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Kim SW, Lee JH, Ko HJ, Lee S, Bae GY, Kim D, Lee G, Lee SG, Cho K. Mechanically Robust and Linearly Sensitive Soft Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor for a Wearable Human-Robot Interaction System. ACS Nano 2024; 18:3151-3160. [PMID: 38235650 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Soft piezoresistive pressure sensors play an underpinning role in enabling a plethora of future Internet of Things (IoT) applications such as human-robot interaction (HRI) technologies, wearable devices, and metaverse ecosystems. Despite significant attempts to enhance the performance of these sensors, existing sensors still fall short of achieving high strain tolerance and linearity simultaneously. Herein, we present a low-cost, facile, and scalable approach to fabricating a highly strain-tolerant and linearly sensitive soft piezoresistive pressure sensor. Our design utilizes thin nanocracked gold films (NC-GFs) deposited on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) as electrodes of the sensor. The large mismatch stress between gold (Au) and PDMS induces the formation of secondary wrinkles along the pyramidal-structured electrode under pressure; these wrinkles function as protuberances on the electrode and enable exceptional linear sensitivity of 4.2 kPa-1 over a wide pressure range. Additionally, our pressure sensor can maintain its performance even after severe mechanical deformations, including repeated stretching up to 30% strain, due to the outstanding strain tolerance of NC-GF. Our sensor's impressive sensing performance and mechanical robustness make it suitable for diverse IoT applications, as demonstrated by its use in wearable pulse monitoring devices and human-robot interaction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Won Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Jeng-Hun Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Hyeon Ju Ko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea
| | - Siyoung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Geun Yeol Bae
- Department of Materials Design Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi 39177, Korea
| | - Daegun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Giwon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea
| | - Seung Goo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
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2
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Xia X, Xiang Z, Gao Z, Hu S, Zhang W, Long R, Du Y, Liu Y, Wu Y, Li W, Shang J, Li RW. Structural Design and DLP 3D Printing Preparation of High Strain Stable Flexible Pressure Sensors. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2023:e2304409. [PMID: 37953443 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors are crucial force-sensitive devices in wearable electronics, robotics, and other fields due to their stretchability, high sensitivity, and easy integration. However, a limitation of existing pressure sensors is their reduced sensing accuracy when subjected to stretching. This study addresses this issue by adopting finite element simulation optimization, using digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technology to design and fabricate the force-sensitive structure of flexible pressure sensors. This is the first systematic study of how force-sensitive structures enhance tensile strain stability of flexible resistive pressure sensors. 18 types of force-sensitive structures have been investigated by finite element design, simultaneously, the modulus of the force-sensitive structure is also a critical consideration as it exerts a significant influence on the overall tensile stability of the sensor. Based on simulation results, a well-designed and highly stretch-stable flexible resistive pressure sensor has been fabricated which exhibits a resistance change rate of 0.76% and pressure sensitivity change rate of 0.22% when subjected to strains ranging from no tensile strain to 20% tensile strain, demonstrating extremely low stretching response characteristics. This study presents innovative solutions for designing and fabricating flexible resistive pressure sensors that maintain stable sensing performance even under stretch conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangling Xia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Ziyin Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyi Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Siqi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Wuxu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Ren Long
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Yi Du
- School of Physics and BUAA-UOW Joint Research Centre, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, P. R. China
| | - Yiwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Yuanzhao Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Wenxian Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200072, P. R. China
- Materials and Manufacturing Futures Institute, School of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- College of Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Energy, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Jie Shang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Run-Wei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Application Technology, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
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3
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Huang Y, Zhao L, Cai M, Zhu J, Wang L, Chen X, Zeng Y, Zhang L, Shi J, Guo CF. Arteriosclerosis Assessment Based on Single-Point Fingertip Pulse Monitoring Using a Wearable Iontronic Sensor. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301838. [PMID: 37602671 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Arteriosclerosis, which appears as a hardened and narrowed artery with plaque buildup, is the primary cause of various cardiovascular diseases such as stroke. Arteriosclerosis is often evaluated by clinically measuring the pulse wave velocity (PWV) using a two-point approach that requires bulky medical equipment and a skilled operator. Although wearable photoplethysmographic sensors for PWV monitoring are developed in recent years, likewise, this technique is often based on two-point measurement, and the signal can easily be interfered with by natural light. Herein, a single-point strategy is reported based on stable fingertip pulse monitoring using a flexible iontronic pressure sensor for heart-fingertip PWV (hfPWV) measurement. The iontronic sensor exhibits a high pressure-resolution on the order of 0.1 Pa over a wide linearity range, allowing the capture of characteristic peaks of fingertip pulse waves. The forward and reflected waves of the pulse are extracted and the time difference between the two waves is computed for hfPWV measurement using Hiroshi's method. Furthermore, a hfPWV-based model is established for arteriosclerosis evaluation with an accuracy comparable to that of existing clinical criteria, and the validity of the model is verified clinically. The work provides a reliable technique that can be used in wearable arteriosclerosis assessment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital (SUSTech-Hospital), Shenzhen, 518071, China
| | - Lingyu Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Minkun Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xinxing Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robotics and Intelligent Systems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Human-Augmentation and Rehabilitation Robotics in Universities, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yumin Zeng
- Department of Sports Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liqing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital (SUSTech-hospital), Shenzhen, 518071, China
| | - Jidong Shi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ultraintense Laser and Advanced Material Technology, Center for Advanced Material Diagnostic Technology, College of Engineering Physics, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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4
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Lin J, Chen Z, Zhuang Q, Chen S, Zhu C, Wei Y, Wang S, Wu D. Temperature-Immune, Wide-Range Flexible Robust Pressure Sensors for Harsh Environments. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:49642-49652. [PMID: 37831933 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors possess vast potential for various applications such as new energy batteries, aerospace engines, and rescue robots owing to their exceptional flexibility and adaptability. However, the existing sensors face significant challenges in maintaining long-term reliability and environmental resilience when operating in harsh environments with variable temperatures and high pressures (∼MPa), mainly due to possible mechanical mismatch and structural instability. Here, we propose a composite scheme for a flexible piezoresistive pressure sensor to improve its robustness by utilizing material design of near-zero temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), radial gradient pressure-dividing microstructure, and flexible interface bonding process. The sensing layer comprising multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), graphite (GP), and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was optimized to achieve a near-zero temperature coefficient of resistance over a temperature range of 25-70 °C, while the radial gradient microstructure layout based on pressure division increases the range of pressure up to 2 MPa. Furthermore, a flexible interface bonding process introduces a self-soluble transition layer by direct-writing TPU bonding solution at the bonding interface, which enables the sensor to achieve signal fluctuations as low as 0.6% and a high interface strength of up to 1200 kPa. Moreover, it has been further validated for its capability of monitoring the physiological signals of athletes as well as the long-term reliable environmental resilience of the expansion pressure of the power cell. This work demonstrates that the proposed scheme sheds new light on the design of robust pressure sensors for harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Lin
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Zhiwen Chen
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Qibin Zhuang
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Songyue Chen
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
| | - Cuicui Zhu
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Energy Devices of China (21C LAB), Ningde 352100, China
| | - Yimin Wei
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Energy Devices of China (21C LAB), Ningde 352100, China
| | - Shaofei Wang
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Energy Devices of China (21C LAB), Ningde 352100, China
| | - Dezhi Wu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361101, China
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5
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Ying S, Li J, Huang J, Zhang JH, Zhang J, Jiang Y, Sun X, Pan L, Shi Y. A Flexible Piezocapacitive Pressure Sensor with Microsphere-Array Electrodes. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:nano13111702. [PMID: 37299605 DOI: 10.3390/nano13111702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors that emulate the sensation and characteristics of natural skins are of great importance in wearable medical devices, intelligent robots, and human-machine interfaces. The microstructure of the pressure-sensitive layer plays a significant role in the sensor's overall performance. However, microstructures usually require complex and costly processes such as photolithography or chemical etching for fabrication. This paper proposes a novel approach that combines self-assembled technology to prepare a high-performance flexible capacitive pressure sensor with a microsphere-array gold electrode and a nanofiber nonwoven dielectric material. When subjected to pressure, the microsphere structures of the gold electrode deform via compressing the medium layer, leading to a significant increase in the relative area between the electrodes and a corresponding change in the thickness of the medium layer, as simulated in COMSOL simulations and experiments, which presents high sensitivity (1.807 kPa-1). The developed sensor demonstrates excellent performance in detecting signals such as slight object deformations and human finger bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Ying
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jiean Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jinrong Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jia-Han Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yongchang Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xidi Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lijia Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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6
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Wang C, Gong D, Feng P, Cheng Y, Cheng X, Jiang Y, Zhang D, Cai J. Ultra-Sensitive and Wide Sensing-Range Flexible Pressure Sensors Based on the Carbon Nanotube Film/Stress-Induced Square Frustum Structure. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:8546-8554. [PMID: 36730121 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors have attracted much attention due to their significant potentials in E-skin, artificial intelligence, and medical health monitoring. However, it still remains challenging to achieve high sensitivity and wide sensing range simultaneously, which greatly limit practical applications for flexible sensors. Inspired by the surface stress-induced structure of mimosa, we propose a novel flexible sensor based on the carbon nanotube paper film (CNTF) and stress-induced square frustum structure (SSFS) and demonstrated their excellent sensing performances. Based on interdigital electrodes and uniform CNTF consisting of fibers with large specific surface area, rich conductive paths are formed for enhanced resistance variation. Besides, both experiments and modeling are conducted to verify the synergistic effect of substrates with diverse stiffnesses and SSFS. The SSFS of polydimethylsiloxane transfer small pressure to the CNTF, resulting in sensitive responses with a broad resistance variation. The sensor achieves an ultrahigh sensitivity (2027.5 kPa-1) and a wide pressure range (0.0003-200 kPa). Therefore, it can not only detect human signals such as pulse, vocal cord vibration, wrist flexion, and foot pressure but also be integrated onto car tires to monitor vehicle statuses. These fascinating features endow the sensors with great potentials for future health monitoring, human-computer interaction, and virtual reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
| | - De Gong
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
| | | | | | - Xiang Cheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Yonggang Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Deyuan Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Jun Cai
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
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7
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Lai QT, Sun QJ, Tang Z, Tang XG, Zhao XH. Conjugated Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for Pressure Sensors. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041627. [PMID: 36838615 PMCID: PMC9964060 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible sensors are the essential foundations of pressure sensing, microcomputer sensing systems, and wearable devices. The flexible tactile sensor can sense stimuli by converting external forces into electrical signals. The electrical signals are transmitted to a computer processing system for analysis, realizing real-time health monitoring and human motion detection. According to the working mechanism, tactile sensors are mainly divided into four types-piezoresistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric tactile sensors. Conventional silicon-based tactile sensors are often inadequate for flexible electronics due to their limited mechanical flexibility. In comparison, polymeric nanocomposites are flexible and stretchable, which makes them excellent candidates for flexible and wearable tactile sensors. Among the promising polymers, conjugated polymers (CPs), due to their unique chemical structures and electronic properties that contribute to their high electrical and mechanical conductivity, show great potential for flexible sensors and wearable devices. In this paper, we first introduce the parameters of pressure sensors. Then, we describe the operating principles of resistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric sensors, and review the pressure sensors based on conjugated polymer nanocomposites that were reported in recent years. After that, we introduce the performance characteristics of flexible sensors, regarding their applications in healthcare, human motion monitoring, electronic skin, wearable devices, and artificial intelligence. In addition, we summarize and compare the performances of conjugated polymer nanocomposite-based pressure sensors that were reported in recent years. Finally, we summarize the challenges and future directions of conjugated polymer nanocomposite-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Teng Lai
- School of Physics and Optoelectric Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Qi-Jun Sun
- School of Physics and Optoelectric Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 511400, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 518060, China
- Correspondence: (Q.-J.S.); (X.-H.Z.)
| | - Zhenhua Tang
- School of Physics and Optoelectric Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Xin-Gui Tang
- School of Physics and Optoelectric Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 511400, China
| | - Xin-Hua Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Correspondence: (Q.-J.S.); (X.-H.Z.)
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Huang J, Xie G, Wei Q, Su Y, Xu X, Jiang Y. Degradable MXene-Doped Polylactic Acid Textiles for Wearable Biomonitoring. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:5600-5607. [PMID: 36563019 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Degradable wearable electronics offer a promising route to construct sustainable cities and reduced carbon society. However, the difficult functionalization and the poor stability of degradable sensitive materials dramatically restrict their application in personalized healthcare assessment. Herein, we developed a scalable, low-cost, and porosity degradable MXene-polylactic acid textile (DMPT) for on-body biomonitoring via electrospinning. A combination of polydimethylsiloxane templating and MXene flake impregnation methods endows the fabricated DMPT with a sensitivity of 5.37/kPa, a fast response time of 98 ms, and a good mechanical stability (over 6000 cycles). An efficient degradation of as-electrospun DMPTs was observed in 1 wt % sodium carbonate solution. It is found that the incorporation of MXene nanosheets boosts the hydrophilicity and degradation efficiency of active polylactic acid nanofibrous films in comparison with the pristine counterpart. Furthermore, the as-received DMPT demonstrates great capability in monitoring physiological activities of wrist pulse, knuckle bending, swallowing, and vocalization. This work opens up a new paradigm for developing and optimizing high-performance degradable on-body electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Guangzhong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Qikun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yuanjie Su
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Xiangdong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yadong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
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9
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Chen Y, Pu X, Xu X, Shi M, Li HJ, Wang D. PET/ZnO@MXene-Based Flexible Fabrics with Dual Piezoelectric Functions of Compression and Tension. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 23:s23010091. [PMID: 36616693 PMCID: PMC9823752 DOI: 10.3390/s23010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The traditional self-supported piezoelectric thin films prepared by filtration methods are limited in practical applications due to their poor tensile properties. The strategy of using flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric as the flexible substrate is beneficial to enhancing the flexibility and stretchability of the flexible device, thus extending the applications of pressure sensors. In this work, a novel wearable pressure sensor is prepared, of which uniform and dense ZnO nanoarray-coated PET fabrics are covered by a two-dimensional MXene nanosheet. The ternary structure incorporates the advantages of the three components including the superior piezoelectric properties of ZnO nanorod arrays, the excellent flexibility of the PET substrate, and the outstanding conductivity of MXene, resulting in a novel wearable sensor with excellent pressure-sensitive properties. The PET/ZnO@MXene pressure sensor exhibits excellent sensing performance (S = 53.22 kPa-1), fast response/recovery speeds (150 ms and 100 ms), and superior flexural stability (over 30 cycles at 5% strain). The composite fabric also shows high sensitivity in both motion monitoring and physiological signal detection (e.g., device bending, elbow bending, finger bending, wrist pulse peaks, and sound signal discrimination). These findings provide insight into composite fabric-based pressure-sensitive materials, demonstrating the great significance and promising prospects in the field of flexible pressure sensing.
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10
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Hu G, Huang F, Tang C, Gu J, Yu Z, Zhao Y. High-Performance Flexible Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor Printed with 3D Microstructures. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12193417. [PMID: 36234544 PMCID: PMC9565629 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors have been widely used in health detection, robot sensing, and shape recognition. The micro-engineered design of the intermediate dielectric layer (IDL) has proven to be an effective way to optimize the performance of flexible pressure sensors. Nevertheless, the performance development of flexible pressure sensors is limited due to cost and process difficulty, prepared by inverted mold lithography. In this work, microstructured arrays printed by aerosol printing act as the IDL of the sensor. It is a facile way to prepare flexible pressure sensors with high performance, simplified processes, and reduced cost. Simultaneously, the effects of microstructure size, PDMS/MWCNTs film, microstructure height, and distance between the microstructures on the sensitivity and response time of the sensor are studied. When the microstructure size, height, and distance are 250 µm, 50 µm, and 400 µm, respectively, the sensor shows a sensitivity of 0.172 kPa-1 with a response time of 98.2 ms and a relaxation time of 111.4 ms. Studies have proven that the microstructured dielectric layer printed by aerosol printing could replace the inverted mold technology. Additionally, applications of the designed sensor are tested, such as the finger pressing test, elbow bending test, and human squatting test, which show good performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohong Hu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Jiaxing City, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 341000, China
| | - Fengli Huang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Jiaxing City, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 341000, China
| | - Chengli Tang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Jiaxing City, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 341000, China
| | - Jinmei Gu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Jiaxing City, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 341000, China
| | - Zhiheng Yu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Jiaxing City, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 341000, China
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11
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Han F, Luo J, Pan R, Wu J, Guo J, Wang Y, Wang L, Liu M, Wang Z, Zhou D, Wang Z, Li Q, Zhang Q. Vanadium Dioxide Nanosheets Supported on Carbonized Cotton Fabric as Bifunctional Textiles for Flexible Pressure Sensors and Zinc-Ion Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:41577-41587. [PMID: 36043320 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors and aqueous batteries have been widely used in the rapid development of wearable electronics. The synergistic functionalities of versatile materials with multidimensional architectures are recognized to have a significant impact on the performance of flexible electronics. Herein, a facile hydrothermal strategy was demonstrated to conformally grow vanadium dioxide nanosheets on carbonized cotton fabrics (VO2/CCotton), which is a candidate material used in flexible piezoresistive sensors. As a result, the VO2/CCotton-based pressure sensor behaved with high sensitivity (S = 7.12 kPa-1 in the pressure range of 0-2.0 kPa) and a stable sensing ability in a wide pressure scale of 0-120 kPa. Further practical applications were performed in monitoring delicate physiological signals as well, such as twisting, blowing, and voice vibration recognitions. In addition, another application for energy storage was investigated as well. A quasi-solid-state aqueous zinc-ion battery was assembled with VO2/CCotton as the cathode and a film of Zn nanosheets/carbon nanotube as the anode. A capacity as high as 301.5 mAh g-1 and remarkable durability of 88.7% capacity retention after 5000 cycles at 10 A g-1 were found. These exceptional outcomes are attributed to the unique three-dimensional architecture and the prominent synergetic effects of CCotton and VO2 and allow for the proposal of novel guidelines for next-generation multifunctional flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengsai Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Rui Pan
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Jiabin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Yongjiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Lianbo Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Zemin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Ding Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Zhanyong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Qingwen Li
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Qichong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123 China
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12
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Huang H, Zhong J, Ye Y, Wu R, Luo B, Ning H, Qiu T, Luo D, Yao R, Peng J. Research Progresses in Microstructure Designs of Flexible Pressure Sensors. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3670. [PMID: 36080744 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible electronic technology is one of the research hotspots, and numerous wearable devices have been widely used in our daily life. As an important part of wearable devices, flexible sensors can effectively detect various stimuli related to specific environments or biological species, having a very bright development prospect. Therefore, there has been lots of studies devoted to developing high-performance flexible pressure sensors. In addition to developing a variety of materials with excellent performances, the microstructure designs of materials can also effectively improve the performances of sensors, which has brought new ideas to scientists and attracted their attention increasingly. This paper will summarize the flexible pressure sensors based on material microstructure designs in recent years. The paper will mainly discuss the processing methods and characteristics of various sensors with different microstructures, and compare the advantages, disadvantages, and application scenarios of them. At the same time, the main application fields of flexible pressure sensors based on microstructure designs will be listed, and their future development and challenges will be discussed.
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13
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Tai G, Wei D, Su M, Li P, Xie L, Yang J. Force-Sensitive Interface Engineering in Flexible Pressure Sensors: A Review. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22072652. [PMID: 35408265 PMCID: PMC9002484 DOI: 10.3390/s22072652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors have received extensive attention in recent years due to their great importance in intelligent electronic devices. In order to improve the sensing performance of flexible pressure sensors, researchers are committed to making improvements in device materials, force-sensitive interfaces, and device structures. This paper focuses on the force-sensitive interface engineering of the device, which listing the main preparation methods of various force-sensitive interface microstructures and describing their respective advantages and disadvantages from the working mechanisms and practical applications of the flexible pressure sensor. What is more, the device structures of the flexible pressure sensor are investigated with the regular and irregular force-sensitive interface and accordingly the influences of different device structures on the performance are discussed. Finally, we not only summarize diverse practical applications of the existing flexible pressure sensors controlled by the force-sensitive interface but also briefly discuss some existing problems and future prospects of how to improve the device performance through the adjustment of the force-sensitive interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Tai
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (G.T.); (D.W.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Dapeng Wei
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (G.T.); (D.W.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Min Su
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (G.T.); (D.W.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Pei Li
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (G.T.); (D.W.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;
| | - Jun Yang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (G.T.); (D.W.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Chang Y, Wang L, Li R, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Yang J, Guo CF, Pan T. First Decade of Interfacial Iontronic Sensing: From Droplet Sensors to Artificial Skins. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2003464. [PMID: 33346388 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202003464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, a brand-new pressure- and tactile-sensing modality, known as iontronic sensing has emerged, utilizing the supercapacitive nature of the electrical double layer (EDL) that occurs at the electrolytic-electronic interface, leading to ultrahigh device sensitivity, high noise immunity, high resolution, high spatial definition, optical transparency, and responses to both static and dynamic stimuli, in addition to thin and flexible device architectures. Together, it offers unique combination of enabling features to tackle the grand challenges in pressure- and tactile-sensing applications, in particular, with recent interest and rapid progress in the development of robotic intelligence, electronic skin, wearable health as well as the internet-of-things, from both academic and industrial communities. A historical perspective of the iontronic sensing discovery, an overview of the fundamental working mechanism along with its device architectures, a survey of the unique material aspects and structural designs dedicated, and finally, a discussion of the newly enabled applications, technical challenges, and future outlooks are provided for this promising sensing modality with implementations. The state-of-the-art developments of the iontronic sensing technology in its first decade are summarized, potentially providing a technical roadmap for the next wave of innovations and breakthroughs in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chang
- Bionic Sensing and Intelligence Center (BSIC), Institute of Biomedical and Health Engineering, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liu Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ruya Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Micro and Nano-Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Junlong Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tingrui Pan
- Micro and Nano-Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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15
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Fu M, Zhang J, Jin Y, Zhao Y, Huang S, Guo CF. A Highly Sensitive, Reliable, and High-Temperature-Resistant Flexible Pressure Sensor Based on Ceramic Nanofibers. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2020; 7:2000258. [PMID: 32995117 PMCID: PMC7507114 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors are essential components for soft electronics by providing physiological monitoring capability for wearables and tactile perceptions for soft robotics. Flexible pressure sensors with reliable performance are highly desired yet challenging to construct to meet the requirements of practical applications in daily activities and even harsh environments, such as high temperatures. This work describes a highly sensitive and reliable capacitive pressure sensor based on flexible ceramic nanofibrous networks with high structural elasticity, which minimizes performance degradation commonly seen in polymer-based sensors because of the viscoelastic behavior of polymers. Such ceramic pressure sensors exhibit high sensitivity (≈4.4 kPa-1), ultralow limit of detection (<0.8 Pa), fast response speed (<16 ms) as well as low fatigue over 50 000 loading/unloading cycles. The high stability is attributed to the excellent mechanical stability of the ceramic nanofibrous network. By employing textile-based electrodes, a fully breathable and wearable ceramic pressure sensor is demonstrated for real-time health monitoring and motion detection. Owing to the high-temperature resistance of ceramics, the ceramic nanofibrous network sensor can function properly at temperatures up to 370 °C, showing great promise for harsh environment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Fu
- SUSTech Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringDepartment of PhysicsSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518055P. R. China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- SUSTech Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringDepartment of PhysicsSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518055P. R. China
| | - Yuming Jin
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518055P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of PhysicsSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518055P. R. China
| | - Siya Huang
- SUSTech Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringDepartment of PhysicsSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518055P. R. China
- Institute for Advanced StudyShenzhen UniversityGuangdong518060P. R. China
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhenGuangdong518055P. R. China
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16
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Jung Y, Jung KK, Kim DH, Kwak DH, Ko JS. Linearly Sensitive and Flexible Pressure Sensor Based on Porous Carbon Nanotube/Polydimethylsiloxane Composite Structure. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071499. [PMID: 32635624 PMCID: PMC7407330 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We developed a simple, low-cost process to fabricate a flexible pressure sensor with linear sensitivity by using a porous carbon nanotube (CNT)/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite structure (CPCS). The working principle of this pressure sensor is based on the change in electrical resistance caused by the contact/non-contact of the CNT tip on the surface of the pores under pressure. The mechanical and electrical properties of the CPCSs could be quantitatively controlled by adjusting the concentration of CNTs. The fabricated flexible pressure sensor showed linear sensitivity and excellent performance with regard to repeatability, hysteresis, and reliability. Furthermore, we showed that the sensor could be applied for human motion detection, even when attached to curved surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jung
- Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (Y.J.); (D.H.K.); (D.H.K.)
- Precision Mechanical Process and Control R&D group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, 42-7, Baegyang-daero 804beon-gil, Sasang-gu, Busan 46938, Korea
| | - Kyung Kuk Jung
- Quality & Standards Department, Korea Marine Equipment Research Institute, 435, Haeyang-ro, Yeongdo-gu, Busan 49111, Korea;
| | - Dong Hwan Kim
- Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (Y.J.); (D.H.K.); (D.H.K.)
| | - Dong Hwa Kwak
- Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (Y.J.); (D.H.K.); (D.H.K.)
| | - Jong Soo Ko
- Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busandaehak-ro 63beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Korea; (Y.J.); (D.H.K.); (D.H.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-510-2488; Fax: +82-51-514-0685
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17
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Tang Z, Jia S, Zhou C, Li B. 3D Printing of Highly Sensitive and Large-Measurement-Range Flexible Pressure Sensors with a Positive Piezoresistive Effect. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:28669-28680. [PMID: 32466639 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Piezoresistive composite-based flexible pressure sensors often suffer from a trade-off between the sensitivity and measurement range. Moreover, the sensitivity or measurement range is theoretically limited owing to the negative piezoresistive coefficient, resulting in resistance variation below 100%. Here, flexible pressure sensors were fabricated using the three-dimensional (3D) printing technique to improve both the sensitivity and sensing range through the positive piezoresistive effect. With the addition of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and fumed silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) as a conductive filler and rheology modifier, respectively, the viscoelastic silicone rubber solution converted to a printable gel ink. Soft and porous composites (SPCs) were then directly printed in air at room temperature. The sensitivity and sensing range of the SPC-based pressure sensor can be simultaneously tuned by adjusting the conducting CNT and insulating SiNP contents. By optimizing the density of the CNT conductive network in the matrix, positive piezoresistive sensitivity (+0.096 kPa-1) and a large linear sensing range (0-175 kPa) were obtained. To demonstrate potential applications, the completely soft SPC-based sensor was successfully used in grasp sensing and gait monitoring systems. The 3D printed sensors were also assembled as a smart artificial sensory array to map the pressure distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Tang
- Scholl of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Shuhai Jia
- Scholl of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Chenghao Zhou
- Scholl of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Bo Li
- Scholl of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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18
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Liu Q, Liu Z, Li C, Xie K, Zhu P, Shao B, Zhang J, Yang J, Zhang J, Wang Q, Guo CF. Highly Transparent and Flexible Iontronic Pressure Sensors Based on an Opaque to Transparent Transition. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2020; 7:2000348. [PMID: 32440489 PMCID: PMC7237840 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Human-computer interfaces, smart glasses, touch screens, and some electronic skins require highly transparent and flexible pressure-sensing elements. Flexible pressure sensors often apply a microstructured or porous active material to improve their sensitivity and response speed. However, the microstructures or small pores will result in high haze and low transparency of the device, and thus it is challenging to balance the sensitivity and transparency simultaneously in flexible pressure sensors or electronic skins. Here, for a capacitive-type sensor that consists of a porous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film sandwiched between two transparent electrodes, the challenge is addressed by filling the pores with ionic liquid that has the same refractive index with PVDF, and the transmittance of the film dramatically boosts from 0 to 94.8% in the visible range. Apart from optical matching, the ionic liquid also significantly improves the signal intensity as well as the sensitivity due to the formation of an electric double layer at the dielectric-electrode interfaces, and improves the toughness and stretchability of the active material benefiting from a plasticization effect. Such transparent and flexible sensors will be useful in smart windows, invisible bands, and so forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxian Liu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Zhiguang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Chenggao Li
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Kewei Xie
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Pang Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Biqi Shao
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Junlong Yang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
| | - Quan Wang
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringShantou UniversityShantouGuangdong515063China
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace EngineeringSouthern University of Science and TechnologyShenzhen518055China
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19
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Lu W, Yu P, Jian M, Wang H, Wang H, Liang X, Zhang Y. Molybdenum Disulfide Nanosheets Aligned Vertically on Carbonized Silk Fabric as Smart Textile for Wearable Pressure-Sensing and Energy Devices. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:11825-11832. [PMID: 32054269 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronics have gained considerable research concern due to their wide prospect for health monitoring, soft robotics, and artificial intelligence, wherein flexible pressure sensors are necessary components of wearable devices. It is well known that the synergistic functions and multiscale structures of hybrid materials exert tremendous effects on the performance of flexible devices. Herein, inspired by the unique structure of the faceplate of sunflowers, we construct a hierarchical structure by in situ grown vertically aligned molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets on carbonized silk fabric (MoS2/CSilk), which is applied as the sensing material in flexible pressure sensors. The MoS2/CSilk sensor displayed high sensitivity and good stability. We demonstrated its applications in monitoring subtle physiology signals, such as pulse wave and voice vibrations. In addition, it served as electrodes in lithium-ion batteries. The MoS2/CSilk electrode delivered ultrahigh first-cycle discharge and charge capacities of 2895 and 1594 mA h g-1, respectively. The MoS2/CSilk electrode exhibited a high capacity of 810 mA h g-1 with a CE close to 100% even after 300 cycles, suggesting good stability. The excellent overall performances are ascribed to the unique structure of the MoS2/CSilk and the synergistic effect of CSilk and MoS2. The concept and strategy of this work can be extended to the design and fabrication of other multifunctional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangdong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Muqiang Jian
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Haomin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoping Liang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
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20
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Liu K, Zhou Z, Yan X, Meng X, Tang H, Qu K, Gao Y, Li Y, Yu J, Li L. Polyaniline Nanofiber Wrapped Fabric for High Performance Flexible Pressure Sensors. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1120. [PMID: 31269634 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The rational design of high-performance flexible pressure sensors with both high sensitivity and wide linear range attracts great attention because of their potential applications in wearable electronics and human-machine interfaces. Here, polyaniline nanofiber wrapped nonwoven fabric was used as the active material to construct high performance, flexible, all fabric pressure sensors with a bottom interdigitated textile electrode. Due to the unique hierarchical structures, large surface roughness of the polyaniline coated fabric and high conductivity of the interdigitated textile electrodes, the obtained pressure sensor shows superior performance, including ultrahigh sensitivity of 46.48 kPa−1 in a wide linear range (<4.5 kPa), rapid response/relaxation time (7/16 ms) and low detection limit (0.46 Pa). Based on these merits, the practical applications in monitoring human physiological signals and detecting spatial distribution of subtle pressure are demonstrated, showing its potential for health monitoring as wearable electronics.
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21
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Wan Y, Qiu Z, Huang J, Yang J, Wang Q, Lu P, Yang J, Zhang J, Huang S, Wu Z, Guo CF. Natural Plant Materials as Dielectric Layer for Highly Sensitive Flexible Electronic Skin. Small 2018; 14:e1801657. [PMID: 30058286 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201801657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nature has long offered human beings with useful materials. Herein, plant materials including flowers and leaves have been directly used as the dielectric material in flexible capacitive electronic skin (e-skin), which simply consists of a dried flower petal or leaf sandwiched by two flexible electrodes. The plant material is a 3D cell wall network which plays like a compressible metamaterial that elastically collapses upon pressing plus some specific surface structures, and thus the device can sensitively respond to pressure. The device works over a broad-pressure range from 0.6 Pa to 115 kPa with a maximum sensitivity of 1.54 kPa-1 , and shows high stability over 5000 cyclic pressings or bends. The natural-material-based e-skin has been applied in touch sensing, motion monitoring, gas flow detection, and the spatial distribution of pressure. As the foam-like structure is ubiquitous in plants, a general strategy for a green, cost-effective, and scalable approach to make flexible e-skins is offered here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbiao Wan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zhiguang Qiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jingyi Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Junlong Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Siya Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhigang Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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22
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He Y, Ming Y, Li W, Li Y, Wu M, Song J, Li X, Liu H. Highly Stable and Flexible Pressure Sensors with Modified Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composites for Human Monitoring. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:s18051338. [PMID: 29701643 PMCID: PMC5982526 DOI: 10.3390/s18051338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A facile method for preparing an easy processing, repeatable and flexible pressure sensor was presented via the synthesis of modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (m-MWNTs) and polyurethane (PU) films. The surface modification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) simultaneously used a silane coupling agent (KH550) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) to improve the dispersibility and compatibility of the MWNTs in a polymer matrix. The electrical property and piezoresistive behavior of the m-MWNT/PU composites were compared with raw multi-walled carbon nanotube (raw MWNT)/PU composites. Under linear uniaxial pressure, the m-MWNT/PU composite exhibited 4.282%kPa−1 sensitivity within the pressure of 1 kPa. The nonlinear error, hysteresis error and repeatability error of the piezoresistivity of m-MWNT/PU decreased 9%, 16.72% and 54.95% relative to raw MWNT/PU respectively. Therefore, the piezoresistive response of m-MWNT/PU had better stability than that of raw MWNT/PU composites. The m-MWNT/PU sensors could be utilized in wearable devices for body movement detection, monitoring of respiration and pressure detection in garments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin He
- School of Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
- School of Fashion and Art, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
- Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Yue Ming
- School of Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Wei Li
- School of Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Yafang Li
- School of Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Maoqi Wu
- School of Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Jinzhong Song
- College of Biomedical Engineering & Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang 310027, China.
| | - Xiaojiu Li
- School of Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
- School of Fashion and Art, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
- Institute of Smart Wearable Electronic Textiles, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
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23
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Gao Y, Ota H, Schaler EW, Chen K, Zhao A, Gao W, Fahad HM, Leng Y, Zheng A, Xiong F, Zhang C, Tai LC, Zhao P, Fearing RS, Javey A. Wearable Microfluidic Diaphragm Pressure Sensor for Health and Tactile Touch Monitoring. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1701985. [PMID: 28833673 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors have many potential applications in wearable electronics, robotics, health monitoring, and more. In particular, liquid-metal-based sensors are especially promising as they can undergo strains of over 200% without failure. However, current liquid-metal-based strain sensors are incapable of resolving small pressure changes in the few kPa range, making them unsuitable for applications such as heart-rate monitoring, which require a much lower pressure detection resolution. In this paper, a microfluidic tactile diaphragm pressure sensor based on embedded Galinstan microchannels (70 µm width × 70 µm height) capable of resolving sub-50 Pa changes in pressure with sub-100 Pa detection limits and a response time of 90 ms is demonstrated. An embedded equivalent Wheatstone bridge circuit makes the most of tangential and radial strain fields, leading to high sensitivities of a 0.0835 kPa-1 change in output voltage. The Wheatstone bridge also provides temperature self-compensation, allowing for operation in the range of 20-50 °C. As examples of potential applications, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) wristband with an embedded microfluidic diaphragm pressure sensor capable of real-time pulse monitoring and a PDMS glove with multiple embedded sensors to provide comprehensive tactile feedback of a human hand when touching or holding objects are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Gao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Hiroki Ota
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ethan W Schaler
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kevin Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Allan Zhao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Hossain M Fahad
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yonggang Leng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Anzong Zheng
- National Center for Computer Animation, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, BH12 5BB, UK
| | - Furui Xiong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Chuchu Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Li-Chia Tai
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Peida Zhao
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ronald S Fearing
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ali Javey
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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24
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Li T, Luo H, Qin L, Wang X, Xiong Z, Ding H, Gu Y, Liu Z, Zhang T. Flexible Capacitive Tactile Sensor Based on Micropatterned Dielectric Layer. Small 2016; 12:5042-5048. [PMID: 27323288 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Flexible tactile sensors are considered as an effective way to realize the sense of touch, which can perform the synchronized interactions with surrounding environment. Here, the utilization of bionic microstructures on natural lotus leaves is demonstrated to design and fabricate new-type of high-performance flexible capacitive tactile sensors. Taking advantage of unique surface micropattern of lotus leave as the template for electrodes and using polystyrene microspheres as the dielectric layer, the proposed devices present stable and high sensing performance, such as high sensitivity (0.815 kPa-1 ), wide dynamic response range (from 0 to 50 N), and fast response time (≈38 ms). In addition, the flexible capacitive sensor is not only applicable to pressure (touch of a single hair), but also to bending and stretching forces. The results indicate that the proposed capacitive tactile sensor is a promising candidate for the future applications in electronic skins, wearable robotics, and biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Li
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hui Luo
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lin Qin
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zuoping Xiong
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Haiyan Ding
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yang Gu
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ting Zhang
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China.
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