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Eremin T, Eremina V, Svirko Y, Obraztsov P. Over Two-Fold Photoluminescence Enhancement from Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Induced by Oxygen Doping. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091561. [PMID: 37177106 PMCID: PMC10180646 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Covalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is a promising way to improve their photoluminescent (PL) brightness and thus make them applicable as a base material for infrared light emitters. We report as high as over two-fold enhancement of the SWCNT PL brightness by using oxygen doping via the UV photodissociation of hypochlorite ions. By analyzing the temporal evolution of the PL and Raman spectra of SWCNTs in the course of the doping process, we conclude that the enhancement of SWCNTs PL brightness depends on the homogeneity of induced quantum defects distribution over the SWCNT surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timofei Eremin
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Center for Photonics Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Valentina Eremina
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Center for Photonics Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Yuri Svirko
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Center for Photonics Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Petr Obraztsov
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, Center for Photonics Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 2, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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2
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Weight BM, Sifain AE, Gifford BJ, Htoon H, Tretiak S. On-the-Fly Nonadiabatic Dynamics Simulations of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Covalent Defects. ACS NANO 2023; 17:6208-6219. [PMID: 36972076 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with covalent surface defects have been explored recently due to their promise for use in single-photon telecommunication emission and in spintronic applications. The all-atom dynamic evolution of electrostatically bound excitons (the primary electronic excitations) in these systems has only been loosely explored from a theoretical perspective due to the size limitations of these large systems (>500 atoms). In this work, we present computational modeling of nonradiative relaxation in a variety of SWCNT chiralities with single-defect functionalizations. Our excited-state dynamics modeling uses a trajectory surface hopping algorithm accounting for excitonic effects with a configuration interaction approach. We find a strong chirality and defect-composition dependence on the population relaxation (varying over 50-500 fs) between the primary nanotube band gap excitation E11 and the defect-associated, single-photon-emitting E11* state. These simulations give direct insight into the relaxation between the band-edge states and the localized excitonic state, in competition with dynamic trapping/detrapping processes observed in experiment. Engineering fast population decay into the quasi-two-level subsystem with weak coupling to higher-energy states increases the effectiveness and controllability of these quantum light emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden M Weight
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Center for Nonlinear Studies, and Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Andrew E Sifain
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 United States
| | - Brendan J Gifford
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Center for Nonlinear Studies, and Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Han Htoon
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Center for Nonlinear Studies, and Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Center for Nonlinear Studies, and Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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3
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Eller B, Fortner J, Kłos J, Wang Y, Clark CW. Can armchair nanotubes host organic color centers? JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2022; 34:464004. [PMID: 36063817 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac8f7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We use time-dependent density functional theory to investigate the possibility of hosting organic color centers in (6, 6) armchair single-walled carbon nanotubes, which are known to be metallic. Our calculations show that in short segments of (6, 6) nanotubes∼5nm in length there is a dipole-allowed singlet transition related to the quantum confinement of charge carriers in the smaller segments. The introduction ofsp3defects to the surface of (6, 6) nanotubes results in new dipole-allowed excited states. Some of these states are redshifted from the native confinement state of the defect-free (6, 6) segments; this is similar behavior to what is observed withsp3defects to exciton transitions in semiconducting carbon nanotubes. This result suggests the possibility of electrically wiring organic color centers directly through armchair carbon nanotube hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Eller
- Chemical Physics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Jacob Fortner
- Chemical Physics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Jacek Kłos
- Joint Quantum Institute, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Chemical Physics Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Charles W Clark
- Joint Quantum Institute, Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
- National Institute of Standards and Technology and the University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
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4
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Qu H, Wu X, Fortner J, Kim M, Wang P, Wang Y. Reconfiguring Organic Color Centers on the sp 2 Carbon Lattice of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2022; 16:2077-2087. [PMID: 35040631 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic color centers (OCCs) are atomic defects that can be synthetically created in single-walled carbon nanotube hosts to enable the emission of shortwave infrared single photons at room temperature. However, all known chemistries developed thus far to generate these quantum defects produce a variety of bonding configurations, posing a formidable challenge to the synthesis of identical, uniformly emitting color centers. Herein, we show that laser irradiation of the nanotube host can locally reconfigure the chemical bonding of aryl OCCs on (6,5) nanotubes to significantly reduce their spectral inhomogeneity. After irradiation the defect emission narrows in distribution by ∼26% to yield a single photoluminescence peak. We use hyperspectral photoluminescence imaging to follow this structural transformation on the single nanotube level. Density functional theory calculations corroborate our experimental observations, suggesting that the OCCs convert from kinetic structures to the more thermodynamically stable configuration. This approach may enable localized tuning and creation of identical OCCs for emerging applications in bioimaging, molecular sensing, and quantum information sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Xiaojian Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jacob Fortner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Mijin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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5
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Weight BM, Sifain AE, Gifford BJ, Kilin D, Kilina S, Tretiak S. Coupling between Emissive Defects on Carbon Nanotubes: Modeling Insights. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:7846-7853. [PMID: 34380317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Covalent functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with organic molecules results in red-shifted emissive states associated with sp3-defects in the tube lattice, which facilitate their improved optical functionality, including single-photon emission. The energy of the defect-based electronic excitations (excitons) depends on the molecular adducts, the configuration of the defect, and concentration of defects. Here we model the interactions between two sp3-defects placed at various distances in the (6,5) SWCNT using time-dependent density functional theory. Calculations reveal that these interactions conform to the effective model of J-aggregates for well-spaced defects (>2 nm), leading to a red-shifted and optically allowed (bright) lowest energy exciton. H-aggregate behavior is not observed for any defect orientations, which is beneficial for emission. The splitting between the lowest energy bright and optically forbidden (dark) excitons and the pristine excitonic band are controlled by the single-defect configurations and their axial separation. These findings enable a synthetic design strategy for SWCNTs with tunable near-infrared emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden M Weight
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Center for Nonlinear Studies, and Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
- Department of Physics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| | - Andrew E Sifain
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Brendan J Gifford
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Center for Nonlinear Studies, and Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Dmitri Kilin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| | - Svetlana Kilina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Center for Nonlinear Studies, and Theoretical Division Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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6
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Gaviria Rojas WA, Hersam MC. Chirality-Enriched Carbon Nanotubes for Next-Generation Computing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905654. [PMID: 32255238 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
For the past half century, silicon has served as the primary material platform for integrated circuit technology. However, the recent proliferation of nontraditional electronics, such as wearables, embedded systems, and low-power portable devices, has led to increasingly complex mechanical and electrical performance requirements. Among emerging electronic materials, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are promising candidates for next-generation computing as a result of their superlative electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. Moreover, their chirality-dependent properties enable a wide range of emerging electronic applications including sub-10 nm complementary field-effect transistors, optoelectronic integrated circuits, and enantiomer-recognition sensors. Here, recent progress in SWCNT-based computing devices is reviewed, with an emphasis on the relationship between chirality enrichment and electronic functionality. In particular, after highlighting chirality-dependent SWCNT properties and chirality enrichment methods, the range of computing applications that have been demonstrated using chirality-enriched SWCNTs are summarized. By identifying remaining challenges and opportunities, this work provides a roadmap for next-generation SWCNT-based computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Gaviria Rojas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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7
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Ngo VA, Sarkar S, Neale C, Garcia AE. How Anionic Lipids Affect Spatiotemporal Properties of KRAS4B on Model Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:5434-5453. [PMID: 32438809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c02642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RAS proteins are small membrane-anchored GTPases that regulate key cellular signaling networks. It has been recently shown that different anionic lipid types can affect the spatiotemporal properties of RAS through dimerization/clustering and signaling fidelity. To understand the effects of anionic lipids on key spatiotemporal properties of RAS, we dissected 1 ms of data from all-atom molecular dynamics simulations for KRAS4B on two model anionic lipid membranes that have 30% of POPS mixed with neutral POPC and 8% of PIP2 mixed with POPC. We unveiled the orientation space of KRAS4B, whose kinetics were slower and more distinguishable on the membrane containing PIP2 than the membrane containing POPS. Particularly, the PIP2-mixed membrane can differentiate a third kinetic orientation state from the other two known orientation states. We observed that each orientation state may yield different binding modes with an RAF kinase, which is required for activating the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. However, an overall occluded probability, for which RAF kinases cannot bind KRAS4B, remains unchanged on the two different membranes. We identified rare fast diffusion modes of KRAS4B that appear coupled with orientations exposed to cytosolic RAF. Particularly, on the membrane having PIP2, we found nonlinear correlations between the orientation states and the conformations of the cationic farnesylated hypervariable region, which acts as an anchor in the membrane. Using diffusion coefficients estimated from the all-atom simulations, we quantified the effect of PIP2 and POPS on the KRAS4B dimerization via Green's function reaction dynamics simulations, in which the averaged dimerization rate is 12.5% slower on PIP2-mixed membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van A Ngo
- Center for Nonlinear Studies (CNLS), Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Sumantra Sarkar
- Center for Nonlinear Studies (CNLS), Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Chris Neale
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, T-6, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Angel E Garcia
- Center for Nonlinear Studies (CNLS), Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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8
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Huang Z, Powell LR, Wu X, Kim M, Qu H, Wang P, Fortner JL, Xu B, Ng AL, Wang Y. Photolithographic Patterning of Organic Color-Centers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1906517. [PMID: 32080923 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201906517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Organic color-centers (OCCs) have emerged as promising single-photon emitters for solid-state quantum technologies, chemically specific sensing, and near-infrared bioimaging. However, these quantum light sources are currently synthesized in bulk solution, lacking the spatial control required for on-chip integration. The ability to pattern OCCs on solid substrates with high spatial precision and molecularly defined structure is essential to interface electronics and advance their quantum applications. Herein, a lithographic generation of OCCs on solid-state semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube films at spatially defined locations is presented. By using light-driven diazoether chemistry, it is possible to directly pattern p-nitroaryl OCCs, which demonstrate chemically specific spectral signatures at programmed positions as confirmed by Raman mapping and hyperspectral photoluminescence imaging. This light-driven technique enables the fabrication of OCC arrays on solid films that fluoresce in the shortwave infrared and presents an important step toward the direct writing of quantum emitters and other functionalities at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Lyndsey R Powell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Xiaojian Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Mijin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Haoran Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Jacob L Fortner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Beibei Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Allen L Ng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
- Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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9
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Luo Y, He X, Kim Y, Blackburn JL, Doorn SK, Htoon H, Strauf S. Carbon Nanotube Color Centers in Plasmonic Nanocavities: A Path to Photon Indistinguishability at Telecom Bands. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:9037-9044. [PMID: 31682759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Indistinguishable single photon generation at telecom wavelengths from solid-state quantum emitters remains a significant challenge to scalable quantum information processing. Here we demonstrate efficient generation of "indistinguishable" single photons directly in the telecom O-band from aryl-functionalized carbon nanotubes by overcoming the emitter quantum decoherence with plasmonic nanocavities. With an unprecedented single-photon spontaneous emission time down to 10 ps (from initially 0.7 ns) generated in the coupling scheme, we show a two-photon interference visibility at 4 K reaching up to 0.79, even without applying post selection. Cavity-enhanced quantum yields up to 74% and Purcell factors up to 415 are achieved with single-photon purities up to 99%. Our results establish the capability to fabricate fiber-based photonic devices for quantum information technology with coherent properties that can enable quantum logic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Luo
- Center for Nanoscale Systems , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | | | - Younghee Kim
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Jeffrey L Blackburn
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory , Golden , Colorado 80401 , United States
| | - Stephen K Doorn
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
| | - Han Htoon
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Materials Physics and Applications Division , Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos , New Mexico 87545 , United States
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10
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Berger F, Lüttgens J, Nowack T, Kutsch T, Lindenthal S, Kistner L, Müller CC, Bongartz LM, Lumsargis VA, Zakharko Y, Zaumseil J. Brightening of Long, Polymer-Wrapped Carbon Nanotubes by sp 3 Functionalization in Organic Solvents. ACS NANO 2019; 13:9259-9269. [PMID: 31381849 PMCID: PMC6716210 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b03792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The functionalization of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with sp3 defects that act as luminescent exciton traps is a powerful means to enhance their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and to add optical properties. However, the synthetic methods employed to introduce these defects are currently limited to aqueous dispersions of surfactant-coated SWNTs, often with short tube lengths, residual metallic nanotubes, and poor film-formation properties. In contrast to that, dispersions of polymer-wrapped SWNTs in organic solvents feature unrivaled purity, higher PLQY, and are easily processed into thin films for device applications. Here, we introduce a simple and scalable phase-transfer method to solubilize diazonium salts in organic nonhalogenated solvents for the controlled reaction with polymer-wrapped SWNTs to create luminescent aryl defects. Absolute PLQY measurements are applied to reliably quantify the defect-induced brightening. The optimization of defect density and trap depth results in PLQYs of up to 4% with 90% of photons emitted through the defect channel. We further reveal the strong impact of initial SWNT quality and length on the relative brightening by sp3 defects. The efficient and simple production of large quantities of defect-tailored polymer-sorted SWNTs enables aerosol-jet printing and spin-coating of thin films with bright and nearly reabsorption-free defect emission, which are desired for carbon nanotube-based near-infrared light-emitting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix
J. Berger
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Lüttgens
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tim Nowack
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kutsch
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lindenthal
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lucas Kistner
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine C. Müller
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lukas M. Bongartz
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Victoria A. Lumsargis
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yuriy Zakharko
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials, Universität Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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