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Liu C, Zuo X, Xu S, Wang L, Xiong D. Stacked Dual-Band Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector Based on Double-Layer Gold Disk Enhanced Local Light Field. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11102695. [PMID: 34685138 PMCID: PMC8538408 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We propose a stacked dual-band quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) integrated with a double-layer gold disk. Two 10-period quantum wells (QW) operating at different wavelengths are stacked together, and gold nano-disks are integrated on their respective surfaces. Numerical calculations by finite difference time domain (FDTD) showed that the best enhancement can be achieved at 13.2 and 11.0 µm. By integrating two metal disks, two plasmon microcavity structures can be formed with the substrate to excite localized surface plasmons (LSP) so that the vertically incident infrared light can be converted into electric field components perpendicular to the growth direction of the quantum well (EZ). The EZ electric field component can be enhanced up to 20 times compared to the incident light, and it is four times that of the traditional two-dimensional hole array (2DHA) grating. We calculated the enhancement factor and coupling efficiency of the device in the active region of the quantum well. The enhancement factor of the active region of the quantum well on the top layer remains above 25 at the wavelength of 13.2 μm, and the enhancement factor can reach a maximum of 45. Under this condition, the coupling efficiency of the device reaches 2800%. At the wavelength of 11.0 μm, the enhancement factor of the active region of the quantum well at the bottom is maintained above 6, and the maximum can reach about 16, and the coupling efficiency of the device reaches 800%. We also optimized the structural parameters and explored the influence of structural changes on the coupling efficiency. When the radius (r1, r2) of the two metal disks increases, the maximum coupling efficiency will be red-shifted as the wavelength increases. The double-layer gold disk structure we designed greatly enhances the infrared coupling of the two quantum well layers working at different wavelengths in the dual-band quantum well infrared photodetector. The structure we designed can be used in stacked dual-band quantum well infrared photodetectors, and the active regions of quantum wells working at two wavelengths can enhance the photoelectric coupling, and the enhancement effect is significant. Compared with the traditional optical coupling structure, the structure we proposed is simpler in process and has a more significant enhancement effect, which can meet the requirements of working in complex environments such as firefighting, night vision, and medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Polarized Materials and Devices, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (C.L.); (S.X.); (L.W.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China;
| | - Xuan Zuo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China;
| | - Shaohui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Polarized Materials and Devices, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (C.L.); (S.X.); (L.W.)
| | - Lianwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polarized Materials and Devices, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (C.L.); (S.X.); (L.W.)
| | - Dayuan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Polarized Materials and Devices, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (C.L.); (S.X.); (L.W.)
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multidimensional Information Processing, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China;
- Correspondence:
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Zhao M, Li J, Sebek M, Yang L, Liu YJ, Bosman M, Wang Q, Zheng X, Lu J, Teng J. Electrostatically Tunable Near-Infrared Plasmonic Resonances in Solution-Processed Atomically Thin NbSe 2. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2101950. [PMID: 34176177 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the broad spectral range, near-infrared (NIR) plasmonics find applications in telecommunication, energy harvesting, sensing, and more, all of which would benefit from an electrostatically controllable NIR plasmon source. However, it is difficult to control bulk NIR plasmonics directly with electrostatics because of the strong electric-field screening effect and high carrier concentration required to support NIR plasmons. Here, this constraint is overcome and the observation of NIR plasmonic resonances that can be modulated electrostatically over a range of ≈360 cm-1 in few-layer NbSe2 gratings is reported, thanks to the enhanced electrostatics of atomically thin 2D materials and the high-quality film produced by a solution method. NbSe2 plasmons also render strong field confinement due to their atomic thickness and provide an extra degree of resonance frequency modulation from the layered structure. This study identifies metallic 2D materials as promising (easily produced and well-performing) candidates to extend electrostatically tunable plasmonics to the technologically important NIR range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhao
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Matej Sebek
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Le Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Yan Jun Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Michel Bosman
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Xinting Zheng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Jiong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Jinghua Teng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
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Ahmadivand A, Gerislioglu B, Ramezani Z, Kaushik A, Manickam P, Ghoreishi SA. Functionalized terahertz plasmonic metasensors: Femtomolar-level detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 177:112971. [PMID: 33434777 PMCID: PMC7787065 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.112971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Effective and efficient management of human betacoronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2 virus infection i.e., COVID-19 pandemic, required sensitive and selective sensors with short sample-to-result durations for performing desired diagnostics. In this direction, one appropriate alternative approach to detect SARS-CoV-2 virus protein at low level i.e., femtomolar (fM) is exploring plasmonic metasensor technology for COVID-19 diagnostics, which offers exquisite opportunities in advanced healthcare programs, and modern clinical diagnostics. The intrinsic merits of plasmonic metasensors stem from their capability to squeeze electromagnetic fields, simultaneously in frequency, time, and space. However, the detection of low-molecular weight biomolecules at low densities is a typical drawback of conventional metasensors that has recently been addressed using toroidal metasurface technology. This research is focused on the fabrication of a miniaturized plasmonic immunosensor based on toroidal electrodynamics concept that can sustain robustly confined plasmonic modes with ultranarrow lineshapes in the terahertz (THz) frequencies. By exciting toroidal dipole mode using our quasi-infinite metasurface and a judiciously optimized protocol based on functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) conjugated with the specific monoclonal antibody specific to spike protein (S1) of SARS-CoV-2 virus onto the metasurface, the resonance shifts for diverse concentrations of the spike protein are monitored. Possessing molecular weight around ~76 kDa allowed to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus protein with significantly low as limit of detection (LoD) was achieved as ~4.2 fM. We envisage that outcomes of this research will pave the way toward the use of toroidal metasensors as practical technologies for rapid and precise screening of SARS‐CoV‐2 virus carriers, symptomatic or asymptomatic, and spike proteins in hospitals, clinics, laboratories, and site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Ahmadivand
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX, 77005, United States; Metamaterial Technologies Inc, Pleasanton, CA, 94588, United States.
| | - Burak Gerislioglu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, TX, 77005, United States
| | - Zeinab Ramezani
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Department of Natural Sciences, Division of Sciences, Art, & Mathematics, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL, 33805, United States
| | - Pandiaraj Manickam
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S Amir Ghoreishi
- Faculty of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Electrical Engineering, Varamin (Pishva) Branch Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran
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Liang W, Xiao Z, Xu H, Deng H, Li H, Chen W, Liu Z, Long Y. Ultranarrow-bandwidth planar hot electron photodetector based on coupled dual Tamm plasmons. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:31330-31344. [PMID: 33115108 DOI: 10.1364/oe.400258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hot electron photodetectors based on a planar structure of metal-insulator /semiconductor-metal (MIM/MSM) have attracted much attention due to the easy and cheap fabrication process and the possibility of detecting light with energy lower than the semiconductor band gap. For this type of device, however, hot electron photocurrent is restricted by the trade-off between the light absorption and the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) since high absorption usually occurs within thick metals and the IQE in this case is usually low. The trade-off is circumvented in this paper by proposing a new type of hot electron photodetector based on planar MIM structure and coupled dual Tamm plasmons (TPs), which has a structure of one-dimensional photonic crystals (1DPCs)/Au/TiO2/Au/1DPCs. The coupled modes of the dual TPs at the two 1DPCs/Au interfaces can lead to a high absorption of 98% in a 5 nm-thick Au layer. As a result, the responsivity of the conventional device with two Schottky junctions in series configuration reaches a high value of 9.78 mA/W at the wavelength of 800 nm. To further improve the device performance, devices with four Schottky junctions in parallel configuration are proposed to circumvent the hot electrons loss at the interface of the Au layer and the first TiO2 layer of the 1DPCs. Correspondingly, the hot electrons photocurrent doubles and reaches a higher value of 21.87 mA/W. Moreover, the bandwidth of the responsivity is less than 0.4 nm, the narrowest one when compared with that for the hot electron photodetectors reported so far in the published papers.
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Nawar AM, Abd-Elsalam M, El-Mahalawy AM, El-Nahass MM. Analyzed electrical performance and induced interface passivation of fabricated Al/NTCDA/p-Si MIS–Schottky heterojunction. APPLIED PHYSICS A 2020; 126:113. [DOI: 10.1007/s00339-020-3289-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Gerislioglu B, Ahmadivand A. Functional Charge Transfer Plasmon Metadevices. RESEARCH 2020; 2020:9468692. [PMID: 32055799 PMCID: PMC7013279 DOI: 10.34133/2020/9468692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Reducing the capacitive opening between subwavelength metallic objects down to atomic scales or bridging the gap by a conductive path reveals new plasmonic spectral features, known as charge transfer plasmon (CTP). We review the origin, properties, and trending applications of this modes and show how they can be well-understood by classical electrodynamics and quantum mechanics principles. Particularly important is the excitation mechanisms and practical approaches of such a unique resonance in tailoring high-response and efficient extreme-subwavelength hybrid nanophotonic devices. While the quantum tunneling-induced CTP mode possesses the ability to turn on and off the charge transition by varying the intensity of an external light source, the excited CTP in conductively bridged plasmonic systems suffers from the lack of tunability. To address this, the integration of bulk plasmonic nanostructures with optothermally and optoelectronically controllable components has been introduced as promising techniques for developing multifunctional and high-performance CTP-resonant tools. Ultimate tunable plasmonic devices such as metamodulators and metafilters are thus in prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Gerislioglu
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Arash Ahmadivand
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main St, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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