deposited droplets of silver nanoparticle ink along with a continuous printing method and an appropriate drop-to-drop delay. The Ag 3D MEAs were later electroplated with Au and Pt in order to reduce leakage of potentially cytotoxic silver ions into the cellular medium. The functionality of the array was confirmed using impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and recordings of extracellular potentials from cardiomyocyte-like HL-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leroy Grob
- Neuroelectronics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, MSB, MSRM, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748 Garching, Germany; (L.G.); (P.R.); (S.Z.); (K.T.); (L.J.K.W.); (N.A.)
| | - Philipp Rinklin
- Neuroelectronics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, MSB, MSRM, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748 Garching, Germany; (L.G.); (P.R.); (S.Z.); (K.T.); (L.J.K.W.); (N.A.)
| | - Sabine Zips
- Neuroelectronics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, MSB, MSRM, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748 Garching, Germany; (L.G.); (P.R.); (S.Z.); (K.T.); (L.J.K.W.); (N.A.)
| | - Dirk Mayer
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (D.M.); (S.W.); (A.O.)
| | - Sabrina Weidlich
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (D.M.); (S.W.); (A.O.)
| | - Korkut Terkan
- Neuroelectronics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, MSB, MSRM, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748 Garching, Germany; (L.G.); (P.R.); (S.Z.); (K.T.); (L.J.K.W.); (N.A.)
| | - Lennart J. K. Weiß
- Neuroelectronics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, MSB, MSRM, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748 Garching, Germany; (L.G.); (P.R.); (S.Z.); (K.T.); (L.J.K.W.); (N.A.)
| | - Nouran Adly
- Neuroelectronics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, MSB, MSRM, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748 Garching, Germany; (L.G.); (P.R.); (S.Z.); (K.T.); (L.J.K.W.); (N.A.)
| | - Andreas Offenhäusser
- Institute of Biological Information Processing (IBI-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany; (D.M.); (S.W.); (A.O.)
| | - Bernhard Wolfrum
- Neuroelectronics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, MSB, MSRM, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 11, 85748 Garching, Germany; (L.G.); (P.R.); (S.Z.); (K.T.); (L.J.K.W.); (N.A.)
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Ferlauto L, Vagni P, Fanelli A, Zollinger EG, Monsorno K, Paolicelli RC, Ghezzi D. All-polymeric transient neural probe for prolonged in-vivo electrophysiological recordings. Biomaterials 2021; 274:120889. [PMID: 33992836 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Transient bioelectronics has grown fast, opening possibilities never thought before. In medicine, transient implantable devices are interesting because they could eliminate the risks related to surgical retrieval and reduce the chronic foreign body reaction. Despite recent progress in this area, the potential of transient bioelectronics is still limited by their short functional lifetime owed to the fast dissolution rate of degradable metals, which is typically a few days or weeks. Here we report that a switch from degradable metals to an entirely polymer-based approach allows for a slower degradation process and a longer lifetime of the transient probe, thus opening new possibilities for transient medical devices. As a proof-of-concept, we fabricated all-polymeric transient neural probes that can monitor brain activity in mice for a few months, rather than a few days or weeks. Also, we extensively evaluated the foreign body reaction around the implant during the probe degradation. This kind of devices might pave the way for several applications in neuroprosthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ferlauto
- Medtronic Chair in Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paola Vagni
- Medtronic Chair in Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Adele Fanelli
- Medtronic Chair in Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elodie Geneviève Zollinger
- Medtronic Chair in Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katia Monsorno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosa Chiara Paolicelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Diego Ghezzi
- Medtronic Chair in Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Yang W, Gong Y, Yao CY, Shrestha M, Jia Y, Qiu Z, Fan QH, Weber A, Li W. A fully transparent, flexible PEDOT:PSS-ITO-Ag-ITO based microelectrode array for ECoG recording. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1096-1108. [PMID: 33522526 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Integrative neural interfaces combining neurophysiology and optogenetics with neural imaging provide numerous opportunities for neuroscientists to study the structure and function of neural circuits in the brain. Such a comprehensive interface demands miniature electrode arrays with high transparency, mechanical flexibility, electrical conductivity, and biocompatibility. Conventional transparent microelectrodes made of a single material, such as indium tin oxide (ITO), ultrathin metals, graphene and poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), hardly possess the desired combination of those properties. Herein, ultra-flexible, highly conductive and fully transparent microscale electrocorticogram (μECoG) electrode arrays made of a PEDOT:PSS-ITO-Ag-ITO assembly are constructed on thin parylene C films. The PEDOT:PSS-ITO-Ag-ITO assembly achieves a maximum ∼14% enhancement in light transmission over a broad spectrum (350-650 nm), a significant reduction in electrochemical impedance by 91.25%, and an increase in charge storage capacitance by 1229.78 μC cm-2. Peeling, bending, and Young's modulus tests verify the enhanced mechanical flexibility and robustness of the multilayer assembly. The μECoG electrodes enable electrical recordings with high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) (∼35-36 dB) under different color photostimulations, suggesting that the electrodes are resilient to photon-induced artifacts. In vivo animal experiments confirm that our array can successfully record light-evoked ECoG oscillations from the primary visual cortex (V1) of an anesthetized rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyang Yang
- The Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Dr, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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35
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Spanu A, Martines L, Bonfiglio A. Interfacing cells with organic transistors: a review of in vitro and in vivo applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:795-820. [PMID: 33565540 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01007c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, organic bioelectronics has attracted considerable interest in the scientific community. The impressive growth that it has undergone in the last 10 years has allowed the rise of the completely new field of cellular organic bioelectronics, which has now the chance to compete with consolidated approaches based on devices such as micro-electrode arrays and ISFET-based transducers both in in vitro and in vivo experimental practice. This review focuses on cellular interfaces based on organic active devices and has the intent of highlighting the recent advances and the most innovative approaches to the ongoing and everlasting challenge of interfacing living matter to the "external world" in order to unveil the hidden mechanisms governing its behavior. Device-wise, three different organic structures will be considered in this work, namely the organic electrochemical transistor (OECT), the solution-gated organic transistor (SGOFET - which is presented here in two possible different versions according to the employed active material, namely: the electrolyte-gated organic transistor - EGOFET, and the solution gated graphene transistor - gSGFET), and the organic charge modulated field effect transistor (OCMFET). Application-wise, this work will mainly focus on cellular-based biosensors employed in in vitro and in vivo cellular interfaces, with the aim of offering the reader a comprehensive retrospective of the recent past, an overview of the latest innovations, and a glance at the future prospects of this challenging, yet exciting and still mostly unexplored scientific field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Spanu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Via Marengo, 09123 Cagliari, CA, Italy.
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Xu L, Hu C, Huang Q, Jin K, Zhao P, Wang D, Hou W, Dong L, Hu S, Ma H. Trends and recent development of the microelectrode arrays (MEAs). Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 175:112854. [PMID: 33371989 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we reviewed the history of microelectrode arrays (MEAs), compared different microfabrication techniques applied to modern MEAs in terms of their material characters, device properties and application scenarios. Then we discussed the biocompatibility of different MEAs as well as corresponding strategy of improvement. At last, we analyzed the growing trend of MEAs' technical route, expected application of MEAs in the field of Electrical impedance tomography (EIT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Longqian Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China
| | - Chenxuan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China
| | - Qi Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China
| | - Kai Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Nanophotonics and Biophotonics, School of Science, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, Jilin province, 130022, PR China
| | - Ping Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Nanophotonics and Biophotonics, School of Science, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, Jilin province, 130022, PR China
| | - Dongping Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China
| | - Wei Hou
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, NO.1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin province, 130021, PR China
| | - Lihua Dong
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, NO.1 Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin province, 130021, PR China
| | - Siyi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China
| | - Hanbin Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.88 Keling Road, Suzhou, Jiangsu province, 215163, PR China.
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Puiggalí-Jou A, Ordoño J, Del Valle LJ, Pérez-Amodio S, Engel E, Alemán C. Tuning multilayered polymeric self-standing films for controlled release of L-lactate by electrical stimulation. J Control Release 2021; 330:669-683. [PMID: 33388340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We examine different approaches for the controlled release of L-lactate, which is a signaling molecule that participates in tissue remodeling and regeneration, such as cardiac and muscle tissue. Robust, flexible, and self-supported 3-layers films made of two spin-coated poly(lactic acid) (PLA) layers separated by an electropolymerized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) layer, are used as loading and delivery systems. Films with outer layers prepared using homochiral PLA and with nanoperforations of diameter 146 ± 70 experience more bulk erosion, which also contributes to the release of L-lactic acid, than those obtained using heterochiral PLA and with nanoperforations of diameter 66 ± 24. Moreover, the release of L-lactic acid as degradation product is accelerated by applying biphasic electrical pulses. The four approaches used for loading extra L-lactate in the 3-layered films were: incorporation of L-lactate at the intermediate PEDOT layer as primary dopant agent using (1) organic or (2) basic water solutions as reaction media; (3) substitution at the PEDOT layer of the ClO4- dopant by L-lactate using de-doping and re-doping processes; and (4) loading of L-lactate at the outer PLA layers during the spin-coating process. Electrical stimuli were applied considering biphasic voltage pulses and constant voltages (both negative and positive). Results indicate that the approach used to load the L-lactate has a very significant influence in the release regulation process, affecting the concentration of released L-lactate up to two orders of magnitude. Among the tested approaches, the one based on the utilization of the outer layers for loading, approach (4), can be proposed for situations requiring prolonged and sustained L-lactate release over time. The biocompatibility and suitability of the engineered films for cardiac tissue engineering has also been confirmed using cardiac cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Puiggalí-Jou
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I2, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. C, 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jesús Ordoño
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Zaragoza 50018, Spain
| | - Luis J Del Valle
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I2, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. C, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soledad Pérez-Amodio
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Zaragoza 50018, Spain; Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Engel
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER-BBN, Zaragoza 50018, Spain; Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I2, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. C, 08019 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Ferrari LM, Rodríguez-Meana B, Bonisoli A, Cutrone A, Micera S, Navarro X, Greco F, Del Valle J. All-Polymer Printed Low-Cost Regenerative Nerve Cuff Electrodes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:615218. [PMID: 33644015 PMCID: PMC7902501 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.615218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural regeneration after lesions is still limited by several factors and new technologies are developed to address this issue. Here, we present and test in animal models a new regenerative nerve cuff electrode (RnCE). It is based on a novel low-cost fabrication strategy, called "Print and Shrink", which combines the inkjet printing of a conducting polymer with a heat-shrinkable polymer substrate for the development of a bioelectronic interface. This method allows to produce miniaturized regenerative cuff electrodes without the use of cleanroom facilities and vacuum based deposition methods, thus highly reducing the production costs. To fully proof the electrodes performance in vivo we assessed functional recovery and adequacy to support axonal regeneration after section of rat sciatic nerves and repair with RnCE. We investigated the possibility to stimulate the nerve to activate different muscles, both in acute and chronic scenarios. Three months after implantation, RnCEs were able to stimulate regenerated motor axons and induce a muscular response. The capability to produce fully-transparent nerve interfaces provided with polymeric microelectrodes through a cost-effective manufacturing process is an unexplored approach in neuroprosthesis field. Our findings pave the way to the development of new and more usable technologies for nerve regeneration and neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Ferrari
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics @SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera, Italy.,The BioRobotics Institute and Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy.,Université Côte d'Azur, INRIA, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Rodríguez-Meana
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and CIBERNED, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alberto Bonisoli
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics @SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera, Italy.,The BioRobotics Institute and Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Annarita Cutrone
- The BioRobotics Institute and Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Silvestro Micera
- The BioRobotics Institute and Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy.,Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational NeuroEngineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and CIBERNED, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Francesco Greco
- Center for Micro-BioRobotics @SSSA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pontedera, Italy.,Institute of Solid State Physics, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.,Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jaume Del Valle
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, and CIBERNED, Bellaterra, Spain
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Basak I, Nowicki G, Ruttens B, Desta D, Prooth J, Jose M, Nagels S, Boyen HG, D’Haen J, Buntinx M, Deferme W. Inkjet Printing of PEDOT:PSS Based Conductive Patterns for 3D Forming Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122915. [PMID: 33291806 PMCID: PMC7762030 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the formulation, inkjet printing, and vacuum forming of a conductive and stretchable polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), ink on a stretchable and transparent thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) substrate. The formulation of the conductive and stretchable ink is achieved by combining PEDOT:PSS with additional solvents, to achieve the right inkjet properties for drop-on-demand (DoD) inkjet printing. A conductive pattern can be printed from the 21 µm orifice on a flexible and stretchable TPU substrate, with a linewidth down to 44 µm. The properties of the printed pattern, in terms of sheet resistance, morphology, transparency, impact of weather conditions, and stretching are investigated and show sheet resistances up to 45 Ohm/sq and transparencies as high as 95%, which is comparable to indium tin oxide (ITO). Moreover, in contrast to ITO, one-time stretching up to 40% can be achieved, increasing the sheet resistance up to 214 Ohm/sq only, showing the great potential of this ink for one-time stretching. Finally, as a proof of this one-time stretching, the printed samples are vacuum formed around a 3D object, still showing sufficient conductivity to be applied as a capacitive touch sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Basak
- Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (I.B.); (B.R.); (D.D.); (J.P.); (M.J.); (S.N.); (H.-G.B.); (J.D.)
- IMEC vzw-Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Gudrun Nowicki
- Institute for Materials Research, Packaging Technology Center, IMO-IMOMEC, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 27, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (G.N.); (M.B.)
| | - Bart Ruttens
- Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (I.B.); (B.R.); (D.D.); (J.P.); (M.J.); (S.N.); (H.-G.B.); (J.D.)
- IMEC vzw-Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Derese Desta
- Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (I.B.); (B.R.); (D.D.); (J.P.); (M.J.); (S.N.); (H.-G.B.); (J.D.)
- IMEC vzw-Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Prooth
- Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (I.B.); (B.R.); (D.D.); (J.P.); (M.J.); (S.N.); (H.-G.B.); (J.D.)
- IMEC vzw-Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Manoj Jose
- Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (I.B.); (B.R.); (D.D.); (J.P.); (M.J.); (S.N.); (H.-G.B.); (J.D.)
- IMEC vzw-Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Steven Nagels
- Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (I.B.); (B.R.); (D.D.); (J.P.); (M.J.); (S.N.); (H.-G.B.); (J.D.)
- IMEC vzw-Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Hans-Gerd Boyen
- Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (I.B.); (B.R.); (D.D.); (J.P.); (M.J.); (S.N.); (H.-G.B.); (J.D.)
- IMEC vzw-Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jan D’Haen
- Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (I.B.); (B.R.); (D.D.); (J.P.); (M.J.); (S.N.); (H.-G.B.); (J.D.)
- IMEC vzw-Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Mieke Buntinx
- Institute for Materials Research, Packaging Technology Center, IMO-IMOMEC, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 27, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (G.N.); (M.B.)
| | - Wim Deferme
- Hasselt University, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (I.B.); (B.R.); (D.D.); (J.P.); (M.J.); (S.N.); (H.-G.B.); (J.D.)
- IMEC vzw-Division IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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Real-Time Impedance Monitoring of Epithelial Cultures with Inkjet-Printed Interdigitated-Electrode Sensors. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20195711. [PMID: 33049961 PMCID: PMC7582757 DOI: 10.3390/s20195711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
From electronic devices to large-area electronics, from individual cells to skin substitutes, printing techniques are providing compelling applications in wide-ranging fields. Research has thus fueled the vision of a hybrid, printing platform to fabricate sensors/electronics and living engineered tissues simultaneously. Following this interest, we have fabricated interdigitated-electrode sensors (IDEs) by inkjet printing to monitor epithelial cell cultures. We have fabricated IDEs using flexible substrates with silver nanoparticles as a conductive element and SU-8 as the passivation layer. Our sensors are cytocompatible, have a topography that simulates microgrooves of 300 µm width and ~4 µm depth, and can be reused for cellular studies without detrimental in the electrical performance. To test the inkjet-printed sensors and demonstrate their potential use for monitoring laboratory-growth skin tissues, we have developed a real-time system and monitored label-free proliferation, migration, and detachment of keratinocytes by impedance spectroscopy. We have found that variations in the impedance correlate linearly to cell densities initially seeded and that the main component influencing the total impedance is the isolated effect of the cell membranes. Results obtained show that impedance can track cellular migration over the surface of the sensors, exhibiting a linear relationship with the standard method of image processing. Our results provide a useful approach for non-destructive in-situ monitoring of processes related to both in vitro epidermal models and wound healing with low-cost ink-jetted sensors. This type of flexible sensor as well as the impedance method are promising for the envisioned hybrid technology of 3D-bioprinted smart skin substitutes with built-in electronics.
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Almasri RM, AlChamaa W, Tehrani-Bagha AR, Khraiche ML. Highly Flexible Single-Unit Resolution All Printed Neural Interface on a Bioresorbable Backbone. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:7040-7051. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reem M. Almasri
- Neural Engineering and Nanobiosensors Group, Biomedical Engineering Program, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Walid AlChamaa
- Neural Engineering and Nanobiosensors Group, Biomedical Engineering Program, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Ali Reza Tehrani-Bagha
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Energy, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
| | - Massoud L. Khraiche
- Neural Engineering and Nanobiosensors Group, Biomedical Engineering Program, Maroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
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Beedasy V, Smith PJ. Printed Electronics as Prepared by Inkjet Printing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E704. [PMID: 32033206 PMCID: PMC7040650 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inkjet printing has been used to produce a range of printed electronic devices, such as solar panels, sensors, and transistors. This article discusses inkjet printing and its employment in the field of printed electronics. First, printing as a field is introduced before focusing on inkjet printing. The materials that can be employed as inks are then introduced, leading to an overview of wetting, which explains the influences that determine print morphology. The article considers how the printing parameters can affect device performance and how one can account for these influences. The article concludes with a discussion on adhesion. The aim is to illustrate that the factors chosen in the fabrication process, such as dot spacing and sintering conditions, will influence the performance of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick J. Smith
- Laboratory of Applied Inkjet Printing, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 4BJ, UK;
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