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Xuan W, Fang Y, Teng S, Huang S, Zou L, Gao S, Cheng Y, Zheng L. In situ fabrication of porous polymer films embedded with perovskite nanocrystals for flexible superhydrophobic piezoresistive sensors. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 669:358-365. [PMID: 38718589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
The application of pressure sensors based on perovskite in high-humidity environments is limited by the effect of water on their stability. Endowing sensors with superhydrophobicity is an effective strategy to overcome the issue. In this work, MAPbBr3/Polyvinylidene Fluoride-TFSI composite was prepared by a one-step in-situ strategy to form a flexible superhydrophobic pressure sensor, which exhibited a contact angle of 150.25°. The obtained sensor exhibited a sensitivity of 0.916 in 1 kPa, a detection limit of 0.2 Pa, a precision of 0.1 Pa, and a response/recovery of ∼100 ms, along with good thermal stability. Through density functional theory calculations, it is revealed that the formation of the porosity is attributed to the interaction between the polymer and EMIM TFSI, which further leads to superhydrophobicity. And, the perovskite structure is easy to change under pressure, affecting the carrier transport and electrical signals output, which explains the sensing mechanism. In addition, the sensor performed well in monitoring facial expression, pulse, respiration, finger bending, and wind speed ranging from 1 m/s to 6 m/s. With both the Linear Regression and the Random Forest algorithm, the sensor can monitor the wind speed with an R2 greater than 0.977 in 60 tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wufan Xuan
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Dust Control and Occupational Protection, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China; School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Shuhua Teng
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Sheng Huang
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Dust Control and Occupational Protection, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China; School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China; School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Liang Zou
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Dust Control and Occupational Protection, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China; School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - ShaSha Gao
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Yongchao Cheng
- School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China
| | - Lina Zheng
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Dust Control and Occupational Protection, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China; School of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221116, China.
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Xin Y, Zhou X, Bark H, Lee PS. The Role of 3D Printing Technologies in Soft Grippers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307963. [PMID: 37971199 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Soft grippers are essential for precise and gentle handling of delicate, fragile, and easy-to-break objects, such as glassware, electronic components, food items, and biological samples, without causing any damage or deformation. This is especially important in industries such as healthcare, manufacturing, agriculture, food handling, and biomedical, where accuracy, safety, and preservation of the objects being handled are critical. This article reviews the use of 3D printing technologies in soft grippers, including those made of functional materials, nonfunctional materials, and those with sensors. 3D printing processes that can be used to fabricate each class of soft grippers are discussed. Available 3D printing technologies that are often used in soft grippers are primarily extrusion-based printing (fused deposition modeling and direct ink writing), jet-based printing (polymer jet), and immersion printing (stereolithography and digital light processing). The materials selected for fabricating soft grippers include thermoplastic polymers, UV-curable polymers, polymer gels, soft conductive composites, and hydrogels. It is conclude that 3D printing technologies revolutionize the way soft grippers are being fabricated, expanding their application domains and reducing the difficulties in customization, fabrication, and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Xin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Smart Grippers for Soft Robotics (SGSR), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Xinran Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Smart Grippers for Soft Robotics (SGSR), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Hyunwoo Bark
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Smart Grippers for Soft Robotics (SGSR), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore
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Mizera A, Zięba S, Bielejewski M, Dubis AT, Łapiński A. Effect of hydrostatic pressure on charge carriers in a conducting pyrrole- co-poly(pyrrole-3-carboxylic) copolymer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:18962-18969. [PMID: 38952289 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp01087f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The charge carriers in conducting pyrrole-co-poly(pyrrole-3-carboxylic) were examined using high-pressure Raman spectroscopy. The molecular structure of the new copolymer was investigated using high-resolution 13C ssNMR, 1H-13C 2D NMR correlation spectroscopy, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Bands in Raman spectra that showed the presence of polarons and bipolarons were studied. It was observed that the quantity of polarons and bipolarons correlated with the hydrostatic pressure. At a pressure of 4 GPa, an anomaly in the correlation between pressure and the position of the Raman band was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Mizera
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Sylwia Zięba
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Michał Bielejewski
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Alina T Dubis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245, Białystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Łapiński
- Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, M. Smoluchowskiego 17, 60-179, Poznań, Poland.
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Tian Y, He R, Xu WC, Li J, Wu J, Zhong W, Zhang K. Contact Piezoresistive Sensors Based on Electro-Polymerized Polypyrrole and a Regulated Conductive Pathway. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:49583-49594. [PMID: 37823823 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The performance of contact resistive pressure sensors heavily relies on the intrinsic characteristics of the active layers, including the mechanical surface structure, conductivity, and elastic properties. However, efficiently and simply regulating the conductivity, morphology, and modulus of the active layers has remained a challenge. In this study, we introduced electro-polymerized polypyrrole (ePPy) to design flexible contact piezoresistive sensors with tailored intrinsic properties. The customizable intrinsic property of ePPy was comprehensively illustrated on the chemical and electronic structure scale, and the impact of ePPy's intrinsic properties on the sensing performance of the device was investigated by determining the correlation between resistivity, roughness, and device sensitivity. Due to the synergistic effects of roughness, conductivity, and elastic properties of the active layers, the flexible ePPy-based pressure sensor exhibited high sensitivity (3.19 kPa-1, 1-10 kPa, R2 = 0.97), fast response time, good durability, and low power consumption. These advantages allowed the sensor to offer an immediate response to human motion such as finger-bending and grasping movements, demonstrating the promising potential of tailorable ePPy-based contact piezoresistive sensors for wearable electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyu Tian
- Institute of Systems Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China
| | - Ren He
- Institute of Systems Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China
| | - Wen-Cong Xu
- Institute of Systems Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Li
- Institute of Systems Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China
| | - Juying Wu
- Institute of Systems Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China
| | - Weizhou Zhong
- Institute of Systems Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Institute of Systems Engineering, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621999, Sichuan, China
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Lai QT, Sun QJ, Tang Z, Tang XG, Zhao XH. Conjugated Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for Pressure Sensors. Molecules 2023; 28:1627. [PMID: 36838615 PMCID: PMC9964060 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible sensors are the essential foundations of pressure sensing, microcomputer sensing systems, and wearable devices. The flexible tactile sensor can sense stimuli by converting external forces into electrical signals. The electrical signals are transmitted to a computer processing system for analysis, realizing real-time health monitoring and human motion detection. According to the working mechanism, tactile sensors are mainly divided into four types-piezoresistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric tactile sensors. Conventional silicon-based tactile sensors are often inadequate for flexible electronics due to their limited mechanical flexibility. In comparison, polymeric nanocomposites are flexible and stretchable, which makes them excellent candidates for flexible and wearable tactile sensors. Among the promising polymers, conjugated polymers (CPs), due to their unique chemical structures and electronic properties that contribute to their high electrical and mechanical conductivity, show great potential for flexible sensors and wearable devices. In this paper, we first introduce the parameters of pressure sensors. Then, we describe the operating principles of resistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric sensors, and review the pressure sensors based on conjugated polymer nanocomposites that were reported in recent years. After that, we introduce the performance characteristics of flexible sensors, regarding their applications in healthcare, human motion monitoring, electronic skin, wearable devices, and artificial intelligence. In addition, we summarize and compare the performances of conjugated polymer nanocomposite-based pressure sensors that were reported in recent years. Finally, we summarize the challenges and future directions of conjugated polymer nanocomposite-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Teng Lai
- School of Physics and Optoelectric Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Qi-Jun Sun
- School of Physics and Optoelectric Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 511400, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 518060, China
| | - Zhenhua Tang
- School of Physics and Optoelectric Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Xin-Gui Tang
- School of Physics and Optoelectric Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Xin-Hua Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Recent Developments and Implementations of Conductive Polymer-Based Flexible Devices in Sensing Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183730. [PMID: 36145876 PMCID: PMC9504310 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible sensing devices have attracted significant attention for various applications, such as medical devices, environmental monitoring, and healthcare. Numerous materials have been used to fabricate flexible sensing devices and improve their sensing performance in terms of their electrical and mechanical properties. Among the studied materials, conductive polymers are promising candidates for next-generation flexible, stretchable, and wearable electronic devices because of their outstanding characteristics, such as flexibility, light weight, and non-toxicity. Understanding the interesting properties of conductive polymers and the solution-based deposition processes and patterning technologies used for conductive polymer device fabrication is necessary to develop appropriate and highly effective flexible sensors. The present review provides scientific evidence for promising strategies for fabricating conductive polymer-based flexible sensors. Specifically, the outstanding nature of the structures, conductivity, and synthesis methods of some of the main conductive polymers are discussed. Furthermore, conventional and innovative technologies for preparing conductive polymer thin films in flexible sensors are identified and evaluated, as are the potential applications of these sensors in environmental and human health monitoring.
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Wen L, Nie M, Chen P, Zhao YN, Shen J, Wang C, Xiong Y, Yin K, Sun L. Wearable multimode sensor with a seamless integrated structure for recognition of different joint motion states with the assistance of a deep learning algorithm. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:24. [PMID: 35251689 PMCID: PMC8854609 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Accurate motion feature extraction and recognition provide critical information for many scientific problems. Herein, a new paradigm for a wearable seamless multimode sensor with the ability to decouple pressure and strain stimuli and recognize the different joint motion states is reported. This wearable sensor is integrated into a unique seamless structure consisting of two main parts (a resistive component and a capacitive component) to decouple the different stimuli by an independent resistance-capacitance sensing mechanism. The sensor exhibits both high strain sensitivity (GF = 7.62, 0-140% strain) under the resistance mechanism and high linear pressure sensitivity (S = 3.4 kPa-1, 0-14 kPa) under the capacitive mechanism. The sensor can differentiate the motion characteristics of the positions and states of different joints with precise recognition (97.13%) with the assistance of machine learning algorithms. The unique integrated seamless structure is achieved by developing a layer-by-layer casting process that is suitable for large-scale manufacturing. The proposed wearable seamless multimode sensor and the convenient process are expected to contribute significantly to developing essential components in various emerging research fields, including soft robotics, electronic skin, health care, and innovative sports systems applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wen
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 P. R. China
| | - Meng Nie
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 P. R. China
| | - Pengfan Chen
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 P. R. China
| | - Yu-na Zhao
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 P. R. China
| | - Jingcheng Shen
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 P. R. China
| | - Chongqing Wang
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Xiong
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 P. R. China
| | - Kuibo Yin
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 P. R. China
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 P. R. China
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Chiappim W, Fraga MA, Furlan H, Ardiles DC, Pessoa RS. The status and perspectives of nanostructured materials and fabrication processes for wearable piezoresistive sensors. MICROSYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES : SENSORS, ACTUATORS, SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 2022; 28:1561-1580. [PMID: 35313490 PMCID: PMC8926892 DOI: 10.1007/s00542-022-05269-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The wearable sensors have attracted a growing interest in different markets, including health, fitness, gaming, and entertainment, due to their outstanding characteristics of convenience, simplicity, accuracy, speed, and competitive price. The development of different types of wearable sensors was only possible due to advances in smart nanostructured materials with properties to detect changes in temperature, touch, pressure, movement, and humidity. Among the various sensing nanomaterials used in wearable sensors, the piezoresistive type has been extensively investigated and their potential have been demonstrated for different applications. In this review article, the current status and challenges of nanomaterials and fabrication processes for wearable piezoresistive sensors are presented in three parts. The first part focuses on the different types of sensing nanomaterials, namely, zero-dimensional (0D), one-dimensional (1D), two-dimensional (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) piezoresistive nanomaterials. Then, in second part, their fabrication processes and integration are discussed. Finally, the last part presents examples of wearable piezoresistive sensors and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Chiappim
- Departamento de Física, Laboratório de Plasmas e Processos, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos, 12228-900 Brazil
| | - Mariana Amorim Fraga
- Escola de Engenharia, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo, SP 01302-907 Brazil
| | - Humber Furlan
- Centro Estadual de Educação Tecnológica Paula Souza, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Gestão e Tecnologia em Sistemas Produtivos, 169, São Paulo, SP 01124-010 Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Sávio Pessoa
- Departamento de Física, Laboratório de Plasmas e Processos, Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica, São José dos Campos, 12228-900 Brazil
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Clevenger M, Kim H, Song HW, No K, Lee S. Binder-free printed PEDOT wearable sensors on everyday fabrics using oxidative chemical vapor deposition. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj8958. [PMID: 34652946 PMCID: PMC8519566 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj8958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric sensors on fabrics have vast potential toward the development of versatile applications, particularly when the ready-made wearable or fabric can be directly coated. However, traditional coating approaches, such as solution-based methods, have limitations in achieving uniform and thin films because of the poor surface wettability of fabrics. Herein, to realize a uniform poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) layer on various everyday fabrics, we use oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD). The oCVD technique is a unique method capable of forming patterned polymer films with controllable thicknesses while maintaining the inherent advantages of fabrics, such as exceptional mechanical stability and breathability. Utilizing the superior characteristics of oCVD PEDOT, we succeed in fabricating blood pressure– and respiratory rate–monitoring sensors by directly depositing and patterning PEDOT on commercially available disposable gloves and masks, respectively. Those results are expected to pave efficient and facile ways for skin-compatible and affordable sensors for personal health care monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Clevenger
- School of Engineering Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Hyeonghun Kim
- School of Engineering Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Han Wook Song
- Center for Mass and Related Quantities, Korea Research Institute of Standard and Science, Daejeon 34113, South Korea
| | - Kwangsoo No
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sunghwan Lee
- School of Engineering Technology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Feasible study on poly(Pyrrole-co-Pyrrole-3-Carboxylic Acid)-modified electrode for detection of 17β-Estradiol. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01597-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Chen T, Zhang SH, Lin QH, Wang MJ, Yang Z, Zhang YL, Wang FX, Sun LN. Highly sensitive and wide-detection range pressure sensor constructed on a hierarchical-structured conductive fabric as a human-machine interface. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:21271-21279. [PMID: 33063798 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05976e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
With the booming development of flexible pressure sensors, the need for multifunctional and high-performance pressure sensor has become increasingly important. Although great progress has been made in the novel structure and sensing mechanism of the pressure sensor, the trade-off between the sensitivity and the wide-detection range has prevented its development, further restricting its application in wearable human-machine interfaces (WHMIs). Herein, a novel pressure sensor based on the hierarchical conductive fabric was fabricated and purposed as a WHMI. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanowires (PEDOT NWs) and cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were stacked on a conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) fabric to form a special spatial multi-level hierarchical structure inside the fabric, which is a breakthrough for the improvement of the sensor's performance and makes the fabrication process of in situ polymerization suitable for large-scale production. The multi-level hierarchical structures endowed the pressure sensor with characteristics of high sensitivity (15.78 kPa-1), a wide-detection range from 30 Pa to 700 kPa, and outstanding stability toward compression and bending deformation. Benefiting from its excellent performance, a human-machine interface based on arrayed pressure sensors and signal processing system can control the illumination of the LED array and effectively capture finger motion to control the eight-direction movement of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). This improved performance of the pressure sensor based on the hierarchical conductive fabric made it a widespread application in intelligent fabric, electronic skin, human-machine interfaces, and robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Shao-Hui Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qi-Hang Lin
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Ming-Jiong Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Zhan Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Yun-Lin Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Feng-Xia Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Li-Ning Sun
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Robotics, School of Mechanical and Electric Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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Al-Qatatsheh A, Morsi Y, Zavabeti A, Zolfagharian A, Salim N, Z. Kouzani A, Mosadegh B, Gharaie S. Blood Pressure Sensors: Materials, Fabrication Methods, Performance Evaluations and Future Perspectives. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4484. [PMID: 32796604 PMCID: PMC7474433 DOI: 10.3390/s20164484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in materials science and fabrication techniques have contributed to the significant growing attention to a wide variety of sensors for digital healthcare. While the progress in this area is tremendously impressive, few wearable sensors with the capability of real-time blood pressure monitoring are approved for clinical use. One of the key obstacles in the further development of wearable sensors for medical applications is the lack of comprehensive technical evaluation of sensor materials against the expected clinical performance. Here, we present an extensive review and critical analysis of various materials applied in the design and fabrication of wearable sensors. In our unique transdisciplinary approach, we studied the fundamentals of blood pressure and examined its measuring modalities while focusing on their clinical use and sensing principles to identify material functionalities. Then, we carefully reviewed various categories of functional materials utilized in sensor building blocks allowing for comparative analysis of the performance of a wide range of materials throughout the sensor operational-life cycle. Not only this provides essential data to enhance the materials' properties and optimize their performance, but also, it highlights new perspectives and provides suggestions to develop the next generation pressure sensors for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Qatatsheh
- Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology (FSET), Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne VIC 3122, Australia; (Y.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Yosry Morsi
- Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology (FSET), Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne VIC 3122, Australia; (Y.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Ali Zavabeti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Ali Zolfagharian
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216, Australia; (A.Z.); (A.Z.K.)
| | - Nisa Salim
- Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology (FSET), Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne VIC 3122, Australia; (Y.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Abbas Z. Kouzani
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216, Australia; (A.Z.); (A.Z.K.)
| | - Bobak Mosadegh
- Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Saleh Gharaie
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216, Australia; (A.Z.); (A.Z.K.)
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13
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Zhao X, Liang X, Sun Q. Spray printed
conjugated polymer on tissue paper for highly sensitive pressure sensors. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin‐Hua Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon China
- Department of Chemistry Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Xiaoguang Liang
- Department of Physics Guangxi Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Energy Materials, Guangxi Normal University Guilin China
| | - Qi‐Jun Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering City University of Hong Kong Kowloon China
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