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Muñoz J. Rational Design of Stimuli-Responsive Inorganic 2D Materials via Molecular Engineering: Toward Molecule-Programmable Nanoelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305546. [PMID: 37906953 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The ability of electronic devices to act as switches makes digital information processing possible. Succeeding graphene, emerging inorganic 2D materials (i2DMs) have been identified as alternative 2D materials to harbor a variety of active molecular components to move the current silicon-based semiconductor technology forward to a post-Moore era focused on molecule-based information processing components. In this regard, i2DMs benefits are not only for their prominent physiochemical properties (e.g., the existence of bandgap), but also for their high surface-to-volume ratio rich in reactive sites. Nonetheless, since this field is still in an early stage, having knowledge of both i) the different strategies for molecularly functionalizing the current library of i2DMs, and ii) the different types of active molecular components is a sine qua non condition for a rational design of stimuli-responsive i2DMs capable of performing logical operations at the molecular level. Consequently, this Review provides a comprehensive tutorial for covalently anchoring ad hoc molecular components-as active units triggered by different external inputs-onto pivotal i2DMs to assess their role in the expanding field of molecule-programmable nanoelectronics for electrically monitoring bistable molecular switches. Limitations, challenges, and future perspectives of this emerging field which crosses materials chemistry with computation are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Muñoz
- Departament de Química, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
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Vaghasiya JV, Mayorga-Martinez CC, Sonigara KK, Lazar P, Pumera M. Multi-Sensing Platform Based on 2D Monoelement Germanane. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304694. [PMID: 37660286 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Covalently functionalized germanane is a novel type of fluorescent probe that can be employed in material science and analytical sensing. Here, a fluorometric sensing platform based on methyl-functionalized germanane (CH3 Ge) is developed for gas (humidity and ammonia) sensing, pH (1-9) sensing, and anti-counterfeiting. Luminescence (red-orange) is seen when a gas molecule intercalates into the interlayer space of CH3 Ge and the luminescence disappears upon deintercalation. This allows for direct detection of gas absorption via fluorometric measurements of the CH3 Ge. Structural and optical properties of CH3 Ge with intercalated gas molecules are investigated by density functional theory (DFT). To demonstrate real-time and on-the-spot testing, absorbed gas molecules are first precisely quantified by CH3 Ge using a smartphone camera with an installed color intensity processing application (APP). Further, CH3 Ge-paper-based sensor is integrated into real food packets (e.g., fish and milk) to monitor the shelf life of perishable foods. Finally, CH3 Ge-based rewritable paper is applied in water jet printing to illustrate the potential for secret communication with quick coloration and good reversibility by water evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayraj V Vaghasiya
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Carmen C Mayorga-Martinez
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Keval K Sonigara
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Lazar
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, 779 00, Czechia
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague, 166 28, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava, 70800, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, South Korea
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Ng S, Pumera M. 2D Functionalized Germananes: Synthesis and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207196. [PMID: 36394114 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the realm of 2D layered materials, the monoelemental group 14 Xene, germanene, as the germanium analog of graphene, has emerged as the next prospective candidate. Preceded by silicon, germanium is widely used in the semiconductor industry; thus, germanene is deemed compatible with existing semiconductor technologies. Germanene consists of mixed sp2 -sp3 -hybridized networks in a buckled hexagonal honeycomb structure. Chemical exfoliation of Zintl phases, such as CaGe2 , specifically the topotactical deintercalation in acidic media, removes the alkaline earth metal ions Ca2+ , giving rise to layered germanane (germanene with the Ge centers covalently saturated with terminal hydrogen atoms). Diverse variants of functionalized germananes (with covalent group(s) termination) can be obtained by varying the topotactical deintercalation precursors, elevating the game with limitless functionalization possibilities for customizable properties or new functionalities. The preparation of Zintl phases to the details of functionalized and modified germananes and their properties, and the additional exfoliation step to achieve mono- or few-layer germananes, are comprehensively covered. The progress and challenges of 2D functionalized germananes in optoelectronics, catalysis, energy conversion and storage, sensors, and biomedical areas are reviewed. This review provides insight into designing and exploring this class of atomically thin semiconductors in realizing future nanoarchitectonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siowwoon Ng
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, Brno, 61200, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, Ostrava, 70800, Czech Republic
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea
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Palacios-Corella M, Muñoz J, Pumera M. Molecularly "clicking" active moieties to germanium-based inorganic 2D materials. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:18167-18174. [PMID: 36453619 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04955d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Two dimensional materials beyond graphene are in forefront research. Two dimensional analogues of graphene of group 14, germanene, are of high importance for their electronic and optical properties. The commonly used deintercalation fabrication approach has reached a major bottleneck in the field due to the lack of versatility derived from the limited library of precursors available for 2D-Ge functionalization with terminal groups. Thus, a chemical procedure that would allow for the on-demand synthesis of functional 2D-Ge derivatives with tuned physicochemical features for task-specific applications is of utmost importance to advance in the field. To fill this gap, click chemistry is herein presented as a straightforward "one-pot" synthetic strategy to simply reach functional 2D-Ge derivatives by covalently assembling ad hoc thiol-rich active molecular components (R'-SH) upon commercially available allyl 2D-Ge (2D-Ge-CH2CHCH2) by taking advantage of a photoinduced thiol-ene click reaction. Consequently, the combination of molecular engineering and Ge-based 2D materials through click chemistry supposes a step forward towards the achievement of a new family of smart 2D-Ge-CH2CH2CH2S-R' derivatives with different (supra)molecular responsiveness, which goes beyond the state-of-the-art in the field. This approach of functionalization of 2D monoelemental post-graphene material germanene is highly innovative and shall provide universal way of functionalization of germananes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Palacios-Corella
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jose Muñoz
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Pumera
- Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 123, 61200 Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Kovalska E, Antonatos N, Luxa J, Sofer Z. Edge-Hydrogenated Germanene by Electrochemical Decalcification-Exfoliation of CaGe 2: Germanene-Enabled Vapor Sensor. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16709-16718. [PMID: 34558286 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional germanene has been recently explored for applications in sensing, catalysis, and energy storage. The potential of this van der Waals material lies in its optoelectronic and chemical properties. However, pure free-standing germanene cannot be found in nature, and the synthesis methods are hindering the potentially fascinating properties of germanene. Herein, we report a single-step synthesis of few-layer germanene by electrochemical exfoliation in a nonaqueous environment. As a result of simultaneous decalcification and intercalation of the electrolyte's active ions, we achieved low-level hydrogenation of germanene that occurs at the edges of the material. The obtained edge-hydrogenated germanene flakes have a lateral size of several micrometers and possess a cubic structure. We have pioneered the potential application of edge-hydrogenated germanene for vapor sensing and demonstrated its specific sensitivity to methanol and ethanol. Furthermore, we have shown a selective behavior of the germanene-based sensor that appears to increase the electrical resistance in the vapors where methanol prevails. We anticipate that these results can provide an approach for emerging layered materials with the potential utility in advanced gas sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Kovalska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Nikolas Antonatos
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Luxa
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Giousis T, Potsi G, Kouloumpis A, Spyrou K, Georgantas Y, Chalmpes N, Dimos K, Antoniou M, Papavassiliou G, Bourlinos AB, Kim HJ, Wadi VKS, Alhassan S, Ahmadi M, Kooi BJ, Blake G, Balazs DM, Loi MA, Gournis D, Rudolf P. Synthesis of 2D Germanane (GeH): a New, Fast, and Facile Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodosis Giousis
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering University of Ioannina 45110 Ioannina Greece
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Georgia Potsi
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering University of Ioannina 45110 Ioannina Greece
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- current address: Department of Materials Science and Engineering Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Antonios Kouloumpis
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering University of Ioannina 45110 Ioannina Greece
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- current address: Department of Materials Science and Engineering Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Konstantinos Spyrou
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering University of Ioannina 45110 Ioannina Greece
| | - Yiannis Georgantas
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering University of Ioannina 45110 Ioannina Greece
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
- current address: Department of Materials National Graphene Institute Henry Royce Institute University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL United Kingdom
| | - Nikolaos Chalmpes
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering University of Ioannina 45110 Ioannina Greece
| | - Konstantinos Dimos
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering University of Ioannina 45110 Ioannina Greece
- current address: Department of Materials Science University of Patras GR-26504 Patras Greece
| | | | - Georgios Papavassiliou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology NCSR “DEMOKRITOS” 15310 Ag. Paraskevi-Attikis Athens Greece
| | | | - Hae Jin Kim
- Nano-Bio Electron Microscopy Research Group Korea Basic Science Institute Yuseong-gu Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Vijay Kumar Shankarayya Wadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering Khalifa University of Science and Technology The Petroleum Institute PO Box 2533 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Saeed Alhassan
- Department of Chemical Engineering Khalifa University of Science and Technology The Petroleum Institute PO Box 2533 Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Bart J. Kooi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Graeme Blake
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Daniel M. Balazs
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Maria A. Loi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Gournis
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering University of Ioannina 45110 Ioannina Greece
| | - Petra Rudolf
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
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7
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Giousis T, Potsi G, Kouloumpis A, Spyrou K, Georgantas Y, Chalmpes N, Dimos K, Antoniou MK, Papavassiliou G, Bourlinos AB, Kim HJ, Wadi VKS, Alhassan S, Ahmadi M, Kooi BJ, Blake G, Balazs DM, Loi MA, Gournis D, Rudolf P. Synthesis of 2D Germanane (GeH): a New, Fast, and Facile Approach. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:360-365. [PMID: 32866319 PMCID: PMC7821264 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Germanane (GeH), a germanium analogue of graphane, has recently attracted considerable interest because its remarkable combination of properties makes it an extremely suitable candidate to be used as 2D material for field effect devices, photovoltaics, and photocatalysis. Up to now, the synthesis of GeH has been conducted by substituting Ca by H in a β-CaGe2 layered Zintl phase through topochemical deintercalation in aqueous HCl. This reaction is generally slow and takes place over 6 to 14 days. The new and facile protocol presented here allows to synthesize GeH at room temperature in a significantly shorter time (a few minutes), which renders this method highly attractive for technological applications. The GeH produced with this method is highly pure and has a band gap (Eg ) close to 1.4 eV, a lower value than that reported for germanane synthesized using HCl, which is promising for incorporation of GeH in solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodosis Giousis
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Georgia Potsi
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,current address: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Antonios Kouloumpis
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,current address: Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Konstantinos Spyrou
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Yiannis Georgantas
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,current address: Department of Materials, National Graphene Institute, Henry Royce Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Nikolaos Chalmpes
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Dimos
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.,current address: Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, GR-26504, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Papavassiliou
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, NCSR "DEMOKRITOS", 15310 Ag. Paraskevi-Attikis, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Hae Jin Kim
- Nano-Bio Electron Microscopy Research Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Vijay Kumar Shankarayya Wadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, The Petroleum Institute, PO Box 2533, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Saeed Alhassan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, The Petroleum Institute, PO Box 2533, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Majid Ahmadi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J Kooi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Graeme Blake
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel M Balazs
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria A Loi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitrios Gournis
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Petra Rudolf
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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