1
|
Radoor S, Karayil J, Jayakumar A, Kandel DR, Kim JT, Siengchin S, Lee J. Recent advances in cellulose- and alginate-based hydrogels for water and wastewater treatment: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121339. [PMID: 37940239 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
From the environmental perspective, it is essential to develop cheap, eco-friendly, and highly efficient materials for water and wastewater treatment. In this regard, hydrogels and hydrogel-based composites have been widely employed to mitigate global water pollution as this methodology is simple and free from harmful by-products. Notably, alginate and cellulose, which are natural carbohydrate polymers, have gained great attention for their availability, price competitiveness, excellent biodegradability, biocompatibility, hydrophilicity, and superior physicochemical performance in water treatment. This review outlined the recent progress in developing and applying alginate- and cellulose-based hydrogels to remove various pollutants such as dyes, heavy metals, oils, pharmaceutical contaminants, and pesticides from wastewater streams. This review also highlighted the effects of various physical or chemical methods, such as crosslinking, grafting, the addition of fillers, nanoparticle incorporation, and polymer blending, on the physiochemical and adsorption properties of hydrogels. In addition, this review covered the alginate- and cellulose-based hydrogels' current limitations such as low mechanical performance and poor stability, while presenting strategies to improve the drawbacks of the hydrogels. Lastly, we discussed the prospects and future directions of alginate- and cellulose-based hydrogels. We hope this review provides valuable insights into the efficient preparations and applications of hydrogels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabarish Radoor
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jasila Karayil
- Department of Applied Science, Government Engineering College West Hill, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Aswathy Jayakumar
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Dharma Raj Kandel
- Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Tae Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Suchart Siengchin
- Materials and Production Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut's University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand
| | - Jaewoo Lee
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of Bionanotechnology and Bioconvergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of JBNU-KIST Industry-Academia Convergence Research, Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kureha T, Takahashi K, Kino M, Kida H, Hirayama T. Controlling the mechanical properties of hydrogels via modulating the side-chain length. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2878-2882. [PMID: 37060153 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00134b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Even though the toughness of hydrogels is usually adjusted by changing the cross-linking density and structure, or the polymer concentration, we have discovered a new strategy to control the toughness via modulating the side-chain length. In this study, this strategy was applied to biocompatible poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) with long ethylene-oxide side chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kureha
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
| | - Kazuma Takahashi
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
| | - Mion Kino
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
| | - Hikaru Kida
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
| | - Takuto Hirayama
- Department of Frontier Materials Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Biomedicine Innovations and Its Nanohydrogel Classifications. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122839. [PMID: 36559335 PMCID: PMC9787506 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most cutting-edge and promising polymer crosslinked network nanoparticle systems. Polymer nano-sized hydrogels (nanogels) have been a hot topic in the biomedical field over the last few decades. Due to their unique characteristics, which include their relatively high drug encapsulation efficiency, ease of preparation, high tunability, low toxicity, high stability in serum and responsive behavior to a range of stimuli to facilitate drug release. Nanogels are thought to be the next generation of drug delivery systems that can completely change the way that drug delivery systems have an impact on patients' lives. Nanogels have demonstrated significant potential in a variety of fields, including chemotherapy, diagnosis, organ targeting, and delivery of bioactive molecules of different dimensions. However, the lack of substantial clinical data from nanogels becomes one of the major barriers to translating the nanogel concept into a practical therapeutic application for many disease conditions. In addition, nanogel safety profiles have been the major concern that hinders it advancement to the clinical trial phase. This review aims to emphasize the unique properties of nanogels as delivery systems for a variety of bioactive molecules over other nano-delivery systems. Also, this review attempts to give insight into the recent progress in nanogels as a carrier in the field of nanomedicine to overcome complex biological barriers. Relevant scientific data and clinical rationale for the development and the potential use of nanogel as a carrier for targeted therapeutic interventions are discussed. Finally, the concluding points of this review highlight the importance of understanding the long-term toxicity profile of nanogel within the biological system to fully understand their biocompatibility.
Collapse
|
4
|
Structural and bioactive roles of fucoidan in nanogel delivery systems. A review. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
5
|
Liu Z, Fu C. Application of single and cooperative different delivery systems for the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1058251. [PMID: 36452213 PMCID: PMC9702580 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1058251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD) is the most universal pathogenesis of low back pain (LBP), a prevalent and costly medical problem across the world. Persistent low back pain can seriously affect a patient's quality of life and even lead to disability. Furthermore, the corresponding medical expenses create a serious economic burden to both individuals and society. Intervertebral disc degeneration is commonly thought to be related to age, injury, obesity, genetic susceptibility, and other risk factors. Nonetheless, its specific pathological process has not been completely elucidated; the current mainstream view considers that this condition arises from the interaction of multiple mechanisms. With the development of medical concepts and technology, clinicians and scientists tend to intervene in the early or middle stages of intervertebral disc degeneration to avoid further aggravation. However, with the aid of modern delivery systems, it is now possible to intervene in the process of intervertebral disc at the cellular and molecular levels. This review aims to provide an overview of the main mechanisms associated with intervertebral disc degeneration and the delivery systems that can help us to improve the efficacy of intervertebral disc degeneration treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zongtai Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Changfeng Fu
- Department of Spine Surgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nguyen NT, Jennings J, Milani AH, Martino CDS, Nguyen LTB, Wu S, Mokhtar MZ, Saunders JM, Gautrot JE, Armes SP, Saunders BR. Highly Stretchable Conductive Covalent Coacervate Gels for Electronic Skin. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:1423-1432. [PMID: 35188757 PMCID: PMC9098112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Highly stretchable electrically conductive hydrogels have been extensively researched in recent years, especially for applications in strain and pressure sensing, electronic skin, and implantable bioelectronic devices. Herein, we present a new cross-linked complex coacervate approach to prepare conductive hydrogels that are both highly stretchable and compressive. The gels involve a complex coacervate between carboxylated nanogels and branched poly(ethylene imine), whereby the latter is covalently cross-linked by poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE). Inclusion of graphene nanoplatelets (Gnp) provides electrical conductivity as well as tensile and compressive strain-sensing capability to the hydrogels. We demonstrate that judicious selection of the molecular weight of the PEGDGE cross-linker enables the mechanical properties of these hydrogels to be tuned. Indeed, the gels prepared with a PEGDGE molecular weight of 6000 g/mol defy the general rule that toughness decreases as strength increases. The conductive hydrogels achieve a compressive strength of 25 MPa and a stretchability of up to 1500%. These new gels are both adhesive and conformal. They provide a self-healable electronic circuit, respond rapidly to human motion, and can act as strain-dependent sensors while exhibiting low cytotoxicity. Our new approach to conductive gel preparation is efficient, involves only preformed components, and is scalable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nam T Nguyen
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - James Jennings
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Amir H Milani
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Chiara D S Martino
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Linh T B Nguyen
- Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London WC1X 8LD, U.K
| | - Shanglin Wu
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Muhamad Z Mokhtar
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Jennifer M Saunders
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Julien E Gautrot
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K
| | - Steven P Armes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Brian R Saunders
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, MSS Tower, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bagley RHT, Jones ST. Deoxyribonucleic acid polymer nanoparticle hydrogels. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12111-12114. [PMID: 34704568 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05668a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polymer nanoparticle hydrogels made of deoxyribonucleic acid and silica have been prepared and shown to display shear thinning and self-healing properties, sustained release of cargo and enzymatic degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H T Bagley
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. .,The Henry Royce Institute, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Samuel T Jones
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK. .,The Henry Royce Institute, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Baruffaldi D, Palmara G, Pirri C, Frascella F. 3D Cell Culture: Recent Development in Materials with Tunable Stiffness. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:2233-2250. [PMID: 35014348 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that three-dimensional cell culture systems simulate physiological conditions better than traditional 2D systems. Although extracellular matrix components strongly modulate cell behavior, several studies underlined the importance of mechanosensing in the control of different cell functions such as growth, proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Human tissues are characterized by different degrees of stiffness, and various pathologies (e.g., tumor or fibrosis) cause changes in the mechanical properties through the alteration of the extracellular matrix structure. Additionally, these modifications have an impact on disease progression and on therapy response. Hence, the development of platforms whose stiffness could be modulated may improve our knowledge of cell behavior under different mechanical stress stimuli. In this review, we have analyzed the mechanical diversity of healthy and diseased tissues, and we have summarized recently developed materials with a wide range of stiffness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Baruffaldi
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy.,PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy
| | - Gianluca Palmara
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy.,PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy
| | - Candido Pirri
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy.,PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy.,Center for Sustainable Futures@Polito, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Livorno 60, Turin 10144, Italy
| | - Francesca Frascella
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy.,PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Turin 10129, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pragya A, Mutalik S, Younas MW, Pang SK, So PK, Wang F, Zheng Z, Noor N. Dynamic cross-linking of an alginate-acrylamide tough hydrogel system: time-resolved in situ mapping of gel self-assembly. RSC Adv 2021; 11:10710-10726. [PMID: 35423570 PMCID: PMC8695775 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09210j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are a popular class of biomaterial that are used in a number of commercial applications (e.g.; contact lenses, drug delivery, and prophylactics). Alginate-based tough hydrogel systems, interpenetrated with acrylamide, reportedly form both ionic and covalent cross-links, giving rise to their remarkable mechanical properties. In this work, we explore the nature, onset and extent of such hybrid bonding interactions between the complementary networks in a model double-network alginate-acrylamide system, using a host of characterisation techniques (e.g.; FTIR, Raman, UV-vis, and fluorescence spectroscopies), in a time-resolved manner. Further, due to the similarity of bonding effects across many such complementary, interpenetrating hydrogel networks, the broad bonding interactions and mechanisms observed during gelation in this model system, are thought to be commonly replicated across alginate-based and broader double-network hydrogels, where both physical and chemical bonding effects are present. Analytical techniques followed real-time bond formation, environmental changes and re-organisational processes that occurred. Experiments broadly identified two phases of reaction; phase I where covalent interaction and physical entanglements predominate, and; phase II where ionic cross-linking effects are dominant. Contrary to past reports, ionic cross-linking occurred more favourably via mannuronate blocks of the alginate chain, initially. Evolution of such bonding interactions was also correlated with the developing tensile and compressive properties. These structure-property findings provide mechanistic insights and future synthetic intervention routes to manipulate the chemo-physico-mechanical properties of dynamically-forming tough hydrogel structures according to need (i.e.; durability, biocompatibility, adhesion, etc.), allowing expansion to a broader range of more physically and/or environmentally demanding biomaterials applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Pragya
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Materials Synthesis and Processing Lab Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Suhas Mutalik
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Materials Synthesis and Processing Lab Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Muhammad Waseem Younas
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Materials Synthesis and Processing Lab Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Siu-Kwong Pang
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Materials Synthesis and Processing Lab Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Pui-Kin So
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, University Research Facility in Life Sciences Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Faming Wang
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, University Research Facility in Life Sciences Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China
- Central South University, School of Architecture and Art Changsha China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Materials Synthesis and Processing Lab Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Nuruzzaman Noor
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Materials Synthesis and Processing Lab Hung Hom Kowloon Hong Kong SAR China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zheng K, Du D. Recent advances of hydrogel-based biomaterials for intervertebral disc tissue treatment: A literature review. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 15:299-321. [PMID: 33660950 DOI: 10.1002/term.3172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Low back pain is an increasingly prevalent symptom mainly associated with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. It is highly correlated with aging, as the nucleus pulposus (NP) dehydrates and annulus fibrosus fissure formatting, which finally results in the IVD herniation and related clinical symptoms. Hydrogels have been drawing increasing attention as the ideal candidates for IVD degeneration because of their unique properties such as biocompatibility, highly tunable mechanical properties, and especially the water absorption and retention ability resembling the normal NP tissue. Numerous innovative hydrogel polymers have been generated in the most recent years. This review article will first briefly describe the anatomy and pathophysiology of IVDs and current therapies with their limitations. Following that, the article introduces the hydrogel materials in the classification of their origins. Next, it reviews the recent hydrogel polymers explored for IVD regeneration and analyses what efforts have been made to overcome the existing limitations. Finally, the challenges and prospects of hydrogel-based treatments for IVD tissue are also discussed. We believe that these novel hydrogel-based strategies may shed light on new possibilities in IVD degeneration disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwen Zheng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Dajiang Du
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yu J, Xu K, Chen X, Zhao X, Yang Y, Chu D, Xu Y, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Cheng Y. Highly Stretchable, Tough, Resilient, and Antifatigue Hydrogels Based on Multiple Hydrogen Bonding Interactions Formed by Phenylalanine Derivatives. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1297-1304. [PMID: 33577294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Noncovalent cross-linked hydrogels with promising mechanical properties are on demand for applications in tissue engineering, flexible electronics, and actuators. However, integrating excellent mechanical properties with facile preparation for the design of hydrogen bond cross-linked hydrogels is still challenging. In this work, an advanced hydrogel was prepared from acrylamide and N-acryloyl phenylalanine by one-pot free-radical copolymerization. Owing to hydrophobicity-assisted multiple hydrogen bonding interactions among phenylalanine derivatives, the hydrogels exhibited fascinating mechanical behaviors: tensile strength of 0.35 MPa, elongation at break of 2100%, tearing energy of 1134 J/m2, and compression strength of 3.56 MPa. The hydrogels also showed robust elasticity and fatigue resistance, and the compression strength did not show any decline, even after 100 successive cycles, as well as promising self-recovery property. In addition, the cytotoxicity test in vitro proved that the hydrogel showed good biocompatibility with normal human liver cells (LO2 cells). The excellent stretchability, robust elasticity, high toughness, fatigue resistance, and biocompatibility of the hydrogel demonstrated its vast potential in the biomedical field and flexible electronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Kai Xu
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaojing Chen
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yuxuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Province for Craniofacial Precision Medicine Research, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Dake Chu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061 China
| | - Yongliang Xu
- ZhejiangYunFeng New Material Technology Co., Ltd, Jinhua, 321002, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yanfeng Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yilong Cheng
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| |
Collapse
|