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Lisiecki J, Szabelski P. Structural Quantification of the Surface-Confined Metal-Organic Precursors Simulated with the Lattice Monte Carlo Method. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104253. [PMID: 37241994 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The diversity of surface-confined metal-organic precursor structures, which recently have been observed experimentally, poses a question of how the individual properties of a molecular building block determine those of the resulting superstructure. To answer this question, we use the Monte Carlo simulation technique to model the self-assembly of metal-organic precursors that precede the covalent polymerization of halogenated PAH isomers. For this purpose, a few representative examples of low-dimensional constructs were studied, and their basic structural features were quantified using such descriptors as the orientational order parameter, radial distribution function, and one- and two-dimensional structure factors. The obtained results demonstrated that the morphology of the precursor (and thus the subsequent polymer) could be effectively tuned by a suitable choice of molecular parameters, including size, shape, and intramolecular distribution of halogen substituents. Moreover, our theoretical investigations showed the effect of the main structural features of the precursors on the related indirect characteristics of these constructs. The results reported herein can be helpful in the custom designing and characterization of low-dimensional polymers with adjustable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Lisiecki
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Pl. M.C. Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paweł Szabelski
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Pl. M.C. Skłodowskiej 3, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
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2
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Moreno-Chaparro D, Moreno N, Usabiaga FB, Ellero M. Computational modeling of passive transport of functionalized nanoparticles. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:104108. [PMID: 36922140 DOI: 10.1063/5.0136833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Functionalized nanoparticles (NPs) are complex objects present in a variety of systems ranging from synthetic grafted nanoparticles to viruses. The morphology and number of the decorating groups can vary widely between systems. Thus, the modeling of functionalized NPs typically considers simplified spherical objects as a first-order approximation. At the nanoscale label, complex hydrodynamic interactions are expected to emerge as the morphological features of the particles change, and they can be further amplified when the NPs are confined or near walls. Direct estimation of these variations can be inferred via diffusion coefficients of the NPs. However, the evaluation of the coefficients requires an improved representation of the NPs morphology to reproduce important features hidden by simplified spherical models. Here, we characterize the passive transport of free and confined functionalized nanoparticles using the Rigid Multi-Blob (RMB) method. The main advantage of RMB is its versatility to approximate the mobility of complex structures at the nanoscale with significant accuracy and reduced computational cost. In particular, we investigate the effect of functional groups' distribution, size, and morphology over nanoparticle translational and rotational diffusion. We identify that the presence of functional groups significantly affects the rotational diffusion of the nanoparticles; moreover, the morphology of the groups and number induce characteristic mobility reduction compared to non-functionalized nanoparticles. Confined NPs also evidenced important alterations in their diffusivity, with distinctive signatures in the off-diagonal contributions of the rotational diffusion. These results can be exploited in various applications, including biomedical, polymer nanocomposite fabrication, drug delivery, and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Moreno
- Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, BCAM, Alameda de Mazarredo 14, Bilbao 48400, Spain
| | | | - Marco Ellero
- Basque Center for Applied Mathematics, BCAM, Alameda de Mazarredo 14, Bilbao 48400, Spain
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3
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Loevlie D, Ferreira B, Mpourmpakis G. Demystifying the Chemical Ordering of Multimetallic Nanoparticles. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:248-257. [PMID: 36680516 PMCID: PMC9910050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusMultimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) have highly tunable properties due to the synergy between the different metals and the wide variety of NP structural parameters such as size, shape, composition, and chemical ordering. The major problem with studying multimetallic NPs is that as the number of different metals increases, the number of possible chemical orderings (placements of different metals) for a NP of fixed size explodes. Thus, it becomes infeasible to explore NP energetic differences with highly accurate computational methods, such as density functional theory (DFT), which has a high computational cost and is typically applied to up to a couple of hundred metal atoms. Here, we demonstrate a methodology advancing NP simulations by effectively exploring the vast materials space of multimetallic NPs and accurately identifying the ones with the most thermodynamically preferred chemical orderings. With accuracies reaching that of DFT, our methodology is applicable to practically any NP size, shape, and metal composition. We achieve this by significantly advancing the bond-centric (BC) model, a physics-based model that has been previously shown to rapidly predict bimetallic NP cohesive energies (CEs). Specifically, the BC model is trained in a way to understand how the bimetallic bond strength changes under different coordination environments present on a NP and how the metal composition of every site affects the detailed coordination environment using fractional coordination numbers. This newly modified BC model leads to an improvement from 0.331 (original model) to 0.089 eV/atom in CE predictions when compared to DFT values on a robust data set of 90 different NPs consisting of PtPd, AuPt, and AuPd NPs with varying compositions and chemical orderings. By incorporating the modified BC model into an in-house-developed genetic algorithm (GA) we can effectively and accurately predict the most stable chemical orderings of large, realistic bimetallic NPs consisting of thousands of metal atoms. This is demonstrated on AuPd bimetallic NPs, a challenging system due to the similarity in the cohesion of the two metals. By training our BC model using a unique DFT calculation on a bimetallic NP (one calculation for two metals combining together), we expand to explore the chemical ordering of multimetallic NPs. We first demonstrate the application of our methodology on a AuPdPt NP and validate our stability predictions with literature data. Then, we effectively explore the vast materials space of multimetallic NPs consisting of combinations of Au, Pt, and Pd as a function of metal composition. Our thermodynamic stability trends are presented in a ternary diagram revealing detailed, and yet, unexpected chemical ordering trends. Our computational framework can aid both experimental and computational researchers toward effectively screening multimetallic NP stability. Moreover, we provide an outlook of how this framework can be applied to catalyst discovery, high-entropy alloys, and single-atom alloys.
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Garza RB, Lee J, Nguyen MH, Garmon A, Perez D, Li M, Yang JC, Henkelman G, Saidi WA. Atomistic Mechanisms of Binary Alloy Surface Segregation from Nanoseconds to Seconds Using Accelerated Dynamics. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:4447-4455. [PMID: 35671511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the equilibrium composition of many alloy surfaces is well understood, the rate of transient surface segregation during annealing is not known, despite its crucial effect on alloy corrosion and catalytic reactions occurring on overlapping timescales. In this work, CuNi bimetallic alloys representing (100) surface facets are annealed in vacuum using atomistic simulations to observe the effect of vacancy diffusion on surface separation. We employ multi-timescale methods to sample the early transient, intermediate, and equilibrium states of slab surfaces during the separation process, including standard MD as well as three methods to perform atomistic, long-time dynamics: parallel trajectory splicing (ParSplice), adaptive kinetic Monte Carlo (AKMC), and kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC). From nanosecond (ns) to second timescales, our multiscale computational methodology can observe rare stochastic events not typically seen with standard MD, closing the gap between computational and experimental timescales for surface segregation. Rapid diffusion of a vacancy to the slab is resolved by all four methods in tens of nanoseconds. Stochastic re-entry of vacancies into the subsurface, however, is only seen on the microsecond timescale in the two KMC methods. Kinetic vacancy trapping on the surface and its effect on the segregation rate are discussed. The equilibrium composition profile of CuNi after segregation during annealing is estimated to occur on a timescale of seconds as determined by KMC, a result directly comparable to nanoscale experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Garza
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States.,Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Jiyoung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,Oden Institute for Computational Engineering & Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Mai H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Andrew Garmon
- Theoretical Division T-1, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States.,Department of Physics & Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29631, United States
| | - Danny Perez
- Theoretical Division T-1, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Judith C Yang
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Graeme Henkelman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States.,Oden Institute for Computational Engineering & Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Wissam A Saidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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Kirchner KA, Cassar DR, Zanotto ED, Ono M, Kim SH, Doss K, Bødker ML, Smedskjaer MM, Kohara S, Tang L, Bauchy M, Wilkinson CJ, Yang Y, Welch RS, Mancini M, Mauro JC. Beyond the Average: Spatial and Temporal Fluctuations in Oxide Glass-Forming Systems. Chem Rev 2022; 123:1774-1840. [PMID: 35511603 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Atomic structure dictates the performance of all materials systems; the characteristic of disordered materials is the significance of spatial and temporal fluctuations on composition-structure-property-performance relationships. Glass has a disordered atomic arrangement, which induces localized distributions in physical properties that are conventionally defined by average values. Quantifying these statistical distributions (including variances, fluctuations, and heterogeneities) is necessary to describe the complexity of glass-forming systems. Only recently have rigorous theories been developed to predict heterogeneities to manipulate and optimize glass properties. This article provides a comprehensive review of experimental, computational, and theoretical approaches to characterize and demonstrate the effects of short-, medium-, and long-range statistical fluctuations on physical properties (e.g., thermodynamic, kinetic, mechanical, and optical) and processes (e.g., relaxation, crystallization, and phase separation), focusing primarily on commercially relevant oxide glasses. Rigorous investigations of fluctuations enable researchers to improve the fundamental understanding of the chemistry and physics governing glass-forming systems and optimize structure-property-performance relationships for next-generation technological applications of glass, including damage-resistant electronic displays, safer pharmaceutical vials to store and transport vaccines, and lower-attenuation fiber optics. We invite the reader to join us in exploring what can be discovered by going beyond the average.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn A Kirchner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Daniel R Cassar
- Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Sao Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
- Ilum School of Science, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Edgar D Zanotto
- Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Sao Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Madoka Ono
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- Materials Integration Laboratories, AGC Incorporated, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Seong H Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Karan Doss
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Mikkel L Bødker
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg 9220, Denmark
| | - Morten M Smedskjaer
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg 9220, Denmark
| | - Shinji Kohara
- Research Center for Advanced Measurement and Characterization National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Longwen Tang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Mathieu Bauchy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Collin J Wilkinson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Research and Development, GlassWRX, Beaufort, South Carolina 29906, United States
| | - Yongjian Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Rebecca S Welch
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Matthew Mancini
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - John C Mauro
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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Gao S, Wang L, Li H, Liu Z, Shi G, Peng J, Wang B, Wang W, Cho K. Core-shell PdAu nanocluster catalysts to suppress sulfur poisoning. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15010-15019. [PMID: 34128008 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01274f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Reducing sulfur poisoning is significant for maintaining the catalytic efficiency and durability of heterogeneous catalysts. We screened PdAu nanoclusters with specific Pd : Au ratios based on Monte Carlo simulations and then carried out density functional calculations to reveal how to reduce sulfur poisoning via alloying. Among various nanoclusters, the core-shell structure Pd13Au42 (Pd@Au) exhibits a low adsorption energy of SO2 (-0.67 eV), comparable with O2 (-0.45 eV) and lower than CO (-1.25 eV), thus avoiding sulfur poisoning during the CO catalytic oxidation. Fundamentally, the weak adsorption of SO2 originates from the negative d-band center of the shell and delocalized charge distribution near the Fermi level, due to the appropriate charge transfer from the core to shell. Core-shell nanoclusters with a different core (Ni, Cu, Ag, Pt) and a Pd@Au slab model were further constructed to validate and extend the results. These findings provide insights into designing core-shell catalysts to suppress sulfur poisoning while optimizing catalytic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- Integrated Circuits and Smart System Lab (Shenzhen), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Photo-Electronic Thin Film Device and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China. and State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Linxia Wang
- Integrated Circuits and Smart System Lab (Shenzhen), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Photo-Electronic Thin Film Device and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Hui Li
- Integrated Circuits and Smart System Lab (Shenzhen), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Photo-Electronic Thin Film Device and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Zunfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Jianfei Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Thin Films and Applications, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Weichao Wang
- Integrated Circuits and Smart System Lab (Shenzhen), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Photo-Electronic Thin Film Device and Technology, College of Electronic Information and Optical Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Kyeongjae Cho
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, 75080, USA
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Abstract
The unprecedented ability of computations to probe atomic-level details of catalytic systems holds immense promise for the fundamentals-based bottom-up design of novel heterogeneous catalysts, which are at the heart of the chemical and energy sectors of industry. Here, we critically analyze recent advances in computational heterogeneous catalysis. First, we will survey the progress in electronic structure methods and atomistic catalyst models employed, which have enabled the catalysis community to build increasingly intricate, realistic, and accurate models of the active sites of supported transition-metal catalysts. We then review developments in microkinetic modeling, specifically mean-field microkinetic models and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, which bridge the gap between nanoscale computational insights and macroscale experimental kinetics data with increasing fidelity. We finally review the advancements in theoretical methods for accelerating catalyst design and discovery. Throughout the review, we provide ample examples of applications, discuss remaining challenges, and provide our outlook for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W J Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Lang Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Manos Mavrikakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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8
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Xu L, Zhu FX. A new way to develop reaction network automatically via DFT-based adaptive kinetic Monte Carlo. Chem Eng Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.115746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Li L, Li H, Seymour ID, Koziol L, Henkelman G. Pair-distribution-function guided optimization of fingerprints for atom-centered neural network potentials. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:224102. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0007391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry and the Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0231, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry and the Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0231, USA
| | - Ieuan D. Seymour
- Department of Chemistry and the Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0231, USA
| | - Lucas Koziol
- Corporate Strategic Research, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company, 1545 US Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey 08801, USA
| | - Graeme Henkelman
- Department of Chemistry and the Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0231, USA
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Guo L, Chen F, Jin T, Liu H, Zhang N, Jin Y, Wang Q, Tang Q, Pan B. Surface reconstruction of AgPd nanoalloy particles during the electrocatalytic formate oxidation reaction. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:3469-3481. [PMID: 31990278 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr09660d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Formate is a kind of carbon-neutral fuel that can be synthesized by electrochemical conversion of CO2, however, the generated aqueous formate electrolyte is still short of potential application. Here, formate solution is proposed to be utilized as anode fuels of direct formate fuel cells through the formate oxidation reaction (FOR), and graphene supported AgPd nanoalloys (AgPd/rGO) are prepared to catalyze the FOR. Specifically, the mass activity of the as-prepared Ag49Pd51/rGO catalyst is 4.21 A mg-1Pd and the retention activity of Ag49Pd51/rGO is 49.1% of initial activity after successive 500 cycles, which is 2.48 and 3.03 times higher than that of unsupported Ag51Pd49 nanoalloys. When increasing the positive scan limit from 0.0 to 0.8 V, the mass activity of the Ag49Pd51/rGO catalyst increases from 2.32 to 6.03 A mg-1Pd and Pd surface coverage increases from 51.87% to 62.42%, indicating the occurrence of surface reconstruction where Pd atoms migrate to the surface of AgPd nanoalloys, and less intensive reconstruction is observed in unsupported Ag51Pd49 nanoalloys, whose mass activity increases from 1.35 to 2.49 A mg-1Pd. The driving force and kinetic path are calculated for the surface reconstruction induced by the adsorption of H, O and C atoms, in the case of C atoms on graphene, the segregation energy of surface Pd atoms in the AgPd nanoalloy is -1.16 eV, and the activation energy for the migration of subsurface Pd atoms to the surface is 0.54 eV, which are lower than the segregation (0.03 eV) and activation (2.06 eV) energy on a clean alloy surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China. and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Fuyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China. and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Tao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China. and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Huazhen Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
| | - Yachao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China. and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Qiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China. and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Quan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China. and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Bowei Pan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
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