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Paul T, Maity A, Bairi P, Sahoo A, Maiti S, Singh M, Ghosh B, Banerjee R. Vortex flow induced self-assembly in CsPbI 3 rods leads to an improved electrical response towards external analytes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:6333-6342. [PMID: 38488088 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00013g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
We present a facile and versatile strategy for enabling CsPbI3 rods to self-assemble at an air-water interface. The CsPbI3 rods, which float at the air-water interface, align under the influence of the rotational flow field due to the vortex motion of a water subphase. The aligned CsPbI3 rods could be transferred onto various substrates without involving any sophisticated instrumentation. The temperature of the subphase, the concentration of the CsPbI3 aliquot, the rotational speed inducing vortex motion, and the lift-off position and angle of the substrate were optimized to achieve high coverage of the self-assembled rods of CsPbI3 on glass. The Rietveld refinement of the XRD profile confirms that the aligned CsPbI3 is in the pure orthorhombic phase ascribed to the Pnma space group. The hydrophilic carboxylic group of the oleic acid attaches to the Pb atoms of the halide perovskite rods, while their hydrophobic tails encapsulate the rods within their shell, creating a shielding barrier between the water and the perovskite surface like a reverse micelle. The aligned CsPbI3 rods exhibit a nearly 47-fold increment in current upon exposure to ammonia gas (amounting to 5.6 times higher sensitivity in ammonia sensing) compared to the non-aligned CsPbI3 rods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tufan Paul
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj 382355, India.
| | - Avisek Maity
- S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Partha Bairi
- Centre of Excellence for Composites, Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association (ATIRA), Ahmedabad 380015, India
| | - Aditi Sahoo
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj 382355, India.
| | - Soumen Maiti
- St. Thomas College of Engineering & Technology Kolkata, 700023, India
| | - Manoj Singh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj 382355, India.
| | - Barnali Ghosh
- S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Rupak Banerjee
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj 382355, India.
- K C Patel Centre for Sustainable Development, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj 382355, India
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Zhang J, Shen W, Chen S, Zhang Z, Cai B, Qiu Y, Liu Y, Jiang J, He Y, Nan M, Chen Y, Su Z, Dai Y, Liu L, Chen S. Multidentate Ligand-Passivated CsPbI 3 Perovskite Nanocrystals for Stable and Efficient Red-Light-Emitting Diodes. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:6639-6646. [PMID: 37462463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
CsPbI3 nanocrystals (NCs) have become a research hot spot in the field of light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Whereas, the long chain ligands with weak affinity to CsPbI3 NCs have prevented their further development and commercialization. Herein, a novel multidentate short ligand tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD) was employed via a ligand exchange process to enhance hole mobility and decrease trap density of the CsPbI3 NCs film. Therefore, TMTD passivated CsPbI3 NCs LED exhibited 20.65% maximum external quantum efficiency and 3861 cd/m2 maximum luminance. Furthermore, TMTD passivated CsPbI3 NCs LED exhibited good operational stability with a 128 min half-lifetime. This strategy using multidentate short ligand passivation provides an effective way to promote perovskite LED development and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Wei Shen
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zixuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Bo Cai
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jiayu Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yanxing He
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Meng Nan
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yanfeng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zhan Su
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yujun Dai
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Lihui Liu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Shufen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications (NUPT), 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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Sun W, Yun R, Liu Y, Zhang X, Yuan M, Zhang L, Li X. Ligands in Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals: From Synthesis to Optoelectronic Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205950. [PMID: 36515335 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ligands are indispensable for perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) throughout the whole lifetime, as they not only play key roles in the controllable synthesis of NCs with different sizes and shapes, but also act as capping shell that affects optical properties and electrical coupling of NCs. Establishing a systematic understanding of the relationship between ligands and perovskite NCs is significant to enable many potential applications of NCs. This review mainly focuses on the influence of ligands on perovskite NCs. First of all, the ligands-dominated size and shape control of NCs is discussed. Whereafter, the surface defects of NCs and the bonding between ligands and perovskite NCs are classified, and corresponding post-treatment of surface defects via ligands is also summarized. Furthermore, advances in engineering the ligands towards the high performance of optoelectronic devices based on perovskite NCs, including photodetector, solar cell, light emitting diode (LED), and laser, and finally to potential challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenda Sun
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Solar Energy Conversion Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Rui Yun
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Solar Energy Conversion Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yuling Liu
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Solar Energy Conversion Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Solar Energy Conversion Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Mingjian Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage Center (RECAST), College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Libing Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic, Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xiyan Li
- Institute of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Solar Energy Conversion Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
- Engineering Research Center of Thin Film Photoelectronic Technology of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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Austin JS, Cottam ND, Zhang C, Wang F, Gosling JH, Nelson-Dummet O, James TSS, Beton PH, Trindade GF, Zhou Y, Tuck CJ, Hague R, Makarovsky O, Turyanska L. Photosensitisation of inkjet printed graphene with stable all-inorganic perovskite nanocrystals. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:2134-2142. [PMID: 36644953 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06429d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
All-inorganic perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) with enhanced environmental stability are of particular interest for optoelectronic applications. Here we report on the formulation of CsPbX3 (X is Br or I) inks for inkjet deposition and utilise these NCs as photosensitive layers in graphene photodetectors, including those based on single layer graphene (SLG) as well as inkjet-printed graphene (iGr) devices. The performance of these photodetectors strongly depends on the device structure, geometry and the fabrication process. We achieve a high photoresponsivity, R > 106 A W-1 in the visible wavelength range and a spectral response controlled by the halide content of the perovskite NC ink. By utilising perovskite NCs, iGr and gold nanoparticle inks, we demonstrate a fully inkjet-printed photodetector with R ≈ 20 A W-1, which is the highest value reported to date for this type of device. The performance of the perovskite/graphene photodetectors is explained by transfer of photo-generated charge carriers from the perovskite NCs into graphene and charge transport through the iGr network. The perovskite ink developed here enabled realisation of stable and sensitive graphene-based photon detectors. Compatibility of inkjet deposition with conventional Si-technologies and with flexible substrates combined with high degree of design freedom provided by inkjet deposition offers opportunities for partially and fully printed optoelectronic devices for applications ranging from electronics to environmental sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Austin
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, NG8 1BB, UK.
| | - Nathan D Cottam
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Chengxi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications, Shanghai University, 149 Yanchang Road, 200072, China
| | - Feiran Wang
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, NG8 1BB, UK.
| | - Jonathan H Gosling
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, NG8 1BB, UK.
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Oliver Nelson-Dummet
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, NG8 1BB, UK.
| | - Tyler S S James
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Peter H Beton
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | | | - Yundong Zhou
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, TW11 0LW, UK
| | - Christopher J Tuck
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, NG8 1BB, UK.
| | - Richard Hague
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, NG8 1BB, UK.
| | - Oleg Makarovsky
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Lyudmila Turyanska
- Centre for Additive Manufacturing, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, NG8 1BB, UK.
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5
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Ma Z, Ma C, Ma X, Bi C, Li J, Sun X. Degradation mechanisms of perovskite nanocrystals in color-converted InGaN micro-light-emitting diodes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:36921-36930. [PMID: 36258612 DOI: 10.1364/oe.471778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The metal halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) have attracted much attention because of their excellent optical properties and potential for application in optoelectronic devices. However, their photo- and thermostability are still practical challenges and need further optimization. Here, we have studied the degradation behaviors of CsPbI3 NCs utilized as optical conversion layer in InGaN based blue micro-LEDs in situ. Furthermore, the effects of temperature and light irradiation on perovskite NCs were investigated respectively. The results indicate that both blue light irradiation and high temperature can cause the increased nonradiative recombination rate, resulting in the degradation of perovskite NCs and reduction of the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). Especially in high-temperature condition, both the single-exciton nonradiative recombination rate and the biexciton nonradiative recombination rate are increased, causing the significant reduction of PLQY of perovskite NCs in high temperature environment than blue light irradiation. Our work provides a detailed insight about the correlation between the light irradiation and temperature consequences for CsPbI3 NCs and may help to pave the way toward optoelectronic device applications.
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6
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Wang Y, Zhao H, Piotrowski M, Han X, Ge Z, Dong L, Wang C, Pinisetty SK, Balguri PK, Bandela AK, Thumu U. Cesium Lead Iodide Perovskites: Optically Active Crystal Phase Stability to Surface Engineering. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13081318. [PMID: 36014240 PMCID: PMC9414704 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Among perovskites, the research on cesium lead iodides (CsPbI3) has attracted a large research community, owing to their all-inorganic nature and promising solar cell performance. Typically, the CsPbI3 solar cell devices are prepared at various heterojunctions, and working at fluctuating temperatures raises questions on the material stability-related performance of such devices. The fundamental studies reveal that their poor stability is due to a lower side deviation from Goldschmidt's tolerance factor, causing weak chemical interactions within the crystal lattice. In the case of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites, where their stability is related to the inherent chemical nature of the organic cations, which cannot be manipulated to improve the stability drastically whereas the stability of CsPbI3 is related to surface and lattice engineering. Thus, the challenges posed by CsPbI3 could be overcome by engineering the surface and inside the CsPbI3 crystal lattice. A few solutions have been proposed, including controlled crystal sizes, surface modifications, and lattice engineering. Various research groups have been working on these aspects and had accumulated a rich understanding of these materials. In this review, at first, we survey the fundamental aspects of CsPbI3 polymorphs structure, highlighting the superiority of CsPbI3 over other halide systems, stability, the factors (temperature, polarity, and size influence) leading to their phase transformations, and electronic band structure along with the important property of the defect tolerance nature. Fortunately, the factors stabilizing the most effective phases are achieved through a size reduction and the efficient surface passivation on the delicate CsPbI3 nanocrystal surfaces. In the following section, we have provided the up-to-date surface passivating methods to suppress the non-radiative process for near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield, while maintaining their optically active phases, especially through molecular links (ligands, polymers, zwitterions, polymers) and inorganic halides. We have also provided recent advances to the efficient synthetic protocols for optically active CsPbI3 NC phases to use readily for solar cell applications. The nanocrystal purification techniques are challenging and had a significant effect on the device performances. In part, we summarized the CsPbI3-related solar cell device performances with respect to the device fabrication methods. At the end, we provide a brief outlook on the view of surface and lattice engineering in CsPbI3 NCs for advancing the enhanced stability which is crucial for superior optical and light applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixi Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Hairong Zhao
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Marek Piotrowski
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Zhongsheng Ge
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Lizhuang Dong
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Chengjie Wang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Sowjanya Krishna Pinisetty
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Praveen Kumar Balguri
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Hyderabad 500043, India
| | - Anil Kumar Bandela
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel
- Correspondence: (A.K.B.); (U.T.)
| | - Udayabhaskararao Thumu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Correspondence: (A.K.B.); (U.T.)
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Zhang X, Guo Z, Li R, Yu J, Yuan B, Chen B, He T, Chen R. Quasi-Type II Core-Shell Perovskite Nanocrystals for Improved Structural Stability and Optical Gain. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:58170-58178. [PMID: 34818892 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, core-shell lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (PeNCs) and their devices have attracted intensive attention owing to nearly perfect optoelectronic properties. However, the complex photophysical mechanism among them is still unclear. Herein, monodispersed core-shell PeNCs coated with an all-inorganic cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) shell epitaxially grown on the surface of formamidinium lead bromide (FAPbBr3) PeNCs were synthesized. Through power- and temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements, it is found that the electronic structure of the core-shell FAPbBr3/CsPbBr3 PeNCs has a quasi-type II band alignment. The presence of Cs+ in the shell limits ion migration and helps to stabilize structural and optical properties. On this basis, after being exposed to pulsed nanosecond laser for a period, an amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) can be observed, which is attributed to the effective passivation induced by laser irradiation on defects at the interface. The ASE threshold of the core-shell PeNCs showing high structural and optical stability is 447 nJ/cm2 under pulsed nanosecond optical pumping. The results that are demonstrated here provide a new idea and perspective for improving the stability of perovskite and can be of practical interest for the utilization of the core-shell PeNCs in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanyu Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhihang Guo
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ruxue Li
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi, China
| | - Jiahao Yu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Baozhen Yuan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Baian Chen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tingchao He
- College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Yu M, Zhang D, Xu Y, Lin J, Yu C, Fang Y, Liu Z, Guo Z, Tang C, Huang Y. Surface ligand engineering of CsPbBr 3 perovskite nanowires for high-performance photodetectors. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 608:2367-2376. [PMID: 34753622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Surface ligand engineering is of great importance for the preparation of one-dimensional (1D) CsPbBr3 nanowires for high-performance photodetectors. The traditional long-chain terminated ligands such as oleylamine/oleic acid (C18) used in the preparation of CsPbBr3 nanowires will form an electrically insulating layer on the surface of the nanowires, which hinders the effective transport of charge carriers in optoelectronic devices. In this paper, short-chain ligands, including dodecylamine/dodecanoic acid (C12), octylamine/octanoic acid (C8) and hexylamine/hexanoic acid (C6), are introduced to partially replace long-chain ligands (C18) to successfully prepare various CsPbBr3 nanowires via a solvothermal method. Microstructure characterization indicates that the four kinds of nanowires before/after surface ligand engineering, which are named as C18-CsPbBr3, C12/18-CsPbBr3, C8/18-CsPbBr3 and C6/18-CsPbBr3, all have high aspect ratio and purity. As compared with CsPbBr3 with long-chain terminated ligands, the C8/18-CsPbBr3 and C6/18-CsPbBr3 nanowires with shorter chain ligands exhibit superior photoluminescence (PL) performance and stability under adverse conditions such as ultraviolet irradiation and high temperature. The constructed photodetectors based on C8/18-CsPbBr3 and C6/18-CsPbBr3 nanowires have shown improved performances. This work provides a new idea for the preparation of CsPbBr3 nanowires with high optical properties, stability and charge transport, and the prepared CsPbBr3 nanowires have potential application prospects in optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Boron Nitride Micro and Nano Materials, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Duo Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Boron Nitride Micro and Nano Materials, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Yaobin Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Boron Nitride Micro and Nano Materials, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Jing Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Boron Nitride Micro and Nano Materials, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China.
| | - Chao Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Boron Nitride Micro and Nano Materials, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Yi Fang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Boron Nitride Micro and Nano Materials, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Zhenya Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Boron Nitride Micro and Nano Materials, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Zhonglu Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Boron Nitride Micro and Nano Materials, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Chengchun Tang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Boron Nitride Micro and Nano Materials, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China
| | - Yang Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Boron Nitride Micro and Nano Materials, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, PR China.
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Chaudhary B, Kshetri YK, Kim HS, Lee SW, Kim TH. Current status on synthesis, properties and applications of CsPbX 3(X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite quantum dots/nanocrystals. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:502007. [PMID: 34500445 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The quantum confinement effect and interesting optical properties of cesium lead halide (CsPbX3; X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite quantum dots (QDs) and nanocrystals (NCs) have given a new horizon to lighting and photonic applications. Given the exponential rate at which scientific results on CsPbX3NCs are published in the last few years, it can be expected that the research in CsPbX3NCs will further receive increasing scientific interests in the near future and possibly lead to great commercial opportunities to realize these materials based practical applications. With the rapid progress in the single-photon emitting CsPbX3QDs and NCs, practical applications of the quantum technologies such as single-photon emitting light-emitting diode, quantum lasers, quantum computing might soon be possible. But to reach at cutting edge of stable perovskite QDs/NCs, the study of fundamental insight and theoretical aspects of crystal design is yet insufficient. Even more, it has aroused many unanswered questions related to the stability, optical and electronic properties of the CsPbX3QDs. Aim of the present review is to illustrate didactically a precise study of recent progress in the synthesis, properties and applications of CsPbX3QDs and NCs. Critical issues that currently restrict the applicability of these QDs will be identified and advanced methodologies currently in the developing queue, to overcome the roadblock, will be presented. And finally, the prospects for future directions will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bina Chaudhary
- Department of Fusion Science and Technology, Sun Moon University, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Eco-multifunctional Nano Materials, Sun Moon University, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuwaraj K Kshetri
- Research Center for Eco-multifunctional Nano Materials, Sun Moon University, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Soo Kim
- Department of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Wohn Lee
- Department of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Sun Moon University, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Kim
- Department of Fusion Science and Technology, Sun Moon University, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Eco-multifunctional Nano Materials, Sun Moon University, Chungnam, 31460, Republic of Korea
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10
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Palstra I, de Buy Wenniger IM, Patra BK, Garnett EC, Koenderink AF. Intermittency of CsPbBr 3 Perovskite Quantum Dots Analyzed by an Unbiased Statistical Analysis. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:12061-12072. [PMID: 34276863 PMCID: PMC8282187 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c01671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We analyze intermittency in intensity and fluorescence lifetime of CsPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots by applying unbiased Bayesian inference analysis methods. We apply change-point analysis (CPA) and a Bayesian state clustering algorithm to determine the timing of switching events and the number of states between which switching occurs in a statistically unbiased manner, which we have benchmarked particularly to apply to highly multistate emitters. We conclude that perovskite quantum dots display a plethora of gray states in which brightness, broadly speaking, correlates inversely with decay rate, confirming the multiple recombination centers model. We leverage the CPA partitioning analysis to examine aging and memory effects. We find that dots tend to return to the bright state before jumping to a dim state and that when choosing a dim state, they tend to explore the entire set of states available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle
M. Palstra
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Biplab K. Patra
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik C. Garnett
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A. Femius Koenderink
- Center
for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Hills‐Kimball K, Yang H, Cai T, Wang J, Chen O. Recent Advances in Ligand Design and Engineering in Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2100214. [PMID: 34194945 PMCID: PMC8224438 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskite (LHP) nanocrystals (NCs) have recently garnered enhanced development efforts from research disciplines owing to their superior optical and optoelectronic properties. These materials, however, are unlike conventional quantum dots, because they possess strong ionic character, labile ligand coverage, and overall stability issues. As a result, the system as a whole is highly dynamic and can be affected by slight changes of particle surface environment. Specifically, the surface ligand shell of LHP NCs has proven to play imperative roles throughout the lifetime of a LHP NC. Recent advances in engineering and understanding the roles of surface ligand shells from initial synthesis, through postsynthetic processing and device integration, finally to application performances of colloidal LHP NCs are covered here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanjun Yang
- Department of ChemistryBrown UniversityProvidenceRI02912USA
| | - Tong Cai
- Department of ChemistryBrown UniversityProvidenceRI02912USA
| | - Junyu Wang
- Department of ChemistryBrown UniversityProvidenceRI02912USA
| | - Ou Chen
- Department of ChemistryBrown UniversityProvidenceRI02912USA
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12
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Chen J, Shen Z, Liu P, Sun Z, Liu JG, Shen C, Song D, Zhao S, Xu Z. Synergistic function of doping and ligand engineering to enhance the photostability and electroluminescence performance of CsPbBr 3quantum dots. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:325202. [PMID: 33910184 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abfc73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The photostability issue of CsPbX3(X = Cl, Br, I) quantum dots (QDs) is one of the key origins for the degradation of their luminescence performance, which hinders their application in lighting and displays. Herein, we report a new method combining doping and ligand engineering, which effectively improves the photostability of CsPbBr3QDs and the performance of QD light-emitting diodes (QLEDs). In this method, ZnBr2is doped into CsPbBr3QDs to reduce surface anion defects; didodecyldimethyl ammonium bromide (DDAB) and tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOAB) hybrid ligands, which have strong adsorption with QDs, are employed to protect the surface and enhance the conductivity of QD layer in QLEDs. The photoluminescence (PL) and transmission electron microscopy measurements prove the effectively improved photostability of CsPbX3QDs. Moreover, reduced defects and improved conductivity by doping and hybrid ligands treatment also enable the improved electroluminescence performance of CsPbX3QDs. The maximum luminance and external quantum efficiency of the QLED with optimized CsPbX3QDs are 3518.9 cd m-2and 5.07%, which are 3.6 and 2.1 times than that of the control device, respectively. Combining doping and hybrid ligands makes perovskite QDs have an extremely promising prospect in future applications of high-definition displays, high-quality lighting, as well as solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Beijing Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaohui Shen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Beijing Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Beijing Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Beijing Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Jay Guoxu Liu
- ShineOn (Beijing) Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongyu Shen
- ShineOn (Beijing) Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Beijing Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Suling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Beijing Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Beijing Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
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13
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Revealing the Exciton Fine Structure in Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11041058. [PMID: 33924196 PMCID: PMC8074593 DOI: 10.3390/nano11041058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lead-halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) are attractive nano-building blocks for photovoltaics and optoelectronic devices as well as quantum light sources. Such developments require a better knowledge of the fundamental electronic and optical properties of the band-edge exciton, whose fine structure has long been debated. In this review, we give an overview of recent magneto-optical spectroscopic studies revealing the entire excitonic fine structure and relaxation mechanisms in these materials, using a single-NC approach to get rid of their inhomogeneities in morphology and crystal structure. We highlight the prominent role of the electron-hole exchange interaction in the order and splitting of the bright triplet and dark singlet exciton sublevels and discuss the effects of size, shape anisotropy and dielectric screening on the fine structure. The spectral and temporal manifestations of thermal mixing between bright and dark excitons allows extracting the specific nature and strength of the exciton–phonon coupling, which provides an explanation for their remarkably bright photoluminescence at low temperature although the ground exciton state is optically inactive. We also decipher the spectroscopic characteristics of other charge complexes whose recombination contributes to photoluminescence. With the rich knowledge gained from these experiments, we provide some perspectives on perovskite NCs as quantum light sources.
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14
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Zhang C, Chen J, Wang S, Kong L, Lewis SW, Yang X, Rogach AL, Jia G. Metal Halide Perovskite Nanorods: Shape Matters. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002736. [PMID: 32985008 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Quasi-1D metal halide perovskite nanorods (NRs) are emerging as a type of materials with remarkable optical and electronic properties. Research into this field is rapidly expanding and growing in the past several years, with significant advances in both mechanistic studies of their growth and widespread possible applications. Here, the recent advances in 1D metal halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) are reviewed, with a particular emphasis on NRs. At first, the crystal structures of perovskites are elaborated, which is followed by a review of the major synthetic approaches toward perovskite NRs, such as wet-chemical synthesis, substrate-assisted growth, and anion exchange reactions, and discussion of the growth mechanisms associated with each synthetic method. Then, thermal and aqueous stability and the linear polarized luminescence of perovskite NRs are considered, followed by highlighting their applications in solar cells, light-emitting diodes, photodetectors/phototransistors, and lasers. Finally, challenges and future opportunities in this rapidly developing research area are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengxi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, 149 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Sheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, 149 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
| | - Lingmei Kong
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, 149 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
| | - Simon W Lewis
- Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
| | - Xuyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Display and System Applications of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University, 149 Yanchang Road, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
| | - Andrey L Rogach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering & Centre for Functional Photonics (CFP) City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Guohua Jia
- Curtin Institute of Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA, 6845, Australia
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15
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Hou L, Zhao C, Yuan X, Zhao J, Krieg F, Tamarat P, Kovalenko MV, Guo C, Lounis B. Memories in the photoluminescence intermittency of single cesium lead bromide nanocrystals. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:6795-6802. [PMID: 32181469 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00633e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Single cesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) nanocrystals show strong photoluminescence intermittency, with on- and off- dwelling times following power-law distributions. We investigate the correlations for successive on-times and successive off-times, and find a memory effect in the photoluminescence intermittency of such inorganic perovskite nanocrystals. This memory effect is not sensitive to the nature of the surface capping ligand and the embedding polymer. These observations suggest that photoluminescence intermittency and its memory are mainly controlled by intrinsic traps in the nanocrystals. Our findings will help optimizing light-emitting devices based on these perovskite nanocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hou
- Université de Bordeaux, LP2N, Talence, France.
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16
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Shynkarenko Y, Bodnarchuk MI, Bernasconi C, Berezovska Y, Verteletskyi V, Ochsenbein ST, Kovalenko MV. Direct Synthesis of Quaternary Alkylammonium-Capped Perovskite Nanocrystals for Efficient Blue and Green Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2019; 4:2703-2711. [PMID: 31737780 PMCID: PMC6849336 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.9b01915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cesium lead halide nanocrystals (CsPbX3 NCs) are new inorganic light sources covering the entire visible spectral range and exhibiting near-unity efficiencies. While the last years have seen rapid progress in green and red electroluminescence from CsPbX3 NCs, the development of blue counterparts remained rather stagnant. Controlling the surface state of CsPbX3 NCs had proven to be a major factor governing the efficiency of the charge injection and for diminishing the density of traps. Although didodecyldimethylammonium halides (DDAX; X = Br, Cl) had been known to improve the luminescence of CsPbX3 NCs when applied postsynthetically, they had not been used as the sole long-chain ammonium ligand directly in the synthesis of these NCs. Herein we report a facile, direct synthesis of DDAX-stabilized CsPbX3 NCs. We then demonstrate blue and green light-emitting diodes, characterized by the electroluminescence at 463-515 nm and external quantum efficiencies of 9.80% for green, 4.96% for sky-blue, and 1.03% for deep-blue spectral regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevhen Shynkarenko
- Empa
− Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maryna I. Bodnarchuk
- Empa
− Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Caterina Bernasconi
- Empa
− Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yuliia Berezovska
- Empa
− Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vladyslav Verteletskyi
- Empa
− Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan T. Ochsenbein
- Empa
− Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maksym V. Kovalenko
- Empa
− Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zürich, Vladimir Prelog Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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