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Chettri S, Tamang S, Pradhan K, Sinha B, Brahman D. Copper borate (CuB 4O 7)-promoted multi-component green synthesis of 2,4,5-triarylimidazole derivatives and evidence of in situ conversion of copper borate (CuB 4O 7) into Cu(OAc) 2 in the presence of NH 4OAc. RSC Adv 2023; 13:19846-19855. [PMID: 37409029 PMCID: PMC10318610 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03183g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A green, efficient, and straightforward methodology for the three-component synthesis of 2,4,5-triarylimidazole has been developed under solvent-free conditions using unconventional CuB4O7 as a promoter. This green approach encouragingly provides access to a library of 2,4,5-tri-arylimidazole. Also, we have been able to isolate the compound (5) and (6) in situ, which provides an insight into the direct conversion of CuB4O7 into copper acetate in the presence of NH4OAc under solvent-free condition. The main advantage of this protocol includes an easy reaction procedure, short reaction time, and easy work up of the product without using any tedious separation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailesh Chettri
- Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's College Darjeeling 734104 India
| | - Sumiran Tamang
- Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's College Darjeeling 734104 India
| | - Kiran Pradhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal Darjeeling 734013 India
| | - Biswajit Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Bengal Darjeeling 734013 India
| | - Dhiraj Brahman
- Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's College Darjeeling 734104 India
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Jeena V, Majola N. Acid, Metal and Peroxide-Free Synthesis of 2,4,5-Trisubstituted Imidazoles Commencing from Internal Alkenes Using an Iodine/DMSO System. HETEROCYCLES 2023. [DOI: 10.3987/com-22-14781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Sovari SN, Golding TM, Mbaba M, Mohunlal R, Egan TJ, Smith GS, Zobi F. Rhenium(I) derivatives of aminoquinoline and imidazolopiperidine-based ligands: Synthesis, in vitro and in silico biological evaluation against Plasmodium falciparum. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 234:111905. [PMID: 35752063 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A small library of aminoquinoline and imidazolopiperidine (IMP)-based ligands, containing the 1,2,3-triazole moiety, and their corresponding tricarbonyl rhenium complexes were synthesised and their inhibitory activities evaluated against the chloroquine-sensitive (CQS) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains (NF54 and K1, respectively) of P. falciparum. The quinoline-based compounds (L1, L2, ReL1, and ReL2) were at least six-fold more potent than their IMP-based counterparts (L3, L4, ReL3, and ReL4) against both strains of P. falciparum, with the most promising compound (L1) displaying activity comparable to chloroquine diphosphate (CQDP) in the MDR strain. Additionally, all of the synthesised compounds have resistance indices less than CQDP. To gain insight into a possible mechanism of action, in silico hemozoin docking simulations were performed. These studies proposed that the tested compounds may act via hemozoin inhibition, as the new aminoquinoline-derivatives, with the exception of complex ReL2 (binding affinity: -12.62 kcal/mol), showed higher binding affinities than the reference drug chloroquine (CQ, -13.56 kcal/mol). Furthermore, the ligands exhibited superior binding affinity relative to their corresponding Re(I) complexes, which is reflected in their antiplasmodial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nasiri Sovari
- Department of Chemistry, Fribourg University, Chemin Du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Taryn M Golding
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Mziyanda Mbaba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Roxanne Mohunlal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Gregory S Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
| | - Fabio Zobi
- Department of Chemistry, Fribourg University, Chemin Du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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4
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Olivier T, Loots L, Kok M, de Villiers M, Reader J, Birkholtz LM, Arnott GE, de Villiers KA. Adsorption to the surface of hemozoin crystals: Structure-based design and synthesis of new amino-phenoxazine β-hematin inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200139. [PMID: 35385211 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In silico adsorption of eight antimalarials that inhibit β-hematin (synthetic hemozoin) formation identified a primary binding site on the (001) face, which accommodates inhibitors via formation of predominantly π-π interactions. A good correlation (r2 = 0.64, P = 0.017) between adsorption energies and the logarithm of β-hematin inhibitory activity was found for this face. Of 53 monocyclic, bicyclic and tricyclic scaffolds, the latter yielded the most favorable adsorption energies. Five new amino-phenoxazine compounds were pursued as β-hematin inhibitors based on adsorption behaviour. The 2-substituted phenoxazines show good to moderate β-hematin inhibitory activity (< 100 μM) and Plasmodium falciparum blood stage activity against the 3D7 strain. N1,N1-diethyl-N4-(10H-phenoxazin-2-yl)pentane-1,4-diamine (P2a) is the most promising hit with IC50 values of 4.7 ± 0.6 and 0.64 ± 0.05 μM, respectively. Adsorption energies are predictive of β-hematin inhibitory activity, and thus the in silico approach is a beneficial tool for structure-based development of new non-quinoline inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Olivier
- Stellenbosch University Faculty of Science, Chemistry and Polymer Science, SOUTH AFRICA
| | - Leigh Loots
- Stellenbosch University Faculty of Science, Chemistry and Polymer Science, SOUTH AFRICA
| | - Michélle Kok
- Stellenbosch University Faculty of Science, Biochemistry, SOUTH AFRICA
| | | | - Janette Reader
- University of Pretoria, Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, SOUTH AFRICA
| | - Lyn-Marié Birkholtz
- University of Pretoria, Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, SOUTH AFRICA
| | - Gareth E Arnott
- Stellenbosch University Faculty of Science, Chemistry and Polymer Science, 49 Almond Drive, Helderberg Estate, 7130, Somerset West, SOUTH AFRICA
| | - Katherine A de Villiers
- Stellenbosch University Faculty of Science, Chemistry and Polymer Science, Merriman Avenue, 7600, Stellenbosch, SOUTH AFRICA
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Jeena V, P. Mabizela L. Molecular Iodine Mediated Synthesis of 2,4,5-Trisubstituted Imidazoles Commencing from α-Methylene Ketones and Benzylic Primary Alcohols Using a One-Pot, Two-Step Approach. HETEROCYCLES 2022. [DOI: 10.3987/com-22-14699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Bokosi FRB, Beteck RM, Mbaba M, Mtshare TE, Laming D, Hoppe HC, Khanye SD. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of mono- and bisquinoline methanamine derivatives as potential antiplasmodial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 38:127855. [PMID: 33609655 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several classes of antimalarial drugs are currently available, although issues of toxicity and the emergence of drug resistant malaria parasites have reduced their overall therapeutic efficiency. Quinoline based antiplasmodial drugs have unequivocally been long-established and continue to inspire the design of new antimalarial agents. Herein, a series of mono- and bisquinoline methanamine derivatives were synthesised through sequential steps; Vilsmeier-Haack, reductive amination, and nucleophilic substitution, and obtained in low to excellent yields. The resulting compounds were investigated for in vitro antiplasmodial activity against the 3D7 chloroquine-sensitive strain of Plasmodium falciparum, and compounds 40 and 59 emerged as the most promising with IC50 values of 0.23 and 0.93 µM, respectively. The most promising compounds were also evaluated in silico by molecular docking protocols for binding affinity to the {001} fast-growing face of a hemozoin crystal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fostino R B Bokosi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
| | - Richard M Beteck
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Mziyanda Mbaba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Thanduxolo E Mtshare
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Dustin Laming
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa
| | - Setshaba D Khanye
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa; Centre for Chemico- and Biomedicinal Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, South Africa.
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7
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Ishmail FZ, Melis DR, Mbaba M, Smith GS. Diversification of quinoline-triazole scaffolds with CORMs: Synthesis, in vitro and in silico biological evaluation against Plasmodium falciparum. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 215:111328. [PMID: 33340802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A discrete series of tricarbonyl manganese and rhenium complexes conjugated to a quinoline-triazole hybrid scaffold were synthesised and their inhibitory activities evaluated against Plasmodium falciparum. In general, the complexes show moderate activity with improved inhibitory activities for the photoactivatable manganese(I) tricarbonyl complexes in the malaria parasite. All complexes are active in the dark against the NF54 CQS (chloroquine-sensitive) and K1 MDR (multidrug-resistant) strains of Plasmodium falciparum, with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Of significance, the complexes retain their activity in the MDR strain with resistance indices ranging between 1.1 and 2.1. The Mn(I) analogues display photodissociation of all three CO ligands upon irradiation at 365 nm. More importantly, the complexes show increased antimalarial activity in vitro upon photoactivation, something not observed by the clinically used reference drug, chloroquine. As a purported mechanism of action, the compounds were evaluated as β-haematin inhibitors. To further understand the interactions of the complexes, in silico hemozoin docking simulations were performed, attesting to the fact that CO-release could be vital for blocking the hemozoin formation pathway. These results show that this strategy may be a valuable, novel route to design antimalarial agents with higher efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima-Zahra Ishmail
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Diana R Melis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Mziyanda Mbaba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Gregory S Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
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Veale CGL, Müller R. Recent Highlights in Anti-infective Medicinal Chemistry from South Africa. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:809-826. [PMID: 32149446 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Global advancements in biological technologies have vastly increased the variety of and accessibility to bioassay platforms, while simultaneously improving our understanding of druggable chemical space. In the South African context, this has resulted in a rapid expansion in the number of medicinal chemistry programmes currently operating, particularly on university campuses. Furthermore, the modern medicinal chemist has the advantage of being able to incorporate data from numerous related disciplines into the medicinal chemistry process, allowing for informed molecular design to play a far greater role than previously possible. Accordingly, this review focusses on recent highlights in drug-discovery programmes, in which South African medicinal chemistry groups have played a substantive role in the design and optimisation of biologically active compounds which contribute to the search for promising agents for infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
| | - Ronel Müller
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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