1
|
Almodovar VAS, Tomé AC. A new platform for the synthesis of diketopyrrolopyrrole derivatives via nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1933-1939. [PMID: 39135659 PMCID: PMC11318607 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Diketopyrrolopyrroles (DPPs) are a versatile group of dyes and pigments with valuable optoelectronic properties. In this work we report the synthesis of highly fluorescent DPP derivatives through straightforward nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions with thiols and phenols. These nucleophilic substitutions occur at room temperature and manifest a remarkable selectivity for the 4-position of the pentafluorophenyl groups. Both symmetrical (disubstitution) and non-symmetrical (monosubstitution) DPP derivatives are formed in excellent overall yields. The optical properties of the newly synthesized compounds are also discussed. The new platform may be useful for bioorthogonal chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitor A S Almodovar
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Augusto C Tomé
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pérez ME, Durantini JE, Martínez SR, Durantini AM, Milanesio ME, Durantini EN. Porphyrin-BODIPY Dyad: Enhancing Photodynamic Inactivation via Antenna Effect. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400138. [PMID: 38478375 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A porphyrin-BODIPY dyad (P-BDP) was obtained through covalent bonding, featuring a two-segment design comprising a light-harvesting antenna system connected to an energy acceptor unit. The absorption spectrum of P-BDP resulted from an overlap of the individual spectra of its constituent parts, with the fluorescence emission of the BODIPY unit experiencing significant quenching (96 %) due to the presence of the porphyrin unit. Spectroscopic, computational, and redox investigations revealed a competition between photoinduced energy and electron transfer processes. The dyad demonstrated the capability to sensitize both singlet molecular oxygen and superoxide radical anions. Additionally, P-BDP effectively induced the photooxidation of L-tryptophan. In suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus cells, the dyad led to a reduction of over 3.5 log (99.99 %) in cell survival following 30 min of irradiation with green light. Photodynamic inactivation caused by P-BDP was also extended to the individual bacterium level, focusing on bacterial cells adhered to a surface. This dyad successfully achieved the total elimination of the bacteria upon 20 min of irradiation. Therefore, P-BDP presents an interesting photosensitizing structure that takes advantage of the light-harvesting antenna properties of the BODIPY unit combined with porphyrin, offering potential to enhance photoinactivation of bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María E Pérez
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Javier E Durantini
- IITEMA-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Sol R Martínez
- IITEMA-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrés M Durantini
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, Illinois, 62026, United States
| | - María E Milanesio
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Edgardo N Durantini
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta Nacional 36 Km 601, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Di Sante M, Kaltenbrunner A, Lombardo M, Danielli A, Costantini PE, Di Giosia M, Calvaresi M. Putting a "C 60 Ball" and Chain to Chlorin e6 Improves Its Cellular Uptake and Photodynamic Performances. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1329. [PMID: 37765138 PMCID: PMC10538216 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlorin e6 (Ce6) and fullerene (C60) are among the most used photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Through the combination of the chemical and photophysical properties of Ce6 and C60, in principle, we can obtain an "ideal" photosensitizer that is able to bypass the limitations of the two molecules alone, i.e., the low cellular uptake of Ce6 and the scarce solubility and absorption in the red region of the C60. Here, we synthesized and characterized a Ce6-C60 dyad. The UV-Vis spectrum of the dyad showed the typical absorption bands of both fullerene and Ce6, while a quenching of Ce6 fluorescence was observed. This behavior is typical in the formation of a fullerene-antenna system and is due to the intramolecular energy, or electron transfer from the antenna (Ce6) to the fullerene. Consequently, the Ce6-C60 dyad showed an enhancement in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Flow cytometry measurements demonstrated how the uptake of the Ce6 was strongly improved by the conjugation with C60. The Ce6-C60 dyad exhibited in A431 cancer cells low dark toxicity and a higher PDT efficacy than Ce6 alone, due to the enhancement of the uptake and the improvement of ROS generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuele Di Sante
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.D.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Alena Kaltenbrunner
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Marco Lombardo
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.D.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Alberto Danielli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Paolo Emidio Costantini
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (A.K.); (A.D.)
| | - Matteo Di Giosia
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.D.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “Giacomo Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum—Università di Bologna, Via Francesco Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.D.S.); (M.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tan Y, Ma Y, Zhao C, Huang Z, Zhang A. Hybrid Nanoparticles of Tetraamino Fullerene and Benzothiadiazole fluorophore as Efficient Photosensitizers against Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2023.114537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
5
|
Hou W, Shi G, Wu S, Mo J, Shen L, Zhang X, Zhu Y. Application of Fullerenes as Photosensitizers for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Inactivation: A Review. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:957698. [PMID: 35910649 PMCID: PMC9329950 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.957698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) is a newly emerged treatment approach that can effectively address the issue of multidrug resistance resulting from the overuse of antibiotics. Fullerenes can be used as promising photosensitizers (PSs) for aPDI due to the advantages of high triplet state yields, good photostability, wide antibacterial spectrum, and permissibility of versatile functionalization. This review introduces the photodynamic activities of fullerenes and the up-to-date understanding of the antibacterial mechanisms of fullerene-based aPDI. The most recent works on the functionalization of fullerenes and the application of fullerene derivatives as PSs for aPDI are also summarized. Finally, certain remaining challenges are emphasized to provide guidance on future research directions for achieving clinical application of fullerene-based aPDI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Hou
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Guorui Shi
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Songze Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiayi Mo
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lan Shen
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiuqiang Zhang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Hearing and Balance Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Xiuqiang Zhang,
| | - Yabin Zhu
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- *Correspondence: Yabin Zhu,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fullerene C60 derivatives as antimicrobial photodynamic agents. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
7
|
I. V. Ramos C, A. S. Almodôvar V, Candeias N, Santos T, Cruz C, Graça P. M. S. Neves M, Tomé AC. Diketopyrrolo[3,4–c]pyrrole derivative as a promising ligand for the stabilization of G-quadruplex DNA structures. Bioorg Chem 2022; 122:105703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
8
|
Gonzalez Lopez EJ, Sarotti AM, Martínez SR, Macor LP, Durantini JE, Renfige M, Gervaldo MA, Otero LA, Durantini AM, Durantini EN, Heredia DA. BOPHY-Fullerene C 60 Dyad as a Photosensitizer for Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103884. [PMID: 34878698 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A novel BOPHY-fullerene C60 dyad (BP-C60 ) was designed as a heavy-atom-free photosensitizer (PS) with potential uses in photodynamic treatment and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated applications. BP-C60 consists of a BOPHY fluorophore covalently attached to a C60 moiety through a pyrrolidine ring. The BOPHY core works as a visible-light-harvesting antenna, while the fullerene C60 subunit elicits the photodynamic action. This fluorophore-fullerene cycloadduct, obtained by a straightforward synthetic route, was fully characterized and compared with its individual counterparts. The restricted rotation around the single bond connecting the BOPHY and pyrrolidine moieties led to the formation of two atropisomers. Spectroscopic, electrochemical, and computational studies disclose an efficient photoinduced energy/electron transfer process from BOPHY to fullerene C60 . Photodynamic studies indicate that BP-C60 produces ROS by both photomechanisms (type I and type II). Moreover, the dyad exhibits higher ROS production efficiency than its individual constitutional components. Preliminary screening of photodynamic inactivation on bacteria models (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) demonstrated the ability of this dyad to be used as a heavy-atom-free PS. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that not only a BOPHY-fullerene C60 dyad is reported, but also that a BOPHY derivative is applied to photoinactivate microorganisms. This study lays the foundations for the development of new BOPHY-based PSs with plausible applications in the medical field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J Gonzalez Lopez
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ariel M Sarotti
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéutica, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Sol R Martínez
- IITEMA-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lorena P Macor
- IITEMA-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Javier E Durantini
- IITEMA-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Melisa Renfige
- IITEMA-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Miguel A Gervaldo
- IITEMA-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Luis A Otero
- IITEMA-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrés M Durantini
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Edgardo N Durantini
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Daniel A Heredia
- IDAS-CONICET, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Agencia Postal Nro. 3, X5804BYA, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Youf R, Müller M, Balasini A, Thétiot F, Müller M, Hascoët A, Jonas U, Schönherr H, Lemercier G, Montier T, Le Gall T. Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy: Latest Developments with a Focus on Combinatory Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1995. [PMID: 34959277 PMCID: PMC8705969 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13121995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has become a fundamental tool in modern therapeutics, notably due to the expanding versatility of photosensitizers (PSs) and the numerous possibilities to combine aPDT with other antimicrobial treatments to combat localized infections. After revisiting the basic principles of aPDT, this review first highlights the current state of the art of curative or preventive aPDT applications with relevant clinical trials. In addition, the most recent developments in photochemistry and photophysics as well as advanced carrier systems in the context of aPDT are provided, with a focus on the latest generations of efficient and versatile PSs and the progress towards hybrid-multicomponent systems. In particular, deeper insight into combinatory aPDT approaches is afforded, involving non-radiative or other light-based modalities. Selected aPDT perspectives are outlined, pointing out new strategies to target and treat microorganisms. Finally, the review works out the evolution of the conceptually simple PDT methodology towards a much more sophisticated, integrated, and innovative technology as an important element of potent antimicrobial strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Youf
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB-GTCA, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.Y.); (A.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Max Müller
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Ali Balasini
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (A.B.); (U.J.)
| | - Franck Thétiot
- Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 6521, Université de Brest (UBO), CS 93837, 29238 Brest, France
| | - Mareike Müller
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Alizé Hascoët
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB-GTCA, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.Y.); (A.H.); (T.M.)
| | - Ulrich Jonas
- Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (A.B.); (U.J.)
| | - Holger Schönherr
- Physical Chemistry I & Research Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio)Technology of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering (Cμ), Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany; (M.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Gilles Lemercier
- Coordination Chemistry Team, Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 7312, Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims (ICMR), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, CEDEX 2, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Tristan Montier
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB-GTCA, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.Y.); (A.H.); (T.M.)
- CHRU de Brest, Service de Génétique Médicale et de Biologie de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares Maladies Neuromusculaires, 29200 Brest, France
| | - Tony Le Gall
- Univ Brest, INSERM, EFS, UMR 1078, GGB-GTCA, F-29200 Brest, France; (R.Y.); (A.H.); (T.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Almodôvar VAS, Tomé AC. A Convenient Synthesis of Diketopyrrolopyrrole Dyes. Molecules 2021; 26:4758. [PMID: 34443350 PMCID: PMC8401603 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diketopyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrroles (DPP) are high-performance organic optoelectronic materials. They have applications in solar cells, fluorescent probes, bioimaging, photodynamic/photothermal therapy, and in many other areas. This article reports a convenient two-step synthesis of various DPP dyes from Pigment Red 254, an inexpensive commercial pigment. The synthesis includes a Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction of a bis(4-chlorophenyl)DPP derivative with aryl and hetaryl boronic acids under mild reaction conditions. The new dyes show large Stokes shifts and high fluorescence quantum yields, important features for their potential use in technical and biological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Augusto C. Tomé
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bell JD, Murphy JA. Recent advances in visible light-activated radical coupling reactions triggered by (i) ruthenium, (ii) iridium and (iii) organic photoredox agents. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9540-9685. [PMID: 34309610 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00311a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox chemistry with organic or transition metal agents has been reviewed in earlier years, but such is the pace of progress that we will overlap very little with earlier comprehensive reviews. This review first presents an overview of the area of research and then examines recent examples of C-C, C-N, C-O and C-S bond formations via radical intermediates with transition metal and organic radical promoters. Recent successes with Birch reductions are also included. The transition metal chemistry will be restricted to photocatalysts based on the most widely used metals, Ru and Ir, but includes coupling chemistries that take advantage of low-valent nickel, or occasionally copper, complexes to process the radicals that are formed. Our focus is on developments in the past 10 years (2011-2021). This period has also seen great advances in the chemistry of organic photoredox reagents and the review covers this area. The review is intended to present highlights and is not comprehensive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Bell
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1XL, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dhir A, Gogoi H, Datta A. Modulation of FRET efficiency by donor-acceptor ratio in co-condensed fluorophore-silica nanoconjugates. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2021.100067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
13
|
Chen X, Pang J, Imran M, Li X, Zhao J, Li M. Charge separation, charge recombination and intersystem crossing in orthogonal naphthalimide-perylene electron donor/acceptor dyad. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:69-85. [PMID: 33721237 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-020-00002-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We prepared an orthogonal electron donor/acceptor dyad (NI-Py) with perylene (Py) as electron donor and 4-aminonaphthalimide (NI) as an electron acceptor. The molecule adopts orthogonal geometry due to the steric hindrance exerted by the 4-amino substituents on the NI moiety. The photophysical properties of dyad were studied by steady-state UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies, femtosecond/nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopies and DFT computations. Ground state interaction between the NI and Py units is negligible; however, charge separation occurs upon photoexcitation, indicated by the quenching of the fluorescence of the dyad in polar solvents, i.e. fluorescence quantum yield (ΦF) is 61.9% in toluene and ΦF = 0.2% in methanol. Spin-orbit-coupled charge transfer-induced intersystem crossing (SOCT-ISC) was confirmed by femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (charge separation takes 1.7 ps and charge recombination takes 6.9 ns, in CH2Cl2). Nanosecond transient absorption spectra indicated the formation of perylene-localized triplet state, and the triplet state lifetime (175 μs) is much longer than that accessed with the heavy atom effect (3-bromoperylene; 16 μs). The singlet oxygen quantum (ΦΔ) yield of the dyad is 2.2% in hexane and 9.5% in dichloromethane. The low SOCT-ISC efficiency as compared to the previously reported analogue (ΦΔ = 80%) is attributed to the mismatch of the 1CT/Tn state energies, and/or the orientation of the NI and Py units, i.e. orthogonal geometry is not sufficient for achieving efficient SOCT-ISC in compact electron donor/acceptor dyads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhong Pang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Imran
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, E-208 West Campus, 2 Ling Gong Road, Dalian, 116024, People's Republic of China. .,School of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Xinjiang University, UrumqiXinjiang, 830046, China.
| | - Mingde Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Materials of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|