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Sun Y, Larin A, Mozharov A, Ageev E, Pashina O, Komissarenko F, Mukhin I, Petrov M, Makarov S, Belov P, Zuev D. All-optical generation of static electric field in a single metal-semiconductor nanoantenna. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:237. [PMID: 37723158 PMCID: PMC10507031 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01262-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Electric field is a powerful instrument in nanoscale engineering, providing wide functionalities for control in various optical and solid-state nanodevices. The development of a single optically resonant nanostructure operating with a charge-induced electrical field is challenging, but it could be extremely useful for novel nanophotonic horizons. Here, we show a resonant metal-semiconductor nanostructure with a static electric field created at the interface between its components by charge carriers generated via femtosecond laser irradiation. We study this field experimentally, probing it by second-harmonic generation signal, which, in our system, is time-dependent and has a non-quadratic signal/excitation power dependence. The developed numerical models reveal the influence of the optically induced static electric field on the second harmonic generation signal. We also show how metal work function and silicon surface defect density for different charge carrier concentrations affect the formation of this field. We estimate the value of optically-generated static electric field in this nanoantenna to achieve ≈108V/m. These findings pave the way for the creation of nanoantenna-based optical memory, programmable logic and neuromorphic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Sun
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, Saint Petersburg, 191002, Russia
| | - Artem Larin
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, Saint Petersburg, 191002, Russia
| | - Alexey Mozharov
- Center for Nanotechnologies, Alferov University, Khlopina 8/3, Saint Petersburg, 194021, Russia
- Higher School of Engineering Physics, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, Politekhnicheskaya 29, Saint Petersburg, 195251, Russia
| | - Eduard Ageev
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, Saint Petersburg, 191002, Russia
| | - Olesia Pashina
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, Saint Petersburg, 191002, Russia
| | - Filipp Komissarenko
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, Saint Petersburg, 191002, Russia
| | - Ivan Mukhin
- Center for Nanotechnologies, Alferov University, Khlopina 8/3, Saint Petersburg, 194021, Russia
- Higher School of Engineering Physics, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, Politekhnicheskaya 29, Saint Petersburg, 195251, Russia
| | - Mihail Petrov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, Saint Petersburg, 191002, Russia
| | - Sergey Makarov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, Saint Petersburg, 191002, Russia
| | - Pavel Belov
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, Saint Petersburg, 191002, Russia
| | - Dmitry Zuev
- School of Physics and Engineering, ITMO University, Lomonosova 9, Saint Petersburg, 191002, Russia.
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2
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McPolin CPT, Vila YN, Krasavin AV, Llorca J, Zayats AV. Multimode hybrid gold-silicon nanoantennas for tailored nanoscale optical confinement. NANOPHOTONICS 2023; 12:2997-3005. [PMID: 37457505 PMCID: PMC10344444 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2023-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
High-index dielectric nanoantennas, which provide an interplay between electric and magnetic modes, have been widely used as building blocks for a variety of devices and metasurfaces, both in linear and nonlinear regimes. Here, we investigate hybrid metal-semiconductor nanoantennas, consisting of a multimode silicon nanopillar core coated with a gold layer, that offer an enhanced degree of control over the mode selection and confinement, and emission of light on the nanoscale exploiting high-order electric and magnetic resonances. Cathodoluminescence spectra revealed a multitude of resonant modes supported by the nanoantennas due to hybridization of the Mie resonances of the core and the plasmonic resonances of the shell. Eigenmode analysis revealed the modes that exhibit enhanced field localization at the gold interface, together with high confinement within the nanopillar volume. Consequently, this architecture provides a flexible means of engineering nanoscale components with tailored optical modes and field confinement for a plethora of applications, including sensing, hot-electron photodetection and nanophotonics with cylindrical vector beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cillian P. T. McPolin
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Yago N. Vila
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, UK
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria de Telecomunicacions de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexey V. Krasavin
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Jordi Llorca
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anatoly V. Zayats
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, UK
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3
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Gurbatov SO, Puzikov V, Storozhenko D, Modin E, Mitsai E, Cherepakhin A, Shevlyagin A, Gerasimenko AV, Kulinich SA, Kuchmizhak AA. Multigram-Scale Production of Hybrid Au-Si Nanomaterial by Laser Ablation in Liquid (LAL) for Temperature-Feedback Optical Nanosensing, Light-to-Heat Conversion, and Anticounterfeit Labeling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:3336-3347. [PMID: 36602431 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in hybrid optical nanomaterials composed of dissimilar constituents permitted an improvement in the performance and functionality of novel devices developed for optoelectronics, catalysis, medical diagnostics, and sensing. However, the rational combination of contrasting materials such as noble metals and semiconductors within individual hybrid nanostructures via a ready-to-use and lithography-free fabrication approach is still a challenge. Here, we report on a two-step synthesis of hybrid Au-Si microspheres generated by laser ablation of silicon in isopropanol followed by laser irradiation of the produced Si nanoparticles in the presence of HAuCl4. Thermal reduction of [AuCl4]- species to a metallic gold phase, along with its subsequent mixing with silicon under laser irradiation, creates a nanostructured material with a unique composition and morphology, as revealed by electron microscopy, tomography, and elemental analysis. A combination of basic plasmonic and nanophotonic materials such as gold and silicon within a single microsphere allows for efficient light-to-heat conversion, as well as single-particle SERS sensing with temperature-feedback modality and expanded functionality. Moreover, the characteristic Raman signal and hot-electron-induced nonlinear photoluminescence coexisting within the novel Au-Si hybrids, as well as the commonly criticized randomness of the nanomaterials prepared by laser ablation in liquid, were proved to be useful for the realization of anticounterfeiting labels based on a physically unclonable function approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav O Gurbatov
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok690041, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Russky Island, Vladivostok690922, Russia
| | - Vladislav Puzikov
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok690041, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Storozhenko
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok690041, Russia
| | - Evgeny Modin
- CIC NanoGUNE BRTA, Donostia-San Sebastian20018, Spain
| | - Eugeny Mitsai
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok690041, Russia
| | - Artem Cherepakhin
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok690041, Russia
| | - Alexander Shevlyagin
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok690041, Russia
| | | | - Sergei A Kulinich
- Research Institute of Science and Technology, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa259-1292, Japan
| | - Aleksandr A Kuchmizhak
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science, Vladivostok690041, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Russky Island, Vladivostok690922, Russia
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4
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Gurbatov S, Puzikov V, Modin E, Shevlyagin A, Gerasimenko A, Mitsai E, Kulinich SA, Kuchmizhak A. Ag-Decorated Si Microspheres Produced by Laser Ablation in Liquid: All-in-One Temperature-Feedback SERS-Based Platform for Nanosensing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8091. [PMID: 36431575 PMCID: PMC9697265 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Combination of dissimilar materials such as noble metals and common semiconductors within unified nanomaterials holds promise for optoelectronics, catalysis and optical sensing. Meanwhile, difficulty of obtaining such hybrid nanomaterials using common lithography-based techniques stimulates an active search for advanced, inexpensive, and straightforward fabrication methods. Here, we report one-pot one-step synthesis of Ag-decorated Si microspheres via nanosecond laser ablation of monocrystalline silicon in isopropanol containing AgNO3. Laser ablation of bulk silicon creates the suspension of the Si microspheres that host further preferential growth of Ag nanoclusters on their surface upon thermal-induced decomposition of AgNO3 species by subsequently incident laser pulses. The amount of the AgNO3 in the working solution controls the density, morphology, and arrangement of the Ag nanoclusters allowing them to achieve strong and uniform decoration of the Si microsphere surface. Such unique morphology makes Ag-decorated Si microspheres promising for molecular identification based on the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect. In particular, the designed single-particles sensing platform was shown to offer temperature-feedback modality as well as SERS signal enhancement up to 106, allowing reliable detection of the adsorbed molecules and tracing their plasmon-driven catalytic transformations. Considering the ability to control the decoration degree of Si microspheres by Ag nanoclusters via amount of the AgNO3, the developed one-pot easy-to-implement PLAL synthesis holds promise for gram-scale production of high-quality hybrid nanomaterial for various nanophotonics and sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Gurbatov
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science, 5 Radio Str., 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Vladislav Puzikov
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science, 5 Radio Str., 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Evgeny Modin
- CIC NanoGUNE BRTA, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Alexander Shevlyagin
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science, 5 Radio Str., 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Andrey Gerasimenko
- Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Eugeny Mitsai
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science, 5 Radio Str., 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Sergei A. Kulinich
- Research Institute of Science & Technology, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Aleksandr Kuchmizhak
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Science, 5 Radio Str., 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
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5
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Koromyslov S, Ageev E, Ponkratova E, Larin A, Shishkin I, Danilov D, Mukhin I, Makarov S, Zuev D. Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Formation of Hybrid Nanoparticles from Bi-Layer Gold–Silicon Films for Microscale White-Light Source. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12101756. [PMID: 35630977 PMCID: PMC9147574 DOI: 10.3390/nano12101756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is very natural to use silicon as a primary material for microelectronics. However, silicon application in nanophotonics is limited due to the indirect gap of its energy band structure. To improve the silicon emission properties, it can be combined with a plasmonic part. The resulting metal–dielectric (hybrid) nanostructures have shown their excellence compared to simple metallic dielectric nanostructures. Still, in many cases, the fabrication of such structures is time consuming and quite difficult. Here, for the first time, we demonstrate a single-step and lithography-free laser-induced dewetting of bi-layer nanoscale-thickness gold–silicon films supported by a glass substrate to produce hybrid nanoparticles. For obtaining hybrid nanoparticles, we study nonlinear photoluminescence by mapping their optical response and morphology by scanning electron microscopy. This method can be used for the fabrication of arrays of hybrid nanoparticles providing white-light photoluminescence with a good control of their microscopic sizes and position. The developed approach can be useful for a wide range of photonic applications including the all-optical data processing and storage where miniaturization down to micro- and nanoscale together with an efficiency increase is of high demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Koromyslov
- Department of Physics, ITMO University, 191002 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (S.K.); (E.P.); (A.L.); (I.S.); (I.M.); (S.M.); (D.Z.)
| | - Eduard Ageev
- Department of Physics, ITMO University, 191002 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (S.K.); (E.P.); (A.L.); (I.S.); (I.M.); (S.M.); (D.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ekaterina Ponkratova
- Department of Physics, ITMO University, 191002 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (S.K.); (E.P.); (A.L.); (I.S.); (I.M.); (S.M.); (D.Z.)
| | - Artem Larin
- Department of Physics, ITMO University, 191002 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (S.K.); (E.P.); (A.L.); (I.S.); (I.M.); (S.M.); (D.Z.)
| | - Ivan Shishkin
- Department of Physics, ITMO University, 191002 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (S.K.); (E.P.); (A.L.); (I.S.); (I.M.); (S.M.); (D.Z.)
| | - Denis Danilov
- Interdisciplinary Resource Center for Nanotechnology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Ivan Mukhin
- Department of Physics, ITMO University, 191002 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (S.K.); (E.P.); (A.L.); (I.S.); (I.M.); (S.M.); (D.Z.)
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Alferov University, 194021 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Makarov
- Department of Physics, ITMO University, 191002 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (S.K.); (E.P.); (A.L.); (I.S.); (I.M.); (S.M.); (D.Z.)
| | - Dmitry Zuev
- Department of Physics, ITMO University, 191002 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (S.K.); (E.P.); (A.L.); (I.S.); (I.M.); (S.M.); (D.Z.)
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6
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Utzeri G, Matias PMC, Murtinho D, Valente AJM. Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges: Overview and Opportunities. Front Chem 2022; 10:859406. [PMID: 35402388 PMCID: PMC8987506 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.859406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanosponges are solid cross-linked polymeric nano-sized porous structures. This broad concept involves, among others, metal organic frameworks and hydrogels. The focus of this manuscript is on cyclodextrin-based nanosponges. Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligomers of glucose derived from starch. The combined external hydrophilicity with the internal hydrophobic surface constitute a unique "microenvironment", that confers cyclodextrins the peculiar ability to form inclusion host‒guest complexes with many hydrophobic substances. These complexes may impart beneficial modifications of the properties of guest molecules such as solubility enhancement and stabilization of labile guests. These properties complemented with the possibility of using different crosslinkers and high polymeric surface, make these sponges highly suitable for a large range of applications. Despite that, in the last 2 decades, cyclodextrin-based nanosponges have been developed for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, taking advantage of the nontoxicity of cyclodextrins towards humans. This paper provides a critical and timely compilation of the contributions involving cyclodextrins nanosponges for those areas, but also paves the way for other important applications, including water and soil remediation and catalysis.
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Koya A, Zhu X, Ohannesian N, Yanik AA, Alabastri A, Proietti Zaccaria R, Krahne R, Shih WC, Garoli D. Nanoporous Metals: From Plasmonic Properties to Applications in Enhanced Spectroscopy and Photocatalysis. ACS NANO 2021; 15:6038-6060. [PMID: 33797880 PMCID: PMC8155319 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c10945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The field of plasmonics is capable of enabling interesting applications in different wavelength ranges, spanning from the ultraviolet up to the infrared. The choice of plasmonic material and how the material is nanostructured has significant implications for ultimate performance of any plasmonic device. Artificially designed nanoporous metals (NPMs) have interesting material properties including large specific surface area, distinctive optical properties, high electrical conductivity, and reduced stiffness, implying their potentials for many applications. This paper reviews the wide range of available nanoporous metals (such as Au, Ag, Cu, Al, Mg, and Pt), mainly focusing on their properties as plasmonic materials. While extensive reports on the use and characterization of NPMs exist, a detailed discussion on their connection with surface plasmons and enhanced spectroscopies as well as photocatalysis is missing. Here, we report on different metals investigated, from the most used nanoporous gold to mixed metal compounds, and discuss each of these plasmonic materials' suitability for a range of structural design and applications. Finally, we discuss the potentials and limitations of the traditional and alternative plasmonic materials for applications in enhanced spectroscopy and photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiangchao Zhu
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa
Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Nareg Ohannesian
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston Texas 77204, United States
| | - A. Ali Yanik
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa
Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Alessandro Alabastri
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Remo Proietti Zaccaria
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
- Cixi
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Materials
Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Roman Krahne
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Wei-Chuan Shih
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa
Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Denis Garoli
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
- Faculty of
Science and Technology, Free University
of Bozen, Piazza Università
5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
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8
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Femtosecond Laser Fabrication of Hybrid Metal-Dielectric Structures with Nonlinear Photoluminescence. PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics8040121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication of hybrid micro- and nanostructures with a strong nonlinear response is challenging and represents a great interest due to a wide range of photonic applications. Usually, such structures are produced by quite complicated and time-consuming techniques. This work demonstrates laser-induced hybrid metal-dielectric structures with strong nonlinear properties obtained by a single-step fabrication process. We determine the influence of several incident femtosecond pulses on the Au/Si bi-layer film on produced structure morphology. The created hybrid systems represent isolated nanoparticles with a height of 250–500 nm exceeding the total thickness of the Au-Si bi-layer. It is shown that fabricated hybrid nanostructures demonstrate enhancement of the SHG signal (up to two orders of magnitude) compared to the initial planar sample and a broadband photoluminescence signal (more than 200 nm in width) in the visible spectral region. We establish the correlation between nonlinear signal and phase composition provided by Raman scattering measurements. Such laser-induced structures have significant potential in optical sensing applications and can be used as components for different nanophotonic devices.
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9
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Syubaev S, Gurbatov S, Modin E, Linklater DP, Juodkazis S, Gurevich EL, Kuchmizhak A. Laser Printing of Plasmonic Nanosponges. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10122427. [PMID: 33291684 PMCID: PMC7761959 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional porous nanostructures made of noble metals represent novel class of nanomaterials promising for nonlinear nanooptics and sensors. Such nanostructures are typically fabricated using either reproducible yet time-consuming and costly multi-step lithography protocols or less reproducible chemical synthesis that involve liquid processing with toxic compounds. Here, we combined scalable nanosecond-laser ablation with advanced engineering of the chemical composition of thin substrate-supported Au films to produce nanobumps containing multiple nanopores inside. Most of the nanopores hidden beneath the nanobump surface can be further uncapped using gentle etching of the nanobumps by an Ar-ion beam to form functional 3D plasmonic nanosponges. The nanopores 10–150 nm in diameter were found to appear via laser-induced explosive evaporation/boiling and coalescence of the randomly arranged nucleation sites formed by nitrogen-rich areas of the Au films. Density of the nanopores can be controlled by the amount of the nitrogen in the Au films regulated in the process of their magnetron sputtering assisted with nitrogen-containing discharge gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Syubaev
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia; (S.S.); (S.G.)
- Far Eastern Federal University, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Stanislav Gurbatov
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia; (S.S.); (S.G.)
- Far Eastern Federal University, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Evgeny Modin
- CIC NanoGUNE BRTA, Avda Tolosa 76, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain;
| | - Denver P. Linklater
- Optical Sciences Center and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, John st., Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia; (D.P.L.); (S.J.)
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Saulius Juodkazis
- Optical Sciences Center and ARC Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, John st., Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia; (D.P.L.); (S.J.)
- World Research Hub Initiative (WRHI), School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Evgeny L. Gurevich
- Laser Center (LFM), University of Applied Sciences Munster, Stegerwaldstraße 39, 48565 Steinfurt, Germany;
| | - Aleksandr Kuchmizhak
- Institute of Automation and Control Processes, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia; (S.S.); (S.G.)
- Far Eastern Federal University, 690041 Vladivostok, Russia
- Correspondence:
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